• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.311-321
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• 2021

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a dye approved for use in clinical diagnostics. ICG remains in the intravascular space following intravenous administration, due to its ability to rapidly bind to the plasma proteins, and its therapeutic potential has been studied in well-vascularized cutaneous tumors. Here we have evaluated the clinical response of a subconjunctival tumor to photothermal therapy (PTT) using an ICG-enhanced near-infrared diode laser and its adverse effects, in a rabbit. 22 male New Zealand white rabbits with subconjunctival tumors were enrolled (control group 6, laser-only group 8, laser-with-ICG group 8). Rabbits in the laser-with-ICG group received ICG (twice, 2 mg/kg each time, intravenously) directly followed by irradiation with a diode laser (λ = 810 nm). Rabbits in the laser-only group were irradiated with the diode laser. ICG angiography, ultrasonography, and pathologic examination were performed to evaluate PTT response at specific time points (0, 2, and 4 weeks after PTT). Two weeks after initial treatment, the eight rabbits treated by laser with ICG showed a 100% response rate. There was no clinical response in both laser-only and control groups. ICG-PTT is a potential and effective palliative therapeutic modality for subconjunctival tumors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.35-40
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• 2022

PCVD (Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition), a solar cell manufacturing facility, is a facility that deposits plasma generated in a chamber (NH₃, SIH₄, O₂ on a wafer. In the PCVD facility, gas movement and injection is performed in the gas cabinet, and there are many leak points inside because MFC, regulator, valve, pipe, etc. are intricately connected. In order to prevent explosion in case of leakage of NH₃ with an upper explosive limit (UEL) of 33.6% and a lower explosive limit (LEL) of 15%, the dilution capacity must be capable of allowing the concentration of NH₃ to be out of the explosive range. This study was analyzed using the CFD analysis technique, which can confirm the dilution ability in 3D and numerical values when NH₃ gas leaks from the existing PCVD gas cabinet. As a result, it was concluded that it corresponds to medium dilution and that testicular ventilation is possible through facility improvement.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2023

Ships need to ensure safety during their navigation, which makes route determination highly important. It must be accompanied by a route following controller that can accurately follow the route. This study proposes a method for automatically generating the ship route based on deep reinforcement learning algorithm and following it using a route following controller. To generate a ship route, under keel clearance was applied to secure the ship's safety and navigation chart information was used to apply ship navigation related regulations. For the experiment, a target ship with a draft of 8.23 m was designated. The target route in this study was to depart from Busan port and arrive at the pilot boarding place of the Ulsan port. As a route following controller, a velocity type fuzzy P ID controller that could compensate for the limitation of a linear controller was applied. As a result of using the deep Q network, a route with a total distance of 62.22 km and 81 waypoints was generated. To simplify the route, the Douglas-Peucker algorithm was introduced to reduce the total distance to 55.67 m and the number of way points to 3. After that, an experiment was conducted to follow the path generated by the target ship. Experiment results revealed that the velocity type fuzzy P ID controller had less overshoot and fast settling time. In addition, it had the advantage of reducing the energy loss of the ship because the change in rudder angle was smooth. This study can be used as a basic study of route automatic generation. It suggests a method of combining ship route generation with the route following control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.677-691
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• 2009

In this study, the symbols and visual expressions employed in the food culture content of official website designed to promote three cities in Korea, Seoul, Jeonju and Jeju, were subjected to semiotic analysis. In this study, it was assumed that these websites reflected the varying perspectives of the people behind the development and management of these routes of Internet communication, and the semiotic choices made in order to exemplify each city's food cultural image. The aim of the study was to analyze the communication strategies of food cultural branding in the terms of the online content regarding Seoul, Jeonju, and Jeju with a focus on the comparative points in these cities' official websites. This study included conducting semiotic content analyses of the aforementioned cities' official web pages in an attempt to determine the food branding strategies used to differentiation and produce more favorable perceptions of these three cities. Building upon the findings drawn from this comparative study, the present work can be used to determine more effective ways of strategically differentiating the images of local food culture associated with these cities from the view of brand communications. This study also demonstrates viable directions for designing web content for a city where the food cultural messages can be delivered in a thoughtful and effective manner.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.283-296
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• 2024

This study examined the distribution of airborne metals concentrations and conducted a risk assessment in PM-10 in Gwangju from 2014 to 2022. There were a total of six points, and the concentration of heavy metals at each point was highest in the order of Pyeong-dong(1.5472 ㎍/m³ ) > Nongseong-dong(1.2093 ㎍/m³ ) > Geonguk-dong(1.0100 ㎍/m³ ) > Duam-dong(0.9684 ㎍/m³ ) > Seo-dong(0.9515 ㎍/m³ ) > Nodae-dong(0.8321 ㎍/m³ ). In recent years, the concentration of heavy metals in the atmosphere has generally risen, accompanied by an increase in heavy metals in the soil. The average seasonal concentrations were in the following order: spring(1.4448 ㎍/m³ ) > winter(1.2939 ㎍/m³ ) > fall(0.8303 ㎍/m³ ) > summer (0.5928 ㎍/m³ ). The atmospheric heavy metals most correlated with PM-10 were Ca(0.69), Fe(0.62), Al(0.62) and Mg(0.60). Within the acceptable risk level (1.0E-06) set in this study, heavy metals in the atmosphere were found to have the most excess cancer risk, and the integrated non-cancer risk was as low as 1 or less.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare plans prescribed to point A with these prescribed to point H recommended by ABS (American Brachytherapy Society) in high dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This study selected 103 patients who received HDR (High Dose Rate) brachytherapy using tandem and ovoids from March 2010 to January 2012. Point A, bladder point, and rectal point conform with Manchester System. Point H conforms with ABS recommendation. Also Sigmoid colon point, and vagina point were established arbitrarily. We examined distance between point A and point H. The percent dose at point A was calculated when 100% dose was prescribed to point H. Additionally, the percent dose at each reference points when dose is prescribed to point H and point A were calculated. Results: The relative dose at point A was lower when point H was located inferior to point A. The relative doses at bladder, rectal, sigmoid colon, and vagina points were higher when point H was located superior to point A, and lower when point H was located inferior to point A. Conclusion: This study found out that as point H got located much superior to point A, the absorbed dose of surrounding normal organs became higher, and as point H got located much inferior to point A, the absorbed dose of surrounding normal organs became lower. This differences dose not seem to affect the treatment. However, we suggest this new point is worth being considered for the treatment of HDR if dose distribution and absorbed dose at normal organs have large differences between prescribed to point A and H.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 1993

The aim of the present study was to derive regression equations for $\dot{V}o_{2max}\;vs.\;\dot{V}o_{2peak},\;and\;\dot{V}o_2\;vs.$ heart rate, exercise time, and other variables from maximal exercise tests on a treadmill using the Bruce and inclined protocols. Twelve male and 10 female Korean college students aged between 19 and 23 years voIunteered for this study. After the resting measurements, the subjects performed a maximal exercise on a treadmill according to the Bruce protocol. When the resting conditions were restored, the subjects performed another maximal exercise according to an inclined protocol where the speed was fixed at 8.05 $km{\cdot}h^{-1}$ and the grade was incremented starting from 09t by 2.5% for every 2 min. Peak $\dot{V}o_2$ observed during the Bruce exercise $(\dot{V}o_{2peak})$ was $37.7{\pm}2.4\;and\;31.7{\pm}1.8\;ml\;kg^{-1}\;min^{-1}$ in the male and female groups, respectively. Peak $\dot{V}o_2$ observed during the inclined exercise was higher than $\dot{V}o_{2peak}$ during the Bruce exercise. Maximum $\dot{V}o_2$ value observed during the tyro exercises $(\dot{V}o_{2max})$ was $43.0{\pm}2.8\;and\;36.2{\pm}1.4\;ml\;kg^{-1}\;min^{-1}$ in the male and female groups, respectively. Thus, $\dot{V}o_{2peak}$ by the Bruce protocol was about 12% (male) or 13% (female) lower than $\dot{V}o_{2max}$, and a linear relationship was found between $\dot{V}o_{2peak}$ and $\dot{V}o_{2max}$. The peak values of % $\dot{V}o_{max}$ with the Bruce protocol were $89.2{\pm}3.3\;and\;87.5{\pm}3.6%$ and those with the inclined protocol $97.7{\pm}1.8\;and\;96.9{\pm}2.0%$ in the male and female groups, respectively. In the female group, $%\dot{V}o_{2max}$ at a given workload was higher than in the male group, while $\dot{V}o_{2}$ per kg body weight was the same. Maximum HR observed during the two exercises was $204{\pm}2\;and\;195{\pm}3\;beat\;min^{-1}$ in the male and female groups, respectively. Linear relationships were found, excluding the last points, between 1) $\dot{V}o_{2}$ and exercise time, 2) $\dot{V}o_{2}$ and $%\dot{V}o_{2max}\;and\;%HR_{max}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2018

In this study, we tested Japanese trolling lines in the Jeju fishery. This fishery simulates the natural marine environment with many seabed rocks, and has been redesigned and manufactured it to be suitable for the Jeju fishery. In order to ensure that the trolling lines were deployed at the inhabitation depth of hairtails, the conditions required for the fishing gear to reach the target depth were determined for use during the experiment. The experimental test fishing was conducted at the depth of 120 m water in front of Jeju Seongsanpo and in the offshore area of Jeju Hanlim. The fishing gear used in the test fishing is currently used in a variety of field operations in Japan. However, several problems were identified, such as twisting of the line during its deployment and excessive sinking of the main line. The fishing gear was, therefore, redesigned and manufactured to be more suitable for the Jeju fishery environment. For the fishing gear to accurately reach the target depth, depth loggers were installed at the starting point of the main line and at the 250 m and 340 m points of the line. Depth and time were recorded every 10 seconds. According to the daytime positioning of hairtails in the lower water column, the target depth of the fishing gear was set at 100-110 m, which was 10-20 m above the sea floor. At a speed of 1.9 knots and with a 9 kg sinker attached, the main fishing line was deployed and catch yields at depths of 100 m, 150 m and 180 m were recorded and analyzed. When the 180 m main line was fully deployed, the time for the hairtail trolling lines to arrive at the appropriate configuration had to be 5 minutes. At this time, the depth of the fishing gear was 16-23 m above the sea floor, in accordance with the depths at which the hairtails were during the day. In addition, in order to accurately place the fishing gear at the inhabitation water depth of hairtails, the experimental test fishing utilized the results of the depth testing that identified the conditions required for the fishing gear to reach the target depth, and the result was a catch of up to 97 kg a day.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was aimed to analyze the incidence and the anatomical distributions of HME (Hereditary Multiple Exostoses) on upper limbs and its related change in alignment of the upper limbs in HME patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty eight patients who had been diagnosed HME between 2001 and 2009, were categorized into two groups; (1) group A (1-2 involvements); (2) group B (${\geq}$3 involvements). We checked the carrying angle, VAS (Visual Analogue Scale), limitations in daily activities, cosmetic satisfaction according to the number of exostoses invasion. Results: Among the 38 patients, 23 patients (43 cases) had exostoses in the upper limbs. The locations of exostoses in the upper limbs were proximal humerus in 33 cases (30%), distal ulna in 31 cases (28.2%), and distal radius in 24 cases (21.8%). The carrying angle of group A and B was $10.7^{\circ}$, $13.8^{\circ}$, VAS was 1.3, 3.5, and the limitations in daily activities was 7.3, 6.6 of 8 points. The cosmetic satisfactory cases were 13 and 10 cases, respectively. Conclusion: The deformity in upper limbs was observed in 65% of the HME patients. As the number of invasion increases, carrying angle and VAS were increased but limitations in daily activities and cosmetic satisfaction were decreased.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.148-159
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• 2018

Purpose: Unmanned air vehicle (UAV) remote sensing was applied to test various vegetation indices and make prediction models of protein content of rice for monitoring grain quality and proper management practice. Methods: Image acquisition was carried out by using NIR (Green, Red, NIR), RGB and RE (Blue, Green, Red-edge) camera mounted on UAV. Sampling was done synchronously at the geo-referenced points and GPS locations were recorded. Paddy samples were air-dried to 15% moisture content, and then dehulled and milled to 92% milling yield and measured the protein content by near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: Artificial neural network showed the better performance with $R^2$ (coefficient of determination) of 0.740, NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient) of 0.733 and RMSE (root mean square error) of 0.187% considering all 54 samples than the models developed by PR (polynomial regression), SLR (simple linear regression), and PLSR (partial least square regression). PLSR calibration models showed almost similar result with PR as 0.663 ($R^2$) and 0.169% (RMSE) for cloud-free samples and 0.491 ($R^2$) and 0.217% (RMSE) for cloud-shadowed samples. However, the validation models performed poorly. This study revealed that there is a highly significant correlation between NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and protein content in rice. For the cloud-free samples, the SLR models showed $R^2=0.553$ and RMSE = 0.210%, and for cloud-shadowed samples showed 0.479 as $R^2$ and 0.225% as RMSE respectively. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between spectral bands and grain protein content. Artificial neural networks have the strong advantages to fit the nonlinear problem when a sigmoid activation function is used in the hidden layer. Quantitatively, the neural network model obtained a higher precision result with a mean absolute relative error (MARE) of 2.18% and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.187%.