• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 2017

The combustion characteristics of four kinds of wood specimens, such as Japan cedar, spruce, lauan, and red pine, were tested using the standards of Cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1, 2) and smoke density tester (ASTM E 662). Japan cedar caught fire the quickest but the mean heat release rate was the lowest, $58.52kW/m^2$. The mean heat release rate of red pine appeared to be the highest, $71.75kW/m^2$. The lauan and Japan cedar generated relatively large amounts of carbon monoxide while the red pine and the spruce generated relatively large amounts of carbon dioxide. The red pine generated large amounts of smoke and the spruce generated the least amounts of smoke than the other samples. The total smoke release rate in the dynamic method was the highest in red pine and the lowest in spruce. The smoke density of red pine in the static method was highest in the non-flaming and flaming methods. In the non-flaming method, the smoke density of lauan was the second highest, whereas the flaming method was the least. In terms of the heat release rate, the fire risk from red pine was highest among the four test specimens. From the viewpoint of smoke generation, red pine was the most dangerous material in both dynamic and static methods.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

Experiments on the combustion characteristics of untreated wood specimens and also treated ones with boric acid and ammonium pentaborate were carried out using a cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660-1 standard. As a result, comparing to untreated specimen, the fire performance index (FPI) of the specimens treated with boron compounds increased by 1.2 to 2.1 times and the fire growth index (FGI) increased by 1.6 to 8.4%. Also, total smoke release rate (TSR) was 9.0 to 28.3% lower than that of the untreated specimen. It is understood that the test specimens treated with the boron compound produces a carbonized layer with a flame retarding effect. The highest CO concentration, 0.01112%, for the untreated specimen was observed at 418 s, but the specimens treated with boron compound decreased 13.2 to 37.5% compared to untreated specimen. Therefore, wood treated with boron compounds is expected to have lower fire hazards and risks.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

The combustion characteristics of cypress wood coated with boric acid (BA) and ammonium pentaborate (APB) were examined using a cone calorimeter according to the ISO 5660-1 standard. As a result, the combined specimens of boric acid and ammonium pentaborate (BA/APB) led to an improved fire performance index due to their synergistic effect. In addition, the total heat release values of the specimen coated with the boron compounds were 6.1~14.1% lower than that of the base specimen. The total smoke release rate (TSR) of the specimens coated with the boron compound decreased throughout the combustion process, except for BA/APB. The maximum concentration of carbon monoxide was reduced by 15.8~25.5%. In general, wood treated with flame retardants has a lower fire hazard.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.277-283
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• 2020

The smoke hazard assessment of building materials focusing on smoke performance index-II (SPI-II) and smoke growth index-II (SGI-II) was investigated. The test species used were Japanese cedar, spruce, lauan, and red pine. The smoke characteristics of wood specimen were investigated using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). SPI-II was measured after the combustion reaction increased by 1.31~2.15 times based on red pine. The fire risk by SPI-II increased in the order of spruce, lauan, Japanese ceda, and red pine. SGI-II increased by 1.18~2.55 times compared to that of Japnese ceda. The fire risk caused by SGI-II increased in the order of Japanese ceda, spruce, lauan, and red pine. CO_mean concentrations were ranged from 58 to 133 ppm, which was higher than permissible exposure limits of the occupational safety and health administration (OSHA), 50 ppm. Therefore, woods such as red pine containing various volatile organic substances, were considered to be highly smoke hazardous due to low SPI-II and high SGI-II.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.458-461
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• 2011

수산화마그네슘을 첨가한 저밀도 폴리에틸렌-에틸렌 비닐 아세테이트 복합체의 연소성을 시험하였다. 저밀도 폴리에틸렌-에틸렌 비닐 아세테이트에 수산화마그네슘을 40~80wt% 첨가하여 용융 혼합하고 성형 후 콘칼로리미터(ISO 5660-1)를 이용하여 연소성을 시험하였다. 수산화마그네슘을 첨가한 시편은 첨가하지 않은 시험편에 비하여 그의 플래시오버 가능성이 감소하였다. 수산화마그네슘을 첨가한 시험편은 첨가하지 않은 시험편에 비해 낮은 총열방출량과 낮은 CO 발생량을 나타내었고, 수산화마그네슘 함량이 증가할수록 총연기발생량과 비소화면적이 감소하였다.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2017

In order to investigate the influence of changes in the thermal properties of solid combustibles on thermal decomposition, a series of solid pyrolysis experiments were performed using a cone calorimeter specified in KS F ISO 5660-1. In the present study, Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) which does not produce Char during pyrolysis process was used as solid fuel. Results obtained from cone calorimeter experiments were compared to ones obtained from numerical analysis of Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) 1D pyrolysis model adopted with thermal properties of solid fuel as input parameters. Comparisons between experimentally calculated and model-predicted mass loss rate were then made to elucidate the effect of changes in the thermal properties on pyrolysis of PMMA.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.13-19
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• 2015

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Pinus rigida specimens treated with phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) additives. Each Pinus rigida specimen was painted three times with 15 wt% P-N additive solutions at room temperature. After drying the treated specimens, the combustion properties were examined using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). The time to ignition (TTI) for the treated specimens was 90 to 148 s except for the specimen treated with PP/$4NH_4^+$, and the time to flameout (TF) was 556 to 633 s, which was longer than that of virgin plate. While the The specimens treated with P-N additives showed 12.5 to 43.4% higher mean heat release rate ($HRR_{mean}$) and 11.8 to 43.1% higher total heat release (THR) than virgin plate. The effective heat of combustion (EHC) was by 2.9 to 17.5% lower than that of virgin plate. It can thus be concluded that the combustion-retardation properties were partially improved compared to those of virgin plate.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.10-18
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• 2019

The Interior finishing materials tried to evaluate the combustion characteristics and the dangerous characteristic of Floor finish and Wall finish. We often use, conducting the experiment ISO 5660-1, Cone Calorimeter method, and ISO-TR-9122 FT-IR. According to the result of Cone calorimeter experiment, the tile carpet FF3 of Floor material had the highest THR $74.6mj/m^2$ because of the highest risk, and the PHRR of FF1 was $726kW/m^2$, which was easy to bum. As a result FT-IR test, The CO, $CO_2$ ratio was 8,146 PPM for roll carpet FF1 than tile carpet FF2, FF3 5,996, 5,171 PPM, which was a carpet with a high toxicity risk. In the case of wall finishes, The MDF plate(WF3) was THR $86.7mj/m^2$ with a high risk, PHRR $384kW/m^2$ was easy to ignite and toxicity index was 5.5. The CO, $CO_2$ ratio was 1,340~8,596 PPM, But the WF4 was the most toxic with 8,596 PPM.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.221-222
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• 2013

다양한 첨가제가 들어가는 고분자 화합물(compound)의 제조에 있어 난연 발포 보조제인 팽창흑연(Expandable Graphite, EGP)은 흡유가가 낮기 때문에 비교적 많은 양을 첨가해도 혼합(Mixing)이 잘 되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 대표적인 인계 난연제 APP(Ammonium Polyphosphate)를 사용한 난연 EPDM(Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) 폼에 팽창흑연 첨가량을 증가시키면서 산소 지수와 발열량을 통해 난연 성능의 변화를 분석하였다. 산소지수는 ISO 4589-2 상온 산소지수 방법을, 발열량 평가는 ISO 5660-1 콘 칼로리미터를 활용하였다.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.469-474
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• 2010

Wood has an essential drawback such as high combustion ability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the combustion properties of the quercus variabilis and zelkova serrata dried at room temperature. The cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) was used to determine the heat release rate (HRR) and fire smoke index, as well as CO/$CO_2$ production and smoke obscuration. The total heat release (THR), $140.2\;MJ/m^2$ of the quercus variabilis under an external $50\;kW/m^2$ was high in comparison with THR $85.7\;MJ/m^2$ for the zelkova serrata. Furthermore, the quercus variabilis has high total smoke production (TSP), $3.50\;m^2$ compared with TSP $0.65\;m^2$ of zelkova serrata. Thease results depend on the bulk density of tested wood species. In addition, the CO/$CO_2$ production ratio of zelkova serrata and quercus variabilis was measured as 0.053, 0.043, respectively. Also, zelkova serrata showed an increase of fire-resistance attributed to char formation compared with that of quercus variabilis.