• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.29-38
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• 2008

This study intends to analyze the value of school forests, one type of urban forest. For this purpose, four attributes of school forests were investigated, considering ecological, educational, social and economic values using a conjoint model as the stated preference. Based on literature reviews, the levels of the four attributes were selected, and a questionnaire survey was given to 279 urban residents divided into 2 groups: those impacted by school forests and those not. The study results suggest that the most important attribute of school forests is economic value, and next is ecological, social and educational value according to the part-worth model. The fitness level of the model is 0.900(total group) which is very significant. As for the economic value, free and 1,000 won are more critical factors than the other 2 levels, 5,000 won and 10,000 won and air pollution purification and making the school landscape are more critical factors than small habitats and microclimate factors. In addition, regarding the social value related to residents' leisure activities，the utility of nature observation is higher than walking and exercising. Finally, for educational value, understanding nature's importance is more critical than the emotions and learning of students. The estimated WTP per household/month is 3,580 won, the group related to school forestsis 3,650 won and the non-related group is 3,540 won. Based on these results, the estimated total economic value of all households per year is 6,820 hundred million won. The group related to school forests is 6,970 hundred million won and the non-related group is 6,750 hundred million won.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2014

Dwelling connotes characteristics like social and cultural and technical climatic conditions, lifestyles and demands of regions, and especially, apartment, as one of dwelling types, shows various aspects of modern society. With the economic development centering on large cities, apartments have been established as universal housing forms in Seoul and Shanghai. The deepening of economic development in cities has increased small households consisting of one or two persons by affecting the population and household structure, and they've become information consumer groups. This has also influenced the size of apartment and increased the demand for small-sized housing. If the floor area is small, it is possible to use space widely according to the plan composition, so there is a need for floor planning to understand natural environment, physical environment and residents.This study compared and analyzed plan compositions of small-sized apartments which have been parceled out for the recent three years in Seoul and Shanghai. This study aims to understand housing cultures and users in the two countries depending on natural environments, living habits and spatial functions by analyzing common points and differences of public spaces like living room, dining room and kitchen, and private spaces like bedroom which have absolute effects on room arrangement and traffic line. The study results are as follows. From the perspective of natural environments, in Seoul, two-sided open cross-ventilation structure where is favorable to lighting and ventilation, occupied the biggest proportion of public space, while in Shanghai, most public spaces had lighting and ventilation structures through windows in each room. In Seoul, 3R type occupied the largest proportion of private space(87.7%), and privacy was maintained and space scale was adjusted using spaces with diverse functions such as bathroom in the couple bedroom, dress room and powder room and variable walls. But 2R type occupied the largest proportion of private space(60.2%) in Shanghai, and they emphasized private space and privacy of each room depending on major living habits. In conclusion, this study for comparing and analyzing common points and differences of small-sized apartment plan compositions in Seoul and Shanghai will provide proper guidelines for small-sized apartments to be built in Seoul and Shanghai in the future, if strong points and weak points of plan compositions in the two countries will be additionally analyzed and remedied.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.101-111
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• 2018

The Korean government has been trying to conserve a marine ecosystem that has been shifting due to climate change. As part of this effort, the government designated seventy-seven marine species that have been disappearing and deserve to be protected as endangered managing them specially. To generate basic data to guide policy for these endangered species, their value must be measured. OOf the species declared endangered, coral is particularly threatened by climate change, and its management is important. Accordingly, understanding the potential value of reefs, can be an effective way of proving the benefits of continuous management to decision makers and the general public alike. To this end, we have applied the contingent valuation method (CVM), an economic technique of for valuing a environmental and non-market goods such as a coral reef. A national face-to-face survey of 1,000 randomly selected households was conducted in order to determine the public's willingness to pay (WTP) for conserving coral reefs. A one-and-one-half-bound (OOHB) model was adopted to interpret WTP responses, and a spike model was employed to deal with zero WTP responses. The results show that the conservation value of a coral reef can be estimated at 3,016 won per household per year, statistically significant at the 1 % level. Expanding values to the national population gives an annual value of 58.9 billion won. We can conclude that the public is willing to pay a significant amount to conserve coral reefs.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.303-312
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• 2011

Data on the energy usage including biomass, emissions of air pollutants ($SO_x$, $NO_x$, CO), and the air quality in North Korea are analyzed. The energy usage in North Korea has decreased in the 1990s and thus, the emission amount of air pollutants. Coal and biomass constitute a major fraction of energy sources since the 1990s. It is identified that the emission amount of air pollutants per unit energy consumption in North Korea is much higher than South Korea for the period data are available (since 1990) implying that the air pollutant emission management system in North Korea is inadequate. In particular, the amount of biomass burning for household cooking and heating is significant with the huge emissions of air pollutants such as CO and organic species both in the gas and aerosol phase. Furthermore, it is found that the existing energy usage and air pollutant emission data are not consistent in biomass burning related data.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.63-77
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• 2015

Improve the rural views of the Government and the municipalities with the intention of rural landscape planning. However, rural scenery evaluation of landscape types and element categories, landscape scenes, such as the valuation of resources selected, form a coherent system and ecological point of view is not only a Visual perspective of evaluation, or evaluation is made. This study evaluates the rural landscape through the rural landscape for rurality is implemented can explain the image. Rural amenity 100 represented the rural landscape in rurality with photos of photos, and scenes, photos, location-based rural Vista rurality landscapes drawn components. Selected landscape photography scenic landscapes in the u.s. survey and image vocabularies through surveys is representative of the landscape in rurality of each Vista location-specific photos and images began extracted factors. As a result, the Distant view is a town and village in the rolling hills of the surrounding environment is an image behind the Vista Skyline, Farmland Rural village forests, Behind the hills, Individual housing roof, Housing arrangement, The number of household includes landscape components. Factor analysis 'openness', 'intimacy', 'activity', 'complexity', 'safety' was down to five factors, such as a description of the overall factors that force was 66.45 percent. Middle distance view is close to being out of town houses and village environment, an image in the skyline hills Vista, farmlands, village forests, rolling hills, behind the scenes of the housing component of the neck, the sperm will honor an individual factor analysis results are 'intimacy', 'safety', 'openness', 'specificity', 'complexity' five factors the whole description of the capacity factors compared to 67.24 percent. Close-range view is mainly in Vista village embraced the individual elements and an image of a harmonious location in the surroundings of the sperm, individual houses, fences, gates, courtyard, Garden, garage, agricultural facilities, including, but not limited to, factors assay but an 'intimacy', 'complexity', 'safety', 'activity', 'openness' five factors, such as a description of the overall factors that force was 65.29%. This research seeks to determine the extent to which rurality of rural landscape Vista by location attributes and elements and representative officer in photo selection and rurality to extract the image. To date, followed by a comprehensive study, which was presented through the readjustment could not overlook the Visual elements. The future rural development officer for the evaluation of rural landscape classification and quantitative and objective assessment will have to come up with ways to do.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.569-575
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• 2018

The need for ice-breaking research ships is growing as interest in the Arctic grows. In Korea the 7,500 ton ship Araon, launched in 2009, is the only icebreaker, and difficulty remains when conducting research at the North and South Pole. Thus, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries is pushing for the construction of a second icebreaker, and an economic valuation of a second icebreaker is needed. Such a study will help reduce controversy about the construction of a second icebreaker and help ensure reasonable decisions. The economic benefits of a second icebreaker were calculated using a contingent valuation method. In this study, a Bayesian Approach was applied, in contrast to previous methodology utilizing the maximum likelihood estimation method. According to this analysis, the average WTP per household was estimated at 1,999 won per year, and the total benefit from the construction of a second icebreaker was estimated at 373.9 billion won per year.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.401-415
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• 2014

To prepare for the changes in the future, this study considered people in their seventies and eighties in rural areas in the last decade. Based on a survey of rural life by the Rural Development Administration, all factors were analyzed using SAS ver. 9.3. The rate of rice farming decreased, and vegetable-cultivation increased from 8.4% in 2001 to and 26.6% in 2008 for people in their seventies and eighties. The number of family members decreased to 1.96 in 2010 from 2.04 in 2001, and annual income increased by KRW 20-29 million for those in their seventies and eighties, whereas it was more than KRW 30 million for those in their forties. Bathing with warm water increased to 88.9% from 69.8%, and household waste treated by self-incineration decreased from 86.4% to 40.0% in the last decade. Separate collection spread since 2008. Food waste disposal and the burial (46.0%) showed had for people in their seventies and eighties, and animal feed increased (50.7%) for those in their forties at 2001. The separate collection increased by 39.6% in 2010 for those in their seventies and eighties and by 53.5% for those in their forties(p<0.05). The manufacture of jang and kimchi showed were little annual changes for people in their seventies and eighties. Food storage processing was higher for those in their forties. For those in their seventies and eighties, food group intake over the 2004-2010 period increased from 3.3 times a week to 4.2 times a week for protein foods and from 4.9 times a week to 5.5 times a week for vegetables. There was no change in fruits, milk, and seaweeds for those in their seventies and eighties, but there was an increase for those in their forties. The results suggest the continued increase in the manufacture of jang and kimchi and protein and vegetable intake for those in their seventies and eighties. Some direction to welfare, mechanized rice planting and living with neighbors together would be continued with good nutrition for elderly residents.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.12-27
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• 2004

The contamination pattern of indoor air was simulated when groundwater dissolving benzene was used for household activities. Indoor exposure scenario consisted of inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to analyze how benzene exposed to human body was distributed in internal organs. Main exposure pathways contributing total internal dose were inhalation and ingestion while the contribution of dermal absorption was very small. Man showed higher exposure rate than woman due to his higher breath rate. For a short-term exposure, benzene concentration in venous blood of SPT, RPT and liver changed rapidly while slowly did in venous blood of adipose tissue at a low concentration. For a long-term exposure, woman accumulated about 2.1 times higher than man. Most of benzene exposed to human body was removed by exhalation and metabolism at lung and liver, respectively. For inhalation and ingestion, the benzene removals by exhalation were 69.8 and 48.4%, respectively. Relative importance of removal mechanism was different according to the inflow displacement of benzene. The results obtained from this study would help understand exposure, distribution, and removal phenomena and make plans for the reduction of the health risk associated with the contaminated groundwater by various organic compounds.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.6 no.1 s.11
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• pp.19-28
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• 2000

Now in order to overcome the weakest points of the rural areas of the city of Kimje and, transform them into rural cultural villages which have local governing systems suitable to new localization age and activate this plan, we selected Daesan Village as a model village which had shown a lot of potentials in the basic research and studied it dividing it into the former part and the latter part. We studied Daesan village in the former part focusing on state analysis and basic ideas and in the latter part focusing on master plan and detail planning. We can summarize the conclusion like the followings. 1. Daesan Village located 8 kilometer away from the downtown Kimje and the city of Iksan respectably has comparatively good environment of good sunny place as an open field whose surrounding configuration of the ground consists of farming lands and low hills in front and rear. It has 38 farming households in all. 2. Human environment(인문환경); the village road whose width is about 4 meters is forming a flow system forking off into three. There is a route bus which operates three times a day even into the inside of the village. The main sources of revenue are vegetables in facilities, fruits and floriculture. Their average revenue is about 10.5 million won. 3. Here in DaeSan Village a legend dealing with Teasan literally meaning a big mountain consist of th village's tradition and you can see the tombs of a very faithful son and Anwi an army general in the age of the Japanese Invasion of Korea of 1592 to 1598 inside the village. 4. 85 out of the eitire population 141 whose age are over 20 showed very positive attitudes in a questionnaire about, making the village a cultural one and its development. 5. The basic of planned ideas is to increase the revenue of the farming household by making the village a professional farming one which has a state-of the-art production facility and agricultural technique. It is to make the village the one where people can enjoy the sense of the rural life and the farmer can enjoy their lives through consumptive and consistant leisure and resting activities. 6. We are planning to make entrance space, life space, rest and sport space, and cultural space considering the characteristics of the village and the demand of the resident. We are also planning to make tile entire city of Kimje an information transmitting base in short and long term perspectives. 7. DaeSan Village was planned as a place where tradition and the future exist together. On the basis of this concept we planned future programs for Daesan Village and in the latter part of the study master plans and detail plans will be continued.the regional agricultural condition. The development permissions were only during the period of restricted to use ($1979.12{\sim}1993.11$). We propose that the authority of development permission should be given to the local autonomy government, because the local government has the knowledge of its individual agricultural conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.51-56
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• 2009

Safety and quality assessment systems are very important in manufacture, storage, transportation, and handling of hazardous materials(hazmat) to prevent hazmat disasters. At present, hazardous materials exist everywhere in our daily lives with various forms of plastics, household products of cleaning and washing detergents, fertilizers or petroleum-related products. However, hazardous materials are dangerous substances when they are released to human or environment. Hazardous materials become very widely used substances in the age of oil-based industrial economy. The Korean Ministry of Environment (KMOE) describes about one hundred thousand types of chemicals are produced and used worldwide. Over four hundred new chemicals are introduced in every year. A crucial question for the Korean hazardous material management may have been raised: Will you be safe from hazardous material incidents? The gas leak disaster at Union Carbide's Bhopal, India in 1984 that made over 6,400 people killed and 30,000 to 40,000 people seriously injured is the representative case for the safety of hazmat. Korea becomes vulnerable to hazmat disaster due to the development of high-tech industry. Thus, the risk assessment system is required to Korea for transferring abandoned hazmat management systems to self-correcting safety systems. This research analyzed characteristics of various hazmat incidents applying statistical analysis methods including frequency analysis or analysis of category data to hazmat incidents for ten years. All of three analyses of category data indicate the significance of causality between hazmat incident site groups and seasons, regional groups, and incident casualty groups.