• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2004

Tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and lymphotoxin-$\alpha$ (LT-$\alpha$, TNF-$\beta$) can initiate and perpetuate human diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). TNFs can be blocked by the use of soluble TNF receptors. However, since monomeric soluble receptors generally exhibit low affinity or function as agonists, the use of monomeric soluble receptors has been limited in the case of cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, TNF-$\alpha$, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13, which have adapted to a multi component receptor system. For these reasons, very high-affinity inhibitors were created for the purpose of a TNFs antagonist to bind the TNFR and trigger cellular signal by using the multistep polymerase chain reaction method. First, recombinant simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were constructed from the cDNA sequences encoding the extracellular domain of the human p55 TNFR (CD120a) and the human p75 TNFR (CD120b), which were linked to hinge and constant regions of human $IgG_1$ heavy chain, respectively using complementary primers (CP) encoding the complementary sequences. Then, concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were constructed using recombinant PCR and a complementary primer base of recombinant simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins. For high level expression of recombinant fusion proteins, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were used with a retroviral expression system. The transfected cells produced the simple concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins capable of binding TNF and inactivating it. These soluble versions of simple concantameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins gave rise to multiple forms such as simple dimers and concatameric homodimers. Simple TNFR-1g fusion proteins were shown to have much more reduced TNF inhibitory activity than concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins. Concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins showed higher affinity than simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins in a receptor inhibitor binding assay (RIBA). Additionally, concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were shown to have a progressive effect as a TNF inhibitor compared to the simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins and conventional TNFR-Fc in cytotoxicity assays, and showed the same results for collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in mice in vivo.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2000

This study was conducted to compare probiotic activities and physiological functions of Bifidobacterium longum Mk-G7 with weveral commercial and type strains of bifidobacteria. bif. longum MK-G7 showed the highest acid tolerance against HCl and acetic acid, whereas bif. infantis Y-1 showed the lowest acid tolerance and more than 4 log cycles of viable cell count decreased due to acid injuty. Viable cell counts of bifidobacteria strains decreased more than 1.5 log cycles owing to oxygen toxicity, with the exception of Bif. longum MK-G7, Bif. infantis Y-2, Bif. longum Y-3, Bif. longum Y-6, and Bif. longum RD-13 showed the highest bile tolerance, whereas Bif. longum MK-G7 showed a medium level of bile tolerance. Only Bif. longum MK-G7 howed much higher antibiotic resistance against both tetracycline and penicillin-G in the MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration) level of 24.8 mg/I and 0.52mg/I, respectively. Bif longum Y-6, and Bif. bifidum ATCC 29539 showed more than 80% of anti-mutagenicity against NQO(4-nitroquinolinel-oxide). Since the production of cytokines such as $TNF(tumor necrosis factor)-{\alpha}$ and IL (interleukin)-6, and NO(nitric oxide) in the macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 cells increased as Bif. longum MK-G7 cell concentration increased, ti was suggested that Bif. longum MK-G7 is able to enhance immunopotentiating activity in vitro. When freeze-dred Bif. longum MK-G7 was administered to mice at the dose of 1,2,4, and 6 g/kg of body weight, all of the mice survived in all feeding groups, proving the GRAS(generally recognized as safe) status of Bif. longum MK-G7. When fermented milk containing Bif. longum MK-G7 was administered to human volunteers, viable cell count of total bifidobacteria and anaerobes in the feces increased up to 0.5 log cycles more than before the administration. In particular, Bif. logum MK-G7 ingibited the growth of Bacteroides at the level of 1.0-1.5 log cycles.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.734-741
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• 2016

Lily (Lilium davidii) is a high-yielding flowering plant. Besides roses and chrysanthemums, lily bulbs have long been used as food and in oriental medicine. However, the usage and value of cut lily bulbs has not been recognized. A bulb whose yield has been decreased is called a waste bulb, and a large amount of such bulbs is discarded every year. In this study, the functionality of waste bulbs from cut lilies was investigated to explore their potential use as a value-added product. We divided lily bulbs into two groups, one group with six varieties of new bulbs (Medusa, Siberia, Woori Tower, Yelloween, Le Reve, and Morning Star) used for cultivation and the other group with six varieties of waste bulbs (Medusa, Siberia, Woori Tower, Yelloween, Sorbonne, and Sheila). Physiological activities (${\alpha},{\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl: DPPH) and 3-ethlbenzthiazolne-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging capability and tyrosinase inhibiting activity), the amount of total as well as eight individual phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, rutin hydrate, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol 3-O-${\beta}$-rutinoside, phloridzin dihydrate, myricetin, and quercetin), and total flavonoid content were measured in the bulbs by high performance liquid chromatography. We detected high amounts of total phenol and total flavonoid as well as high DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability. More tyrosinase inhibiting activity was detected in the new bulbs than in the waste bulbs. However, both the new and waste bulbs showed a higher inhibitory activity than the standard (100 ppm ascorbic acid). Although the content of phenolic compounds differed among varieties, under the conditions of the experiment, the most abundant phenolics were epicatechins, followed by chlorogenic acid, and rutins. Overall, the waste bulbs had a higher content of these compounds than the new bulbs. Based on these results, we concluded that bulbs from cut lilies could be used as functional foods in the future and farmers could expect economic gain from the hitherto neglected waste bulbs.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.37-57
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• 2006

Objective : This research investigates the effect of the CMT and MCMT on Alzheimer‘s disease. Methods : The effects of the CMT and MCMT extract on (1) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT-105; (2) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (3) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, GFAP, CD68 abd CD11b; (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Results : 1. The CMT and MCMT extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 2. The CMT and MCMT extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. For the CMT and MCMT extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 4. The CMT and MCMT extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, GFAP, CD68 abd CD11bCD68/GFAP, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 5. The CMT and MCMT extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ 6. The MCMT showed more excellent effects than CMT in the every experiments except PC-12 cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that the CMT and MCMT extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the CMT and MCMT extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2015

In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of fermented Hizikia fusiformis extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. The fermentation was performed using Lactobacillus casei in mixture of carbon source at $30^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The sample groups were prepared with/without L. casei group in order to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of fermented H. fusiformis in regard to lactic acid bacteria. As a result, we confirmed the inhibitory effect of H. fusiformis extracts on LPS-stimulated NO production and expression of $TNF{\alpha}$, while it had no regulatory effect on the expression of iNOS, COX-2, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 as important inflammatory factors. However, L. casei fermented group significantly suppressed the expression of the above factors. In particular, the difference between the two groups in the matter of mRNA expression of iNOS, which is directly associated with NO production, indicated that the fermentation with lactic acid bacteria effectively suppressed NO production by regulating iNOS expression. Also, effective suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines showed that the fermentation using L. casei may provide an increment towards extraction of active ingredients that are effective anti-inflammatory agents.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.844-852
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• 2006

This study was to evaluate the effect of Yeongyupaedog-san (YGPDS) on mouse Thl and Th2 cells' differentiation and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic inflammation. The proliferation of mouse CD4 T cells and the secretion of Th1/Th2 cytokines under the influence of YGPDS extract were measured as well as the amount of ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ in RBL-2H3 cells and the levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and 1L-6 secretion in Raw264.7 cells. BALB/c mice were orally administered with YGPDS extract and simultaneously inoculated with OVA to induce allergic reaction and measure the level of total IgE, OVA-specific IgE and the production of IFN- g, IL-4, IL-5 by the spleen cells. When mouse CD4 T cell were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 48 hours in various concentrations of YGPDS extract, it increased proliferation of CD4 cells by 11% in $100\;{\mu}g/^{ml}$ concentration but it showed an inhibition by 37% at $200\;{\mu}g/^{ml}$ CD4 T cells under Th1/Th2 polarizing conditions for 3 days with YGPDS resulted in mild decrease of IFN- g in Thl cells and significant decrease of IL-4 in Th2 cells at $500\;{\mu}g/^{ml}\;and\;100\;{\mu}g/^{ml}$ by 18% and 21%, respectively. YGPDS extract had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on antigen-induced release of ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ in RBL-2H3 cells. Treatment of YGPDS extract on LPS stimulated Raw 264.7 cells showed dose-dependent decrease in TNF-n production. Oral administration of YGPDS extract on OVA-induced allergic mice showed an inhibitory effect on the levels of total serum IgE and OVA-specific IgE by 25% and 34% , respectively. Culture of spleen cells with OVA resulted in significant increase of IFN- g by 44% and significant decrease of IL-4 and IL-5 by 56%, and 24%, respectively. The results show that YGPDS does not strongly induce mouse T cells to transform into Thl or Th2 but it has an anti-allergic effect in vitro, and that it also corrects the unbalance between the reactions of Th cells in allergic diseases.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2004

1 인간 면역 세포 중 하나인 T세포에 대한 각 시료의 생육 촉진 활성은 시료의 $1.0\;g/{\ell}$에서 기준물질로 사용한 ${\beta}-glucan$이 T 세포의 생육촉진 활성 측정에서 가장 좋은활성을 나타내었으며, GAM은 GM보다 높은 생육 촉진 활성을 보였다. 2. B 세포의 각 cell 당 $TNF-{\alpha}$의 분비량을 살펴보면 GAM, GM, GS는 배양 2일째 최대분비량을 나타내었고, 표준물질로 사용한 ${\beta}-glucan$은 배양 1일째부터 6일째까지 일정한 수치의 분비량을 나타내었다 IL-6의 경우는 모든 시료들이 비교적 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 3. 정상 폐 세포인 HEL299에 대한 세포 독성 실험에서는 표준물질로 사용한 ${\beta}-glucan$과 GAM이 시료 투여 최고 농도인 $1.0\;g/{\ell}$의 농도에서 30% 미만의 비교적 낮은 세포 독성을 나타내었으며, 반면에 GM과 GS는 30% 이상의 비교적 높은 세포 독성을 나타내었다. 4. 페암 세포인 A549에 대한 각 시료의 생육 억제 활성과 선택적 사멸도를 살펴보면, 암세포에 대한 생육 억제활성이 가장 좋게 나타낸 시료는 GM으로 90% 이상의 아주 높은 억제 활성을 나타내었지만 선택적 사멸도에서는 정상세포에 대한 세포 독성이 높아 비교적 낮은 수치를 나타내었다. 그리고 GAM과 ${\beta}-glucan$은 GM에 비하여 비교적 낮은 생육 억제 효과를 나타내었지만 세포 독성이 낮아 선택적 사멸도에서는 GM에 비하여 높은 선택적 사멸도를 나타내었다. 5. 인간 면역 세포 중 하나인 T 세포를 microphysiometer를 이용하여 동역학적 면역 활성 증진도를 살펴보면 표준물질로 사용한 ${\beta}-glucan$을 투여하고 20분부터 170여분까지 대사활성도가 급격히 증가하였으며, GAM의 경우는 시료를 투여하고 240분이 지날 때까지 꾸준히 대사활성도가 증가되는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 앞서 실험한 end point 만을 측정한 세포생육도와 유사한 결과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

아라비녹실레인은 발효 유색미 겨에서 추출한 수용성 식이섬유로서 항산화 기능 면역증진 및 염증억제 효과 등이 밝혀져 있다. 이 연구에서는 천연식품소재로서 생체기능성 효과가 우수한 것으로 알려진 아라비녹실레인의 면역기능 및 염증억제 효과를 평가하였다. 이를 위해 흰 쥐를 대상으로 4주간 시료 투여와 운동트레이닝의 효과를 함께 비교하였으며 lipopolysaccharide를 이용하여 염증반응을 유발하였다. 연구 결과에서, 아라비녹실레인 투여에 의한 염증 억제효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 염증반응의 대표적인 지표인 tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$)와 interleukin-6 (IL-6)의 활성은 아라비녹실레인의 투여 집단에서 가장 낮게 나타났으며 운동트레이닝 집단이 가장 높게 나타났다. 특히 아라비녹실레인을 섭취하면서 운동을 실시한 집단에서 IL-6와 TNF-${\alpha}$의 염증 활성이 운동트레이닝만을 실시한 집단에 비해 감소된 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서, 유색미 겨에서 유도된 아라비녹실레인은 운동과 병행하지 않는 단독투여만으로 염증 반응 시 발현되는 대표적인 사이토카인들의 활성을 억제하는 효과를 나타냄으로써 질병예방 및 면역기능증진을 위한 기능성 천연물로서 적용될 수 있는 유효한 가능성을 시사하였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.729-744
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is a biomarker for oxidative stress to induce inflammation. Methionine is an essential sulfur-containing amino acid with antioxidative activity. On the other hand, the evidence on whether and how methionine can depress HNE-derived inflammation is lacking. In particular, the link between the regulation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and methionine intake is unclear. This study examined the link between depression from HNE accumulation and the anti-inflammatory function of ⳑ-methionine in rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male Wistar rats (3-week-old, weighing 70-80 g) were administered different levels of ⳑ-methionine orally at 215.0, 268.8, 322.5, and 430.0 mg/kg body weight for two weeks. The control group was fed commercial pellets. The hepatic HNE contents and the protein expression and mRNA levels of the inflammatory mediators were measured. The interleukin-10 (IL-10) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels were also estimated. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, hepatic HNE levels were reduced significantly in all groups fed ⳑ-methionine, which were attributed to the stimulation of GST by ⳑ-methionine. With decreasing HNE levels, ⳑ-methionine inhibited the activation of NF-κB by up-regulating inhibitory κBα and depressing phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase B. The mRNA levels of the inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrotic factor alpha) were decreased significantly by ⳑ-methionine. In contrast, the protein expression of these inflammatory mediators was effectively down regulated by ⳑ-methionine. The anti-inflammatory action of ⳑ-methionine was also reflected by the up-regulation of IL-10. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a link between the inhibition of HNE accumulation and the depression of inflammation in growing rats, which was attributed to ⳑ-methionine availability. The anti-inflammatory mechanism exerted by ⳑ-methionine was to inhibit NF-κB activation and to up-regulate GST.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.407-415
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 황칠나무 잎 추출물의 HaCaT 세포에서의 항산화 활성과 B16F1 melanoma 세포에서의 미백활성을 측정하였다. HaCaT 세포를 이용한 실험에서, 황칠나무 잎 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획과 아글리콘 분획은 각각 50 및 $25{\mu}g/ml$의 농도 이하에서 독성을 나타내지 않았다. UVB $800mJ/cm^2$를 HaCaT 세포에 조사하였을 때, 황칠나무 잎 추출물은 농도 의존적으로 자외선으로부터 세포를 보호하였다. 10 mM의 $H_2O_2$ 및 $4{\mu}M$의 rose bengal을 HaCaT 세포에 처리하였을 때, 에틸아세테이트 분획($6.25{\sim}50{\mu}g/ml$) 및 아글리콘 분획($6.25{\sim}25{\mu}g/ml$)은 우수한 세포 보호 효과를 나타내었다. 황칠나무 잎 추출물의 B16F1 melanoma 세포에서의 미백활성을 측정한 결과, 미백제로 알려진 알부틴 보다 더 우수한 멜라닌 합성 저해 활성을 보였다. 이상의 결과들은 황칠나무 잎 추출물이 ROS에 대항하여 세포를 보호함으로써 생체계, 특히 태양 자외선에 노출된 피부에서 세포보호제 및 천연항산화제로서 작용할 수 있음을 가르키며, ${\alpha}$-MSH로 유도된 멜라닌 생합성 저해 효과로부터 황칠나무 잎 추출물이 새로운 미백 화장품의 원료로써 이용 가능함을 알 수 있다.