• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of hyperandrogenism (HA) on the outcomes of ovulation induction (OI) using gonadotropin and intrauterine insemination (IUI) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study including 415 patients undergoing OI using gonadotropin and IUI treatment between January 2018 and December 2020 at a single infertility center. Baseline characteristics, clinical and laboratory parameters, and pregnancy outcomes were investigated. Results: Among the study population, there were 105 hyperandrogenic (25.3%) and 310 non-hyperandrogenic patients (74.7%). The live birth rate was lower in the HA group than in the non-HA group, but this difference did not reach statistical significance due to the limited sample size (14.3% vs. 21.0%, relative risk=0.68; 95% CI, 0.41-1.14, p=0.153). No predictive factors for live birth were identified through logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: HA did not negatively affect the outcomes of OI using gonadotropin and IUI cycles in Vietnamese women with PCOS. The result may not be applicable elsewhere due to the large variation in the characteristics of women with PCOS across races and populations.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.5-8
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• 1994

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.67-80
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• 2006

비만 특히 복부비만은 여성의 임신 및 출산에 많은 악영향을 미친다. 비만이 가임력에 영향을 미치는 기전은 명확히 밝혀지지는 않았지만, functional hyperandrogenism과 insulin resistance에 수반된 hyperinsulinemia가 중요한 역할을 하리라 여겨진다. 또한 지방조직은 활발하게 대사 작용이 일어나는 장소로서 steroid hormone을 modification 시키고, 여러 가지 adipokine들을 분비시키는데 이런 지방조직의 분비물들은 생식계에 영향을 미친다. 비만이 생식계에 미치는 영향은 간략히 다음 표와 같이 정리할 수 있다 (Table 3). 특히 PCOS 환자에서 비만은 hyperinsulinemia에 의한 난소의 steroidogenesis 증가와 SHBG의 감소에 연관되어 hyperandrogenism 과 무배란의 원인으로 작용한다. 비만은 약물에 의한 배란유도 및 체외수정의 성공률 또한 떨어뜨리며， 임신이 되더라도 자연 유산, 조산, 임신성 당뇨, 임신성 고혈압 등의 위험은 높인다. 이와 같이 최근 급격히 증가하는 비만은 여성의 건강 특히 생식계에 많은 문제를 야기시킨다. 특히 청소년기의 비만은 성인이 된 뒤 PCOS로 발전하여 불임, 심혈관 질환 등과 같은 많은 합병증을 일으킬 수 있으므로 세심한 주의를 기울여야 하겠다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 1986

It is now common practice to attempt ovarian hyperstimulation in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) to promote the development of multiple preovulatory follicles and to maximize the number of mature egg available. There are several drugs for hyperstimulation such as clomiphene citrate only, clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and HMG only. Accumlated experience has shown that the hyperstimulation of the ovary in IVF-ET results in high pregnancy rate. But the hyperstimulation of the ovary in IVF-ET may cause the hyperandrogenism, so we must consider the adverse effect on pregnancy rate of the hyperandrogenism. Little is known about the functional significance of androgen for the follicular growth, however, the hyperandrogenism might interfere with oocyte maturation. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the serum profiles of estradiol, androstenedione and testosterone during the hyperstimulated menstrual cycles in IVF. The results were summarized as follows: 1. There was a gradual increase in the mean levels of serum estradiol, androstenedione, and testosterone approaching follicular maturation. 2. The mean serum estradiol levels in the hyperstimulated groups were significantly higher than that in the control group in late follicular phase and ovum retrieval (ovulation) day (p<0.01). 3. The mean serum androstenedione levels in the clomiphene citrate groups were significantly higher than that in the control group in late follicular phase (p<0.01). There was no statistically significant different in the mean serum androstenedione levels between the control group and the HMG group (p>0.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean levels of testosterone among each group (p>0.05). 5. There was no statistically significant different in the mean levels of estradiol, androstenedione and testosterone between the fertilized patients and non-fertilized patients in clomiphene citrate and HMG group (p>0.05).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7011-7014
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• 2014

The polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrinological disorder of reproductive age women with a prevalence of 5 to 8 %. The most common diagnostic criteria used for polycystic ovary syndrome are oligo- or an-ovulation, clinical and/ or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Hyperandrogenism results in increased estrogen levels and lack of cyclic progesterone due to anovulation and persistent stimulation of the endometrium may lead to endometrial hyperplasia or adenocarcinoma development. In this mini review, we aimed to evaluate the possible relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial cancer.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women, which is characterized by the oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism (HA) and polycystic ovarian morphology which are diagnostic criteria. PCOS has diverse clinical aspects in addition to those diagnostic criteria including increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and impaired fertility. Because of the heterogeneity of the disease, the pathogenesis of the disease has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, there is no cure for the endocrinopathy. HA and insulin resistance (IR) has been considered two major pillars of the pathogenesis of PCOS. Recent advances in animal studies revealed the critical role of neuroendocrine abnormalities in developing PCOS. Several pathways related to neuroendocrine origin have been investigated such as hypothalamus pituitary ovarian axis, hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis and hypothalamus pituitary adipose axis. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of HA and IR in developing PCOS. In addition, we review the results of recent genome wide association studies for PCOS. This new perspective improves our understanding of the role of neuroendocrine origins in PCOS and suggest a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PCOS.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.175-191
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the medical record of eight cases of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in a local Korean medicine clinic, in order to provide evidence on Korean medicine treatment of PCOS and to suggest the direction of future studies. Methods: The medical records of eight cases diagnosed with PCOS based on 2003 Rotterdam Criteria and whose total testosterone level was 0.53 ng/ml and over were retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome was total testosterone level, and the secondary outcomes included luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, LH/FSH ratio, weight, last mentrual period (LMP), numerical rating scale (NRS) score of dysmenorrhea, and other associated symptoms pre- and post-treatment. Korean medicine treatment consists of the complex herbal prescription consisting of Yukmijihwang-tang, Baekho-tang, Daesiho-tang, and Gyejibokryeong-hwan, modified according to symptoms; acupuncture and electroacupuncture on 中脘 (CV12), 下脘 (CV10), 關元 (CV4), 石門 (CV5), 合谷 (LI4), 太衝 (LR3), 三陰交 (SP6), and 懸鍾 (GB39); and indirect moxibustion on 神闕 (CV8). Results: The average total testosterone level lowered statistically significantly after the treatment. The average FSH and LH levels lowered with insignificance, while the average LH/FSH ratio and weight lowered statistically significantly. During the treatment period of three to six months, every patient had the menstrual cycle shortened except for one case; and two cases with infertility problem succeeded in being pregnant. There was no adverse event. Conclusions: The Korean medicine treatment was found effective in treating PCOS, especially regarding hyperandrogenism, amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, and infertility.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.71-82
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to overview and evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture treatment for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: Relevant randomized controlled studies (RCTs) were identified by database searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL, up to Dec 2013, and by additional hand searches. Data were extracted regarding anovulation, hyperandrogenism, obesity indices. Meta-analyses were separatedly conducted for the symptoms of PCOS. The risk of bias was assessed. Results: Three studies which were included for analysis, but they showed severly heterogeneity therefore meta-analysis could not be performed. Outcomes for evaluating the efficacy of acupuncture treatment for PCOS were anovulation index (menstrual frequency), hyperandrogenism index (free testosterone) and obesity index (body-mass index). For menstrual frequency, acupuncture treatment consistently suggested an interventional benefit. Although other outcomes did not suggest any enough relevant evidence to interventional benefit for acupuncture treatment. Conclusions: Acupuncture treatment appeared to improve menstrual frequency in PCOS patients. Since a limited number of RCTs were available in the current literature and those studies were also clinically heterogeneous, further research is needed to gather evidence to support acupuncture therapy in PCOS.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.122-137
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• 2018

Objectives: This study is to review the effect of Korean medicinal herbs on treatment of polycystic ovary induced rat models reported in domestic & foreign journals. Methods: 7 electronic databases (Pubmed, CNKI, EMBASE, Oasis, RISS, CENTRAL, Koreankt) were searched with term as polycystic ovary, and study reports on polycystic ovary impairment with Korean medicinal herbs. After selecting several studies, the analysis was focused on items reflected in the Rotterdam criteria for diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome such as hyperandrogenism (HA), ovarian weight, the number of follicle cysts, estrous cycles, and etc. Results: 15 studies were reviewed. As a polycystic ovary induction material, estradiol valerate (EV) was used in 9 studies, testosterone propionate (TP) in 2 studies and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Poretsky's method and letrozole (LE) was used in rest 4 studies, respectively. Tribulus terrestris (TT), Nardostachys jatamansi (NJ), Lycii cortex (LC), Cinnamomum cassia kees (CCK) and Atractylodis macrocephalae koidz (AMK) produced statistically significant results related to hyperandrogenism. In ovarian weight, Silybum marianum (SM), AMK and Alllium sativum (AS) were statistically significant. In the the number of follicle cysts, SM and TT were statistically significant. In estrous cycles, AMK, NJ, TT and Coix lacryma-jobi (CL) were statistically significant. Conclusions: Based on the diagnosis criteria of Rotterdam, TT, NJ, AMK, SM, AS, and CL produced statistically significant results in rat model.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.380-384
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• 2021

Theca lutein cysts are rare, benign lesions responsible for gross cystic enlargement of both ovaries during pregnancy. This condition is also termed hyperreactio luteinalis. Elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels or states of hCG hypersensitivity seem to promote these changes, which in up to 30% of patients produce clinical signs of hyperandrogenism. Given the self-limiting course of theca lutein cysts, which are subject to spontaneous postpartum resolution, conservative treatment is the mainstay of patient management. Described herein is a rare case of theca lutein cysts with maternal virilization that failed to regress by 9 months after childbirth. Surgical intervention was eventually undertaken, necessitated by adnexal torsion.