• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.301-309
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• 2011

The filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum is an important cereal pathogen. Although quantitative realtime PCR (qRT-PCR) is commonly used to analyze the expression of important fungal genes, no detailed validation of reference genes for the normalization of qRT-PCR data has been performed in this fungus. Here, we evaluated 15 candidate genes as references, including those previously described as housekeeping genes and those selected from the whole transcriptome sequencing data. By a combination of three statistical algorithms (BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder), the variation in the expression of these genes was assessed under different culture conditions that favored mycelial growth, sexual development, and trichothecene mycotoxin production. When favoring mycelial growth, GzFLO and GzUBH expression were most stable in complete medium. Both EF1A and GzRPS16 expression were relatively stable under all conditions on carrot agar, including mycelial growth and the subsequent perithecial induction stage. These two genes were also most stable during trichothecene production. For the combined data set, GzUBH and EF1A were selected as the most stable. Thus, these genes are suitable reference genes for accurate normalization of qRT-PCR data for gene expression analyses of F. graminearum and other related fungi.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.443-452
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to examine the need of community care services and the influencing factors of the need in the family care givers of hospital-based home care patients. Methods: Data were collected from 256 family caregivers, who were recruited from 10 hospitals in a metropolitan city. A structured questionnaire on the characteristics of caregivers, resources, and patients was administered. Also, questions on the need of community care services were added. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influencing factors of the need for community care services. Results: The participant needed more transportation service, lease of health care devices, visiting bath, caring, visiting hair dressing than that of housekeeping, short-term care, and day care service. Various variables from the three factors were found to be influenced on the need of community care services. Conclusion: The accessibility of the higher need of community care services should be increased for hospital-based home care users. Also, the factors of Family care giver, Resource, and Patient might be considered to provide community care services of hospital-based home care users.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to explore behaviors of spatial usages such as patterns of spatial usages, perception on residential spaces, and furniture arrangement. A questionnaire survey and interview were adopted in this study, and 146 residents living in apartment with 3 bedrooms, stairway access, and 3-bay style in the City of Gwangju. The major findings of this study were that 1) dining-kitchen (DK) was conceived and used as a space not only for dining but also family gathering and guest reception. Dining table without refrigerator was frequently found in furniture arrangement of DK, and refrigerator has been relocated in utility room facing DK. The results imply the need for social interaction that has been growing. Anbang (master bedroom) has been perceived and used as couples' private area, aside from the traditional function of family interaction. A coordination of both bed and wardrobe out of different furniture arrangements was popular in anbang. Living room was used as a multi-purpose room carrying out various activities such as family gathering, guest reception, and housekeeping. Sofa and cabinet were the most common furniture arrangement in living room. The research results are a basis for development residential open housing system.

• 한국실내디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국실내디자인학회 2004년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.49-55
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to explore typical behaviors of spatial usages such as patterns of spatial usages, perception on residential spaces, and furniture arrangement. A questionnaire survey and interview were adopted in this study, and 146 residents living in apartment with 3 bedrooms, stairway access, and 3-bay style in the City of Gwangju. The major findings of this study were that 1) dining-kitchen (DK) was conceived and used as a space not only for dining but also family gathering and guest reception. Dining table without refrigerator was frequently found in furniture arrangement of DK, and refrigerator has been relocated in utility room facing DK. The results imply the need for social interaction that has been growing. Anbang (master bedroom) has been perceived and used as couples' private area, aside from the traditional function of family interaction. A coordination of both bed and wardrobe out of different furniture arrangements was popular in anbang. Living room was used as a multi-purpose room carrying out various activities such as family gathering, guest reception, and housekeeping. Sofa and cabinet were the most common furniture arrangement in living room. The research results are a basis for residential open housing system.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2008

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a main enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, is involved in cellular energy production and regarded as a housekeeping gene. Previously, cytosolic GAPDH was selected as the most significantly abundant gene in EST library of sweetpotato suspension cells. In this study, a full-length of cDNA clone (IbGAPDH) encoding GAPDH was isolated from suspension-cultured cells of sweetpotato (Ipomoea babatas), and its expression was investigated with a view to understanding the physiological function of GAPDH in relation to environmental stresses. IbGAPDH encoded a 36.9 kDa polypeptide consisting of 337 amino acids. When the deduced amino acid of IbGAPDH was compared with other higher plants, IbGAPDH showed high homology with cytosolic GAPDH. The mRNA level of IbGAPDH significantly increased under environmental stresses, such as $H_2O_2$, MV and cold treatments. Among them, the transcript level of IbGAPDH gene was the highest under cold stress. Further investigation of the transcription level under $10^{\circ}C$ or $15^{\circ}C$ was performed with different tissues of sweetpotato. The transcription of IbGAPDH was increased by cold stress with tissue-specificity, moreover, showed different patterns according to temperature.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.92-106
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• 1973

Brief history of home economics education after modern period (GAEWHA-KI) (1900~1945). Education of home economics in our country is known to have been developed mainly through school education by need of women education. The first period is construed "from 1890's until before the conclusion of ULSABOHO treaty, which can be referred to as an inception of the education for home economics by including subjects of sewing and manual arts in the curriculum of EWHA-hakang. The second period is "from the conclusion of ULSABOHO treaty in 1905 until the act of higher education for women was decreed, transition of the education for home economics and major curriculum thereof and the text books of home economics are handled. The third period is "from the promulgation of CHOSUN education act in 1911 until the fall of Japan education of home economics in this period is described in terms of national education under the Japanese colonial rule. The education was first renewed by women missionaries with the onset of "blooming period (GAEWHA-KI)" and school education of home economics far educating women was initiated at EWHA-hakdang in 1896, in 1908, with the pronulgation of the act of higher education for women, major curriculum and subjects were set up and text books of home economics were also compiled. In accordance with CHOSUN education act in 1911, housekeeping and sewing subjects at secondary school were taught 10 hours a week with the emphasis on general education and practical subject oriented training. Home economics under the Japanese rule was so educated as to imbue, students with the sense of nationality by teaching Korean custom and family habits.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.139-158
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• 2003

This study evaluated the community-based rehabilitation services provided by the Wonju Public Health Center from Jan. 2000 to Dec. 2002. Ninety-four persons with disabilities dwelling in the community participated and the surveys were completed in an interview during home visits. The respondents' demographic, socio-economic, and medical characteristics, rehabilitation service received, willingness to receive home-visit rehabilitation services, and satisfaction with the rehabilitation services were analyzed by frequency and percentage. A Likert scoring system consisting of five agreement-disagreement categories was applied to each item, consisting of Very Satisfied, Satisfied, So-So, Poorly Satisfied, and Very Poorly Satisfied. The major findings were as follows: 1) The rehabilitation services used included medical rehabilitation (26.9%), followed by social assistance (23.5%), diagnosis by a physician at home (17.3%), medical examination (12.3%), housekeeping services (6.2%), and vocational and educational rehabilitation (3.5%). 2) Of the medical services, the respondents desired physical therapy at home and free rental of rehabilitation equipment, such as wheelchairs, canes, walkers, the most, followed by home visit occupational therapy, nursing services, and oriental medicine service in descending order. 3) Some of the respondents expressed so-so satisfaction (50.0%) or dissatisfaction (16.9%) with the rehabilitation services provided by the Wonju Public Health Center. These findings should prove useful when planning or extending community-based rehabilitation programs for the homebound disabled in the community.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2017

Fungal infections by human pathogenic fungi are increasing globally in elderly, children and immune suppressed or deficient patients. Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the well-known pathogenic fungi and causes aspergilloses in human world widely. However, current identification and classification methods based on its phenotypic characteristics still have limitations. Therefore, currently, molecular biological tools using their DNA sequences are used for genotype identification and classification. In the present study, in order to analyze genetic variations of A. fumigatus clinical isolates, a total of six housekeeping genes were amplified by PCR using specific primer pairs and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) assay. Results from phylogenetic tree analysis showed that most A. fumigatus strains (88.9%) from respiratory specimens were classified into cluster A and B, and approximately half of A. fumigatus strains (46%) from non-respiratory specimens were classified into cluster C and D. Although the sample size was limited, genetic characteristics of A. fumigatus clinical isolates according to their origins were very similar and well-correlated with other clinical data.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.211-224
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate gender differences in the Korean Medical Community. Methods: Participants in the research study included 90 students regularly attending the fourth grade in Korean Medicine College, of which 48 were male and 42 were female. Results: 1. Patient's preferences for female KMD (Korean Medicine Doctor) had the lowest response rate in Korean Medical Society. Preferences for male KMD were due to factors including comfort level, rationality, good training, and patient's preference. 2. Patient's preferences for female KMD had the highest response rate in Gynecology, and Pediatrics. On the other hand, patient's preferences for female KMD had the lowest response rate in the other 7 specialty subjects. 3. The reasons for gender discrimination against male KMD were lack of subtlety, lack of empathy, authoritative attitude, and lack of patient management skills. The reasons for gender discrimination, against female KMD were childcare burden, social prejudices, lack of physical strength, and housekeeping burdens. Conclusions: The study results indicated that there was a lower preference for female KMD than male KMD among the Korean Medical Society and in patients' consciousness. Male-centered culture of Korean Medical Society had no role in this finding, but masculine image for KMD jobs and work-family double burden for female KMD were important contributing factors.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 1985

The Purpose of this study is to investigate both the value consciousness of home management and home management activities which urban low-paid housewives have and to find out the value consciousness of home management has an influence upon the home management activities. The results obtained area as follows; 1) Most of urban low-paid housewives are place in a traditional position of home management as a housekeeper or as a family leader. 2)But partially they gave more or less modern standpoints in consuming, planning and family relationship. 3) The value consciousness of home management of urban low-paid housewives is variable according to housewives' age (P<.05), education (P<.001), numbers of children(P<0.5) and wording experiences before marriage (P<0.1). The younger respondonts showed rather modernistic value consciousness of home management. The respondonts who have high educational level showed the same result. It is also strong points form them to habe few children and to have working experiences before marriage. 4) while the home management activities of urban low-paid housewives are positive as for connecting with human relationship, consuming and evaluating they are negative as for connecting with planning, creativity and housekeeping. 5)On the whole, the home management activities are variable by housewives' age (P<.05). The younger showed more effective home management abilities. 6) the home management activities of urban low-paid housewives are influenced by the value consciousness of home management. The more modernistic value consciousness of home management is connected directed directly with excellent home management activities.