• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 1997년도 추계 국제학술심포지움 논문집
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• pp.3-31
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• 1997

Water has always played a significant role in the lives of people. In urbanised Rome, with its million people. sophisticated supply systems developed and then fled with the empire. only to be rediscovered later But it was the industrial Revolution commencing in the eighteenth century that ushered in major paradigm shifts In use and altitudes towards water. Rapid and concentrated urbanisation brought problems of expanded demands for drinking supplies, waste management and disease. The strategy of using water from local streams, springs and village wells collapsed under the onslaughts of rising urban demands and pollution due to poor waste disposal practices. Expanding travel (railways. and steamships) aided the spread of disease. In England. public health crises peaks, related to water-borne typhoid and the three major cholera outbreaks occurred in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century respectively. Technological, engineering and institutional responses were successful in solving the public health problem. it is generally accepted that the putting of water into pipe networks both for a clean drinking supply, as well as using it as a transport medium for removal of human and other wastes, played a significant role in towering death rates due to waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid towards the end of the nineteenth century. Today, similar principles apply. A recent World Bank report Indicates that there can be upto 76％ reduction in illness when major water and sanitation improvements occur in developing countries. Water management, technology and thinking in Australia were relatively stable in the twentieth century up to the mid to late 1970s. Groundwater sources were investigated and developed for towns and agriculture. Dams were built, and pipe networks extended both for supply and waste water management. The management paradigms in Australia were essentially extensions of European strategies with the minor adaptions due to climate and hydrogeology. During the 1970s and 1980s in Australia, it was realised increasingly that a knowledge of groundwater and hydrogeological processes were critical to pollution prevention, the development of sound waste management and the problems of salinity. Many millions of dollars have been both saved and generated as a consequence. This is especially in relation to domestic waste management and the disposal of aluminium refinery waste in New South Wales. Major institutional changes in public sector water management are occurring in Australia. Upheveals and change have now reached ail states in Australia with various approaches being followed. Market thinking, corporatisation, privatisation, internationalisation, downsizing and environmental pressures are all playing their role in this paradigm shift. One casualty of this turmoil is the progressive erosion of the public sector skillbase and this may become a serious issue should a public health crisis occur such as a water borne disease. Such crises have arisen over recent times. A complete rethink of the urban water cycle is going on right now in Australia both at the State and Federal level. We are on the threshold of significant change in how we use and manage water, both as a supply and a waste transporter in Urban environments especially. Substantial replacement of the pipe system will be needed in 25 to 30 years time and this will cost billions of dollars. The competition for water between imgation needs and environmental requirements in Australia and overseas will continue to be an issue in rural areas. This will be especially heightened by the rising demand for irrigation produced food as the world's population grows. Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in the emerging S.E Asian countries are currently producing considerable demands for water management skills and Infrastructure development. This trend e expected to grow. There are also severe water shortages in the Middle East to such an extent that wars may be fought over water issues. Environmental public health crises and shortages will help drive the trends.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2010

색소성망막염(retinitis pigmentosa: RP)이나 연령관련 황반변성(age-related macular degeneration: AMD)과 같은 망막질환으로 인해 실명한 환자를 위해 인공시각장치가 개발되고 있다. 인공시각장치의 동작원리는 전기자극을 주어 신경세포의 활동도를 조절하는 것이므로 시각정보를 제대로 인코딩하기 위해 최적의 전기자극을 인가하는 것은 인공시각장치의 실용화를 위해 매우 중요한 요소이다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 전압자극의 크기와 자극시간을 변화시켜 가면서 정상망막과 변성망막에 인가한 후 자극에 의해 유발된 망막신경절세포 반응을 분석하고 역치전하밀도를 비교함으로써 최적의 전기자극 조건을 찾아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 정상마우스와 rd1 마우스의 망막을 in vitro 상태로 분리한 후 망막의 신경절세포층이 전극을 향하여 부착되도록 한 후 망막신호를 기록하였다. rd1 마우스에서 얻은 변성망막의 망막신경절세포에서도 전압펄스를 인가시 정상망막의 망막신경절세포처럼 전압자극의 크기와 자극시간 변조에 대하여 반응하였다. 그러나 정상망막과 변성망막에서 망막신경절세포 반응의 시간적 패턴은 매우 달랐다: 정상망막의 망막신경절세포 반응은 전기자극 후 약 100 ms 내에서 1개의 피크만 나타나는 반면, 변성망막에서는 이보다 긴 400 ms 구간에서 약 10 Hz의 진동리듬을 가진 다수의 피크(~4개)들이 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 변성망막에서 망막신경절세포의 반응을 유발하기 위한 역치 전하밀도가 정상망막에서 보다 크게 상승하였다: 자극세기를 변화시켰을 때 정상망막의 역치 전하밀도는 $37.23{\sim}61.65\;{\mu}C/cm^2$, rd1 마우스에서는 $70.50{\sim}99.87\;{\mu}C/cm^2$로 2배가량 높은 것을 확인하였다. 자극시간을 변화시켰을 때 정상망막의 역치 전하밀도는 $22.69{\sim}37.57\;{\mu}C/cm^2$, rd1 마우스에서는 $120.5{\sim}170.6\;{\mu}C/cm^2$로 5배가량 높은 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.453-489
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• 1995

The research of the phrases related with physiology of stomach and spleen in the contents of Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經) known as the Bible of oriental medicine will make a contribution to a deep understanding of disease of stomach and spleen and a proper clinical diagnosis and treatment of them. In this research of the most appropriate glosses recorded nine kinds of representative medical books including Huang Di Nei Jing Somoon(黃帝內經素問) of Wang Bing(王氷) were picked out: The summaries of the selected contents are as follows: 1. The word 'saliva(涎)' in 'the spleen controls saliva(脾爲涎)' can be viewed as a generic term referring to oral cavity secretion gland as well as the secretion fluid of salivary gland. 2. The phases 'a large reservoir(太倉)', barn organs', 'a reserboir of food stuff', 'a stomach as the market(胃爲之市)', etc mean the function of stomach to receive food(胃主受納). 3. The phase 'generation of five tastes(五味出焉)' means both 'the function of stomach to transform food into chyme(胃主腐熟)' and 'the channelling function of spleen.(脾主運化)' 4. The flowing of the food-Qi(食氣) into stomach brings about spreading Jung(精) into liver and then percolating Jung(精) flow into channel. The channel-Qi(脈氣) flows into lung through channel. As a result, all kinds of channels gather together in lung and Jung(精) is sent into skin and hair. The assembly of Jung(精) with skins and channels moves Qi(氣) into fu-organ and so jung(精) and mental activity(神明) in fu-organ(府) come to be in four organs(四臟). Then if Qi(氣) comes back to power balance unit(權衡) being in the state of equilibrium(權衡以平), the hole of Qi(氣口) comes to determine the matter of life and death through achieving Chun-quan-chi(-寸-關-尺). The above mentioned phrases means the digestion, asorption and transmission of food. When food is taken in stomach, Jung-Qi(精氣) comes to be over flowed upward into spleen, back into lung, finally downward into bladders through water-conduit(水道) controlled by lung. When water- Jung(水精) radiates into whole body with channels of five organs(五臟), both of them fit together with and yin-yang(陰-陽). Therefore, the grasping of the rise and decline of yin-yang(陰C-陽) is necessary to consult patients. The above mentioned phrases is properly viewed to designate the asorption, transmission and excretion of food. 5. Spleen controls flesh(脾之合肉也), the state of spleen is known by human lips, and what this means is that liver plays functions of spread and expansion(肝主疏泄). 6. The phrase 'Jung Jung'((中精)) in 'gallbladder dominates Jung jung(膽主中精)', which in one of the specific expression of 'liver plays functions of spread and expansion(肝主疏泄). 7. It is right that the phase 'The eleven organs in all are determined by gallbladder'(凡十,一臟取決於膽也) is correctly paraphrased as 'only one of ten organs, spleen, is determined by gallbladder'.(凡十,一臟取決於膽也), 8. The small intestine is an organ. which receives the materials digested and sends them out. This means that the function of transforming materials(化物) factually refers to that of separating clearity and blur(泌別淸濁). And it is also thought to have the function of ascending clearity and descending blur(升淸降濁), 9. A large intestine is a transmitting organ(傳導之官) from which a change comes out(變化出焉). the phrase 'change'(變化) in this sentence means both the intake of water and nutrition and the formation procedure of stool through excretion of mucocele.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.28-48
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• 2002

The advances of medical technologies have not only prolonged human life span, but also extended suffering period for the patients with incurable medical diseases. Hospice movement was developed to help these patients keep dignity and lives peaceful at the end of their life. Since many patients prefer to spend the last moment of life at home with their family, hospice home care has become very popular worldwide. The purpose of this study for a promotion and development of hospice home care in Korea, and features basic research on medical profession's knowledge and attitudes to hospice home care. This study which was used for the research questionnaires developed by the researcher that were answered by 100 physicians and 127 nurses in a general hospital. Data were collected from April 22, 2002 to May 10, 2002. The SPSS was used to make a comparative analysis of the frequency, percentile, ANOVA, and x2-test. The results of the study were as follows; 1.The medical profession showed high level of knowledge of the definition and philosophy of hospice. However, the physician group of the examinees showed insufficient knowledge of the fact that hospice care includes bereavement care, while the nurse group's response to the same question showed a significant difference(x2=10.752, p=.001). 2.For whom the hospice home care is provided, 95.6% of the respondents showed very high level of knowledge as answering that the incurable terminal illness patients and their families are the beneficiaries of hospice care. The respondents counted nurses, volunteers, pastors, physicians and social workers, consecutively, as hospice care providers. More nurse were positive toward pastors than physicians in regarding as a hospice care provider by a significant difference(x2=11.634, p=.001). 3.For when to referral hospice home care to the patients, only 34.2% answered that patients with less than 6 months of survival time are advised to receive hospice care, reflecting very low level of knowledge. 23.0% of the physicians and 48.0% of the nurses answered that hospice care should be provided when death is imminent, making a significant difference between the two groups(x2=6.413, p=.000). 4.To promote hospice activities, 87.2% pointed out that it is crucial to make general people, including those engaging in the medical field, more aware of hospice. 79.7% answered that a national hospice management should be developed, marking a significant difference between the physician group and nurse group(x2=10.485, p=.001). 5.Advantages of hospice home care are 87.2% responded that patients can have better rest at home receiving hospice home care. Economical merit was brought forward as one of the advantages also, where there was a significant difference between the physicians group and nurse group(x2=7.009, p=.008). 6.The medical professions' attitude to hospice home care are 92.8% of the physicians answered that they would advise incurable terminally ill patients to be discharged from hospital, with 44.3% of them advising the patients to receive hospice home care after leaving the hospital. From the nurses' point of view, 20.9% of the terminally ill patients are being referred to hospice home care after discharge, which makes a significant difference from the physicians' response(x2=19.121, p=.001). 7. 30.6% of physicians have referred terminally ill patients to hospice home care, 75.9% of whom were satisfied with their decision. Those physicians who have never referred their patients to hospice home care either did not know how to do it(66.7%) or were afraid of losing trust by giving the patients an impression of giving up(27.3%). 94.9% of the physicians responded that they would refer their last stage patients to a doctor who is involving palliative care. 8.Only 36.2% of nurses have suggested to physicians that refer the terminally ill patients discharged from the hospital to hospice home care. Once suggested, 95.8% of the physicians have accepted the suggestion. Nurses were reluctant to suggest hospice home care to the physicians, as 48.8% of the nurses said they did not want to. From the result of this study the following conclusion can be drawn, the medical profession's awareness of general hospice care has been increased greatly compared to the results of the previously performed studies. However, this study result also shows that their knowledge of hospice home care is not good enough yet. There is a need for high recommended that medical education institute and develop regular courses on various types of hospice care. Medical field training courses for physicians and nurses will be very helpful as well. It is also important to train hospice experts such as palliative physicians and develop a national hospice management urgently in order to improve the hospice care in Korea.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.199-211
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• 2002

Digital substraction technique and computer-assisted densitometirc analysis detect minor change in bone density and thus increase the diagnostic accuracy. This advantage as well as high sensitivity and objectivity which precludes human bias have drawn interest in radiologic research area. The objectives of this study are to verify if Radiographic density can be recognized in linear pattern when density profile of standard periapical radiograph with the aluminium stepwedge as the reference, was investigated under varies circumstances which can be encountered in clinical situations, and in addition to that to obtain mutual relationship between the existing standard radiographic system, and future digital image systems, by confirming the corelationship between the standard radiograph and Digora system which is a digital image system currently being used. In order to make quantitative analysis of the bone tissue, digital image system which uses high resolution automatic slide scanner as an input device, and Digora system were compared and analyzed using multifunctional program, Brain3dsp. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. Under common clinical situation that is 70kVp, 0.2 sec., and focal distance 10cm, Al-Equivalent image equation was found to be Y=11.21X+46.62 $r^2=0.9898$ in standard radiographic system, and Y=12.68X+74.59, $r^2=0.9528$ in Digora system, and linear relation was confirmed in both the systems. 2. In standard radiographic system, when all conditions were maintained the same except for the condition of developing solution, Al-Equivalent image equation was Y=10.07X+41.64, $r^2=0.9861$ which shows high corelationship. 3. When all conditions were maintained the same except for the Kilovoltage peak, linear relationship was still maintained under 60kVp, and Al-Equivalent image equation was Y=14.60X+68.86, $r^2=0.9886$ in the standard radiograhic system, and Y=13.90X+80.68, $r^2=0.9238$ in Digora system. 4. When all conditions were maintained the same except for the exposure time which was varied from 0.01 sec. to 0.8 sec., Al-Equivalent image equation was found to be linear in both the standard radiographic system and Digora system. The R-square was distributed from 0.9188 to 0.9900, and in general, standard radiographic system showed higher R-square than Digora system. 5. When all conditions were maintained the same except for the focal distance which was varied from 5cm to 30cm, Al-Equivalent image equation was found to be linear in both the standard radiographic system and Digora system. The R-square was distributed from 0.9463 to 0.9925, and the standard radiographic system had the tendency to show higher R-square in shorter focal distances.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2005

Mucin 당단백질은 인체 타액 성분 중 혈액형 항원을 표지하는 주요 성분으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 보관중인 타액 검체에서 일어나는 분해과정 중에 A형 혹은 B형 혈액형 항원이 H형 항원으로 변환이 일어나는 지를 조사하는데 있다. A형과 B형 각각 20명씩 총 40명의 분비자로부터 채취한 전타액과 상층액을 실온에서 1주일간 보관한 다음, SDS-PAGE와 immunoblotting법을 이용하여 혈액형 항원의 변환 여부를 조사하였다. 전타액에서 변환을 보인 연구대상 중에서 A형과 B형 각각 4명씩 총 8명에서 이하선 타액과 악하선-설하선 타액을 채취하였고, 악하선-설하선 타액과 악하선-설하선 타액 및 이하선 타액의 혼합액을 실온에서 1주일간 보관하였으며, 같은 방법으로 혈액형 항원의 변환 여부를 조사하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 전타액 상층액을 1주일 보관한 검체의 경우, A형 항원이 분해되지 않은 경우가 5%, 분해된 경우가 95%이었고, A형 항원의 H형 항원으로의 변환이 5명(25%)의 연구대상에서 관찰되었다. 원심분리하지 않은 전타액 검체에서는 90%의 경우에서 A형 항원이 분해된 형태로 관찰되었고 10%에서는 관찰되지 않았으며, 혈액형 항원의 변환은 4명(20%)의 연구대상에서 관찰되었다. 2. 전타액 상층액을 1주일 보관한 검체의 경우, B형 항원이 분해되지 않은 경우가 20%, 분해된 경우가 65%이었고 15%에서는 관찰되지 않았으며, B형 항원의 H형 항원으로의 변환이 7명(35%)의 연구대상에서 관찰되었다. 원심분리하지 않은 전타액 검체에서는 5%의 경우 B형 항원이 분해되지 않은 형태로 관찰되었고, 65%의 경우에서 분해된 형태로 관찰되었으며 30%에서는 관찰되지 않았다. 이 경우 혈액형 항원의 변환은 2명(10%)의 연구대상에서 관찰되었다. 3. 개별 타액선 타액검체의 경우, 4명중 각각 1명에서 A형 항원 혹은 B형 항원에서 H형 항원으로의 변환이 관찰되었다. 이 경우 혈액형 항원의 변환은 악하선-설하선 타액과 악하선-설하선 타액 및 이하선 타액의 혼합액 모두에서 일어났다. 그 외 3명의 검체에서는 항원의 분해나 변환이 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 타액에서 혈액형 항원의 변환이 일어남을 보여주는 것으로 타액에 이러한 변환을 가능하게 하는 효소가 존재함을 암시해 주었다. 그러므로 향후 혈액형 항원 변환의 정량적 연구와 함께 타액에 존재 가능성이 있는 특정 당분해효소의 근원이나 활성에 대한 추가 연구가 필요하다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.153-194
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• 2009

우주활동의 증가와 더불어 이는 지구상의 인류와 환경에 대한 지속적인 위협요인이 되고 있으며 그중에서도 우주활동과 관련된 환경문제로서 가장 심각한 것으로 파악되고 있는 것이 우주폐기물의 문제이다. 이는 다른 우주 물체에 대해서도 커다란 위협이 될 뿐 아니라 지구의 대기권으로 재진입하여 인간이 통제(control)할 수 없는 상태에서 지구상에 낙하될 때에 인간의 생명과 재산상에 커다란 위험을 초래하게 된다. 현재 우주활동과정에서의 우주공간이나 지구를 포함한 천체에 대한 환경보호와 그 대처를 위한 제도적 장치는 아직 미흡하며 이를 위한 우주국제법적 해결이 모색되고 있고 부분적으로는 우주환경오염을 방지하고자 하는 규정이 일부 조약에 도입되기도 하였다. UN COPUOS를 중심으로 우주조약이나 책임협약 및 달 협정뿐만 아니라 등록협약의 관련조항에서도 가능한 위험을 최소화하기 위한 규정을 두고 있음은 주지의 사실이다. 그밖에도 부분적 핵실험 금지조약이나 핵무기비확산 조약 그리고 환경변화기술의 군사적 사용금지협약 등을 통해서도 우주나 지구자연의 평화적인 이용에 대한 장애요인을 제거하기 위한 직,간접적인 법적 장치가 마련되어 있는 것으로 평가된다. 특히 별도의 법체계를 정립하는 것이 필요하다는 문제와 관련하여 ILA는 일찍이 1986년 세계국제법협회 (ILA) 서울 총회에서 의제로 제안된 이래로 8년여에 걸쳐 여러 차례 각국에서의 회기를 거쳐 이 문제에 대한 지속적인 논의를 해왔던 바, 그 결과 동 협회는 1994년 Buenos Aires 회의에서 최종 초안인 "우주 폐기물에 기인되는 손해로부터 우주 내지 자구환경을 보호하기 위한 국제문서초안"을 작성하여 COPUOS에 제출한 바 있다. 향후 이것은 COPUOS가 의제로 채택하여 기술분과나 법률분과소위원회에서 논의를 할 때 기초적인 검토 자료로서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 사료되며 동위원회에서 이를 충분히 심의한 후 사안의 심각성에 비추어 조속한 결실을 맺게 되도록 노력해야 할 것이다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.493-513
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• 2014

With the development of related technologies, Location-Based Services (LBS) are growing fast and being used in many ways. Past LBS studies have focused on adoption of LBS because of the fact that LBS users have privacy concerns regarding revealing their location information. Meanwhile, the number of LBS users and revenues from LBS are growing rapidly because users can get some benefits by revealing their location information. Little research has been done on how LBS affects consumers' information search behavior in product purchase. The purpose of this paper is examining the effect of LBS information filtering on buyers' uncertainty and their information search behavior. When consumers purchase a product, they try to reduce uncertainty by searching information. Generally, there are two types of uncertainties - knowledge uncertainty and choice uncertainty. Knowledge uncertainty refers to the lack of information on what kinds of alternatives are available in the market and/or their important attributes. Therefore, consumers having knowledge uncertainty will have difficulties in identifying what alternatives exist in the market to fulfil their needs. Choice uncertainty refers to the lack of information about consumers' own preferences and which alternative will fit in their needs. Therefore, consumers with choice uncertainty have difficulties selecting best product among available alternatives.. According to economics of information theory, consumers narrow the scope of information search when knowledge uncertainty is high. It is because consumers' information search cost is high when their knowledge uncertainty is high. If people do not know available alternatives and their attributes, it takes time and cognitive efforts for them to acquire information about available alternatives. Therefore, they will reduce search breadth. For people with high knowledge uncertainty, the information about products and their attributes is new and of high value for them. Therefore, they will conduct searches more in-depth because they have incentive to acquire more information. When people have high choice uncertainty, people tend to search information about more alternatives. It is because increased search breadth will improve their chances to find better alternative for them. On the other hand, since human's cognitive capacity is limited, the increased search breadth (more alternatives) will reduce the depth of information search for each alternative. Consumers with high choice uncertainty will spend less time and effort for each alternative because considering more alternatives will increase their utility. LBS provides users with the capability to screen alternatives based on the distance from them, which reduces information search costs. Therefore, it is expected that LBS will help users consider more alternatives even when they have high knowledge uncertainty. LBS provides distance information, which helps users choose alternatives appropriate for them. Therefore, users will perceive lower choice uncertainty when they use LBS. In order to test the hypotheses, we selected 80 students and assigned them to one of the two experiment groups. One group was asked to use LBS to search surrounding restaurants and the other group was asked to not use LBS to search nearby restaurants. The experimental tasks and measures items were validated in a pilot experiment. The final measurement items are shown in Appendix A. Each subject was asked to read one of the two scenarios - with or without LBS - and use a smartphone application to pick a restaurant. All behaviors on smartphone were recorded using a recording application. Search breadth was measured by the number of restaurants clicked by each subject. Search depths was measured by two metrics - the average number of sub-level pages each subject visited and the average time spent on each restaurant. The hypotheses were tested using SPSS and PLS. The results show that knowledge uncertainty reduces search breadth (H1a). However, there was no significant correlation between knowledge uncertainty and search depth (H1b). Choice uncertainty significantly reduces search depth (H2b), but no significant relationship was found between choice uncertainty and search breadth (H2a). LBS information filtering significantly reduces the buyers' choice uncertainty (H4) and reduces the negative relationship between knowledge uncertainty and search breadth (H3). This research provides some important implications for service providers. Service providers should use different strategies based on their service properties. For those service providers who are not well-known to consumers (high knowledge uncertainty) should encourage their customers to use LBS. This is because LBS would increase buyers' consideration sets when the knowledge uncertainty is high. Therefore, less known services have chances to be included in consumers' consideration sets with LBS. On the other hand, LBS information filtering decrease choice uncertainty and the near service providers are more likely to be selected than without LBS. Hence, service providers should analyze geographically approximate competitors' strength and try to reduce the gap so that they can have chances to be included in the consideration set.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.5-33
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• 2018

자활은 지난 이십년간 우리나라의 대표적 근로연계복지제도로 존재해 왔음에도 불구하고, 그 개념에 대한 합의 없이 정책, 학계, 현장에서 제각기 이해되고 사용되어 왔다. 이는 최근 자활사업의 다양한 환경변화에 적절하게 대응하지 못하면서 자활의 정체성 위기를 초래하는 근본적인 원인이 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 자활을 이해하는데 있어서 현장 실무자들의 자활에 대한 심층적인 이해를 반영하여 자활 개념 정립을 시도한다. 총 35명의 자활사업 실무자들에 대한 6번의 집단심층인터뷰를 통해 자활 개념에 대한 심층적인 질적 자료를 수집하였다. 연구 결과 자활사업 실무자들은 '취창업을 통한 노동 시장에의 편입', '소득창출을 통한 수급 탈피'와 같은 정책 목적과 성과에 부응하기 위해 '경제적 측면의 성과'에 초점을 두고 정책지향적으로 자활을 이해하는 동시에 실천가의 관점을 반영하여 '이용자의 역량강화와 삶의 변화'에 초점을 두고 자활을 이해하는 것으로 분석되었다. 구체적으로 본 연구는 자활실무자들이 근로기회 제공과 경제적 자립을 위한 과정으로서 경제적 측면에서 이해하고 있는 동시에 정서적 역량강화와 동기부여, 근로장벽 극복과 같은 정서적 측면, 사회적 관계 형성과 회복을 통한 사회통합과 같은 사회적 측면, 그리고 삶의 회복과 주체적 삶을 위한 통합적 지원으로 이해하고 있음을 발견하였다. 이러한 자활에 대한 상반된 이해는 실천가들이 사회복지라는 직업적 미션과 성과지향적인 조직의 운영 사이에서 이용자의 역량강화 과정에 초점을 둘지, 아니면 단기적으로 성과평가를 위하여 취창업률과 탈수급률이라는 가시적 실적에 중점을 두어야 하는지 등 현장의 혼란과 왜곡된 자활 운영을 부추기고 있는 것으로 보여진다. 이러한 연구 결과로부터 본 연구는 결과이자 과정이며, 경제적, 정서적, 사회적, 일상생활 측면을 포함하는 다차원적 개념으로 자활을 이해할 필요성과 함께 이러한 자활의 특성을 반영한 실천 현장의 재설계의 필요성과 함의를 제안한다.

• 고전문학과교육
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• 제32호
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• pp.327-355
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• 2016

이 연구에서는 천예록 소재 <옥소선 이야기>를 통해 작중 인물의 소시민적 욕망의 면모를 살펴보고자 하였다. 소시민적 인물의 욕망과 그 지향성은 다분히 세속적이며 이기적이다. 이러한 인물상은 봉건사회에서 근대사회로 이행하는 시기에 대두하기 시작한 중립적 존재로서의 소시민적 특성과 많이 닮아있다. 이 소시민이란 개념은 현대의 대중 및 서민의 한 특성을 가리키는 데에도 자주 사용된다. 소시민적 태도에 대한 지금의 이해와 작품 속 인물들의 특성은 크게 다르지 않다. 소시민에게 중요한 것은 사회에 대한 원대한 지배이념이나 현실개혁 의지가 아니라, 무엇보다 자기 삶의 만족을 이루고자 하는 현실적이고도 일상적인 욕망의 성취와 안정이다. 이에 주체가 어떠한 욕망을 가지는 지에 따라 충족의 태도와 과정에서 반사회적이거나 이기적인 경계적 특성이 나타나기도 한다. 그러나 그 행동의 반경은 거대한 현실의 지배체제 속에 국한되어 있고, 자신의 소유와 만족을 충족하는 것에 개인적인 삶의 목표가 그치는 것이 특징이다. 이는 생이 사랑을 추구하기 위해 가족과 사회를 저버리고 자란과의 결연을 충족하지만, 반사회적 태도로 끝까지 사회와 대립하기 보다는 과거급제를 통해 가정과 사회 속의 재진입하여 안정을 획득하는 것과 통한다. 또한 본 작품이 현재적으로 유의미한 이유는 사랑이라는 인간 본연의 자기 욕망을 발견하고, 그것을 긍정하여 충족하고자 반봉건적 행위-불효, 불충, 불열-마저 감행하며 움직인 생의 주체적 행보에 있다. 이러한 생의 욕망 추구에 힘입어 옥소선도 관기라는 자신의 신분적 굴레를 벗어나 사랑의 주체가 되고자 하는 자기욕망을 긍정하게 되어 사회제도로부터 일탈하는 것이다. 나아가 이 과정에서 자기 행적의 사회적 한계점을 인식하고, 이를 보완하기 위해 자구적 방식으로 노력한다. 이에 과거급제라는 개인의 지적능력 실현으로 사회에 재진입하는 점에서 소시민적 욕망의 성취와 한계의 일면을 찾을 수 있다. 조선 후기 근대로의 이행기 때에는 개인적 욕망과 자유의지에 목마른 근대적 인간형과 함께 주체적 삶에 대해 아직 이질적 몰이해 상태인 봉건적인 인간형이 혼재되어 있었을 것이다. 이는 지금, 여기의 현재적 상황과도 크게 다르지 않다. 작품은 현실의 거대한 장벽 안에서 왜소한 '자기'의 존재적 각성과 미진하게나마 발현되는 주체적 욕망에 큰 가치를 부여하며 이를 조명하고 있다. 나아가 현실논리 속에 실패를 경험한 개인의 경험과 각고의 노력을 소소한 성취로서 긍정한다. 이렇듯 스스로의 만족을 향한 행복을 능동적으로 추구하며 인간답게 사는 삶을 권면한다는 점에서 본 작품은 현대 독자들에게도 여전히 유효한 문학적 의미를 발한다.