• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.493-499
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• 2019

Macrophage-associated inflammation is crucial for the pathogenesis of diverse diseases including metabolic disorders. Rhodanthpyrone (Rho) is an active component of Gentiana rhodantha, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammation. Although synthesis procedures of RhoA and RhoB were reported, the biological effects of the specific compounds have never been explored. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanisms of action of RhoA and RhoB were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Pretreatment with RhoA and RhoB decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions in RAW 264.7 cells and in thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, it downregulated transcript levels of several inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, including inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (Tnfa, Il6, and Ccl2) and inflammatory mediators (Nos2 and Ptgs2). Macrophage chemotaxis was also inhibited by treatment with the compounds. Mechanistic studies revealed that RhoA and RhoB suppressed the nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$ pathway, but not the canonical mitogen activated protein kinase pathway, in LPS-stimulated condition. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of RhoA and RhoB on inflammatory gene expressions was attenuated by treatment with an $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor. Our findings suggest that RhoA and RhoB play an anti-inflammatory role at least in part by suppressing the $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway during macrophage-mediated inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.303-311
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• 2018

In this study, a preliminary evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the Ficus erecta var. sieboldii (Miq.) King (FES) leaf extract has been performed to assess its potential as a natural resource for food and medicinal materials. FES was extracted using 70% EtOH and then fractionated sequentially using n-hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc, and n-BuOH. To screen for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents effectively, the inhibitory effect of the FES extracts on the production of oxidant stresses (DPPH, xanthine oxidase, and superoxide) and pro-inflammatory factors (NO, iNOS, COX-2, $PGE_2$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$) in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined. Among the sequential solvent fractions of FES, the $CH_2Cl_2$ and EtOAc fractions showed decreased production of oxidant stresses (DPPH, xanthine oxidase and superoxide), and the hexane and $CH_2Cl_2$ fractions of FES inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory factors (NO, iNOS, COX-2, and $PGE_2$). The $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction also inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$). These results suggest that FES has a significant effects on the production of oxidant stresses and pro-inflammatory factors and may be used a natural resource for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1290-1298
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• 2008

Tricholoma matsutake, one of edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to Tricholomaceae of Agaricales, has been known to contain some curing effect on gastric cancer and ulcer, and inhibitory effect on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich sarcoma. Neutral salt soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting body of the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180, HepG2, HT29 and NIH3T3 at the concentration of 2.0 mg/ml. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides showed life prolongation effect of 23.4$\sim$37.2% in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. MeOH and Fr. HW exhibited the immuno-potentiating activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by 2.2$\sim$11.9 folds compared with control at the concentration of 0.2$\sim$0.5 mg/ml. In case of Fr. NaCl, the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 6.0 and 1.5 folds at the concentration of 50 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that crude polysaccharides extracted from fruiting body of Tricholoma matsutake showed antitumor and immuno-potentiating activity against Sarcoma 180 of mouse.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity of pancreatic lipase in vitro using natural products sangju dungsi, chungdo bansi, kabju baekmok three kind of young persimmon fruit extracts and to develop a high - functional anti - obesity substance with reduced body fat. Methods : The antioxidative effect of the three kind of young persimmon fruit extracts was determined by hot water extraction, 30% EtOH extraction and 70% EtOH extraction. The antioxidant activities were evaluated through radical scavenging assays using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. Furthermore, we examined total phenol and flavonoids contents. And the pancreatic lipase inhibition was measured by selecting the sangju dungsi extract with antioxidant effect. Results : The yield of water, 30% and 70% EtOH extract from young persimmon fruit was sangju dungsi (water 8.3%, 30% EtOH 18.1%, 70% EtOH 16.9%), chungdo bansi (water 16.2%, 30% EtOH 16.1%, 70% EtOH 11.6%), kabju baekmok (water 16%, 30% EtOH 16.8%, 70% EtOH 11.5%). The sangju dungsi 30% EtOH extract eminent DPPH ($IC_{50}$, $19.25{\pm}2.94{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and ABTS ($IC_{50}$, $19.94{\pm}4.07{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) radical scavenging activity, and total phenol $52.37{\pm}0.78mg/g$ and flavonoid $7.97{\pm}0.13mg/g$ contents were also excellent. It also showed excellent pancreatic lipase inhibition efficacy. Conclusion : The extracts from the three kind of young persimmon fruit extracts showed excellent antioxidant activity. sangju dungsi 30% EtOH extract may be a new anti-obesity material by reducing fat absorption through the inhibition of pancreatic lipase.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.101-111
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• 2010

Purpose: To provide the information of efficacy for herbal formulas of high frequency, it was evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect. In many studies, plantderived anti-inflammatory efficacies have been investigated for their potential inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. This study was performed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of herbal formulas of high frequency on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in 25 herbal formula extracts in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro model, using LPS-stimulated macrophages, RAW 264.7 cell line. The productions of nitric oxide(NO), prostaglandin(PG)$E_2$, interleukin(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-$\alpha$ were examined in RAW 264.7 cells, in the presence of the herbal formulas. RAW 264.7 cells were incubated with LPS $1\;{\mu}g/mL$ and herbal formulas for 18 hours. As an in vivo, using a rat model of carrageenin-induced paw edema. The paw volume was measured at 2 and 4 hours following carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. Results: 8 kinds of herbal formula inhibited NO production by LPS-stimulated in some concentration, but the effect of NO inhibition is weak. 12 kinds of herbal formula inhibited $PGE_2$ production by LPS-stimulated over the 30%. Among them Gumiganghwal-tang, Sagunja-tang, Samchulkunbi-tang, Insampaedok-san and Hwangryunhaedok-tang inhibited IL-6 production by LPS-stimulated but TNF-$\alpha$ was not inhibited. 12 kinds of herbal formula reduced the carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. Particularly, 3 kinds of herbal formula(Gumiganghwal-tang, Ssanghwa-tang and Soshiho-tang) were better than indomethacin. Conclusion: These results suggest that Gumiganghwal-tang, Sangunja-tang, Samchulkunbi-tang, Insampaedok-san and Hwangryunhaedok-tang have antiinflammatory activity.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.55-61
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• 2015

Objectives : Yongdamgosam-hwan(YGH) has been used as a traditional medicine from old times for antiinflammatory effects. Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) is known as a prime bacteria responsible for causing caries by forming a biofilm referred to as dental plaque on the tooth surface. But antimicrobial activity of YGH with dental disease is not sufficiently understood. This study was designed to investigate the effects of YGH ethanol extract on antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus mutans.Methods : The antimicrobial effect of YGH ethanol extract was assessed by the paper disk diffusion method and optical density method to determine minimum inhibition concentration(MIC), also observed by fractional inhibitory concentration index(FICI) and time-kill assay to figure out the synergic effect on the combination of YGH ethanol extract with antibiotics.Results : The YGH ethanol extract 500 μg was 7.5-8.5 mm diameter of clear zone of inhibition against Streptococcus mutans in a concentration-dependent manner and MIC was 250 μg/mL. The administration of the ethanol extract in combination with gentamicin and streptomycin induced a reduction of ≥4-8-fold in all tested bacteria. Furthermore, time-kill study was found that a combination of YGH ethanol extract with oxacillin and streptomycin produced a more rapid decrease in the concentration of bacteria CFU/mL than the YGH ethanol extract or antibiotics alone.Conclusions : As a result, the YGH ethanol extract has good antimicrobial effects. And the results suggest that YGH could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent in dental care products.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.98-98
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• 2018

In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts of leaves (ST-L) and branches (ST-B) from Sageretia theezans in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. ST-L and ST-B significantly inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, COX-2, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. ST-L and ST-B blocked LPS-induced degradation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ and nuclear accumulation of p65, which resulted to the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in RAW264.7 cells. ST-L and ST-B also attenuated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, ST-L and ST-B increased HO-1 expression in RAW264.7 cells, and the inhibition of HO-1 by ZnPP reduced the inhibitory effect of ST-L and ST-B against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Inhibition of p38 activation and ROS elimination attenuated HO-1 expression by ST-L and ST-B, and ROS elimination inhibited p38 activation induced by ST-L and ST-B. ST-L and ST-B dramatically induced nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, but this was significantly reversed by the inhibition of p38 activation and ROS elimination. Collectively, our results suggest that ST-L and ST-B exerts potential anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPK signaling activation, and activating HO-1 expression through the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 via ROS-dependent p38 activation. These findings suggest that ST-L and ST-B may have great potential for the development of anti-inflammatory drug to treat acute and chronic inflammatory disorders.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.145-170
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the anti inflammatory and anti allergy effects of Vitex rotundifolia Linne fil. extract(VRE). Results : 1. In vitro test, VRE was used to determine the modulation of cytokine secretion, the activation of inflammatory and allergic factor and the inhibition of gene expression. The cell survival rate of Raw 264.7 and Jurkat T cells didn't decrease and accordingly cytotoxicity wasn't observed. In anti-allergic assay, the secretion of IL-2, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-${\gamma}$ were suppressed on Jurkat T cells induced by dust mites. And the gene expression of COX-2 was suppressed in HMC-1 stimulated by calcium ionophore A23187. In anti-inflammatory assay, the gene expression of TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2 were suppressed on LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells. And the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 were suppressed on EoL-1 cells induced by dust mites. P38 and ERK activation of MAPK decreased generally. VRE showed potent inhibitory activity of NO production. 2. In vivo test, we used NC/Nga mouse induced by atopic dermatitis to observe the effects of VRE on the weight, water and feed, blood test, weight of organs, total IgE and histological change of main organs. Quantity of water and feed were not changed, therefore it didn't affect the weight directly, and no change was observed in related main organs, thus maybe there is no organ toxicity by test substances. And the symptoms were decreased significantly, and the thickness of epithelial cell layer and the number of mast cells were inhibited significantly by the difference of dosage. The number of total complete blood cells and IgE in serum were not changed significantly. Conclusion : These results suggest that VRE has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. Therefore VRE could be used effectively on improvement or treatment of atopic dermatitis. However, further study is needed to prove which component of VRE indicates effective pharmacological action.

• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.297-311
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• 2017

Saprolegniasis is one of the most devastating oomycete diseases in freshwater fish which is caused by species in the genus Saprolegnia including Saprolegnia parasitica. In this study, we isolated the strain of S. parasitica from diseased rainbow trout in Korea. Morphological and molecular based identification confirmed that isolated oomycete belongs to the member of S. parasitica, supported by its typical features including cotton-like mycelium, zoospores and phylogenetic analysis with internal transcribed spacer region. Pathogenicity of isolated S. parasitica was developed in embryo, juvenile, and adult zebrafish as a disease model. Host-pathogen interaction in adult zebrafish was investigated at transcriptional level. Upon infection with S. parasitica, pathogen/antigen recognition and signaling (TLR2, TLR4b, TLR5b, NOD1, and major histocompatibility complex class I), pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin $[IL]-1{\beta}$, tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-8, interferon ${\gamma}$, IL-12, and IL-10), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP9 and MMP13), cell surface molecules ($CD8^+$ and $CD4^+$) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase) related genes were differentially modulated at 3- and 12-hr post infection. As an anti-Saprolegnia agent, plant based lawsone was applied to investigate on the susceptibility of S. parasitica showing the minimum inhibitory concentration and percentage inhibition of radial growth as $200{\mu}g/mL$ and 31.8%, respectively. Moreover, natural lawsone changed the membrane permeability of S. parasitica mycelium and caused irreversible damage and disintegration to the cellular membranes of S. parasitica. Transcriptional responses of the genes of S. parasitica mycelium exposed to lawsone were altered, indicating that lawsone could be a potential anti-S. parasitica agent for controlling S. parasitica infection.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.390-395
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• 2017

The antibacterial activity of ethanol (99.9%) extracts from marine micro-algae, namely, Mixed A (Pavlova sp., Thalassiosira weissflogii, Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana were mixed with 1:1:1:1 ratio), Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oculata and Chaetoceros calcitrans were estimated against food-borne bacteria, namely, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The extracts from these marine micro-algae showed potent antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria by the paper disk method. The extracts from C. vulgaris showed the strongest antibacterial activity against E. coli with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.62 mg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 2.50 mg/mL. The extract from C. vulgaris contained 2 active compounds, 38.8% linoelaidic acid and 30.0% phytol. These results indicated that the ethanol extract from C. vulgaris may be a putative natural antibacterial agent against food-borne bacteria.