• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.4 s.163
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• pp.519-530
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• 2007

This study is an exploratory research on the brand architecture of Korean apparel enterprises and the differentiation strategy among in-house competing brands. For data analysis, secondary data was used. 20 apparel enterprises were used as the subjects. The results are as following. First, as a result of brand architecture composition, apparel enterprises used the strategy that initially paved the way launching several brands in a specific item category and after that diversified to other categories. Most enterprises used the multi-brand strategy operating plural brands in a same zoning. The terms for launching succeeding brands were about $1{\sim}5$ years. Second, as a result of analysing the cases which several brands competes within a same zoning, all the posterior brands had some differences from the prior ones. The most frequent differentiation factor was price. Concept, target age, and distribution channel followed. The order of the factors was somewhat different among the item categories. The differentiation strategy among in-house competing brands meant that the enterprises manage plural brands in a same zoning for the growth of whole market share instead of the direct competition among in-house brands. The results of this study can suggest a growth direction to the enterprises planning to launch new brands.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.105-122
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• 2016

Recently people are starting to pay attention to the vacant house. Vacant house across the country are expected to be a Million. Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs has created a new legal provisions regarding maintenance to Vacant on the Construction Law. But Vacant house information systems in government are not available Other countries to clarify the role each entity to manage these Vacant and manages the Vacant. The national government has made the operating budget support program for the Vacant management. The local government has made legislation of self-government to create a DB for the Vacant management. A non-profit corporation is developing a program operated by the Vacant, and the Vacant intermediaries to consumers. Therefore, our country is also to expand the national budget for the Vacant administration, local governments should establish a comprehensive management system for managing and providing Vacant house research and DB.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.75-88
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relations between the conditions of the flaws and the types of damage according to the characteristics of housing, and then to provide with some basic data for the construction of houses of good quality. The effective analytic data for this research are 558 of all 700 questionnaires gathered through distribution collection and personal interviews conducted from June 22, 1992 Through to July 6, towards the first occupants in apartment houses, tenement houses, multidetached houses, multifamily houses and detached houses that last 10 years after construction, located in Seoul and Kyungki-Do. Our major findings are as under:1) Our data reveal that the ratio of flaw occurrence by general type breaks down into noise 53.7%, crack 39.3%, dew condensation 36.9%, windows and doors 36.6%, structure and frame 35.3%, built-in materials 33.3%, the inferiority of equipments/facilities 29.0%, ill drainage 22.0%, and the leakage of water 19.3% average number of flaw occurrence, multi detached house is the highest as 13.7, apartment house 10.5, tenement house 10.5, detached house 10.51 and multifamily house 8.7.3) As regards the degree of flaw occurrence, the flaw of noise is as serious in the degree of occurence as it is high in the ratio of occurrence. Particularly, the following contrastive phenomena are found: multidetached house is normal (2.0) in the degree of occurrence but it is high in the ratio of occurrence: while multifamily house is 2.9 in the degree of occurrence but it is low in the ratio of occurrence.4) In view of the relations between the types of flaws and those of damage, the flaw type which significantly influences on the injury of spirit and health is built-in materials; the flaw types that have considerable effect on the damage of house and home life are the inferiority of equipments/facilities, due condensation, and inferior windows and doors; and the flaw types that have a bad influence over the reliance on the constructors are the inferiority of equipments/facilities, due condensation and built-in materials.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the supply status and planning trend of North Korean housing through analysis on the North Korean architecture specialized media data. The flat composition is changing and the living room is becoming the center of the houses. Also, in the urban areas, the standard apartment type is four apartments in a row and the plan form is getting diversified into circle type, Y type, and irregular type. On the other hand, in the rural areas, two houses in a row and single house are typical and the change in planning scale and space structure are not substantial. Since the 2000s, design changes have been made to emphasize the third dimensional structure of buildings such as the elliptical houses and L-shaped houses. Furthermore, 8~10 households are located on one floor which leads to the tendency of the building enlargement. In terms of house size, a square concept was introduced to replace the initial 2~3 room concept and the basic module of the room planning the 3 room house based on $3m{\times}3m$. However, there seems to be no standard house size, and the house size may differ depending on the social classandregion. In the early 1980s, when there was focus on the apartment complex construction, the high-rise apartment buildings of 30~40 floors was planned. However, during the Pyongyang redevelopment project, apartments of more or less than 10 floors were built and row-houses of more or less than 4 floors were built. In terms of the complex scale, a lot of small complexes of around 300 households are emerging after 2010. The construction projects are mainly limited to specific regions such as Pyongyang and Samjiyeon, and also limited to specific classes such as the workers and soldiers initially and the scientists lately. In addition, living boundary composition and ancillary facilities for sufficient green area ratio securement and the people of North Korea are maintained consistently. In recent years, the specialized floor planning such as solar house and the house for the disabled people, framework houses for redevelopment business, and multi-storied house construction technology are also emerging.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2020

The characteristics of particulate matter made from daily cooking at a Korean residential apartment house with three dwellers had been investigated for about 3 months. All data were recorded by an optical particle counter every minute at the kitchen. Types of cooking such as boiling, frying, and grilling that performed in the house were listed. Boiling only was used in 32% cases among total 234 meals. Frying and grilling were 14% and 11%, respectively. From an initial indoor particulate matter smaller than 10 ㎛ in diameter, the increases due to cooking are reported by size. In case of boiling, PM at 1-10 ㎛ size and under 1 ㎛ size little increased. Normally, particles from oil or combustion in a process of frying or grilling increased indoor PM. In a case of grilling, particle mass concentration in a region of 1-10 ㎛ in diameter increased as much as 295 ㎍/㎥. Mass concentration of particles smaller than 1 ㎛ increased as much as 33 ㎍/㎥.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2007.03a
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• pp.366-375
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• 2007

Our nation has a problem with discrimination of income distribution and inefficient of resources distribution caused by real estate price rising from a sudden economy growth and industrialization. Specially, in recent years, there is a great disparity of condominium price between the north and south of the Han river. Because the housing price is deciede by the immanent value of a house and neighborhood effects of the regional where the house is situated, the housing price is occurred difference. In this study, I analyzed the differences of housing price determinants about condominium developments in the old and new residential areas, and found the important factors that affect the condominium price using Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) The purpose of study is to analyze the influence of various factors of housing price. Also, this study tried to predict real estate market and to establish previous effective real estate policy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1998.06b
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• pp.113-121
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• 1998

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.133-160
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• 1973

1. Introduction Community medicine with the concept of comprehensive medical care and an ideal medical care delivery system not only for an individual or family but for the whole community has emerged. In April 1970, the Presbyterian Medical Center started a hospital based community health service project in order to improve the health of the people in rural areas. Prior to commencing a comprehensive medical care system, a family survey was needed. The major objective of this survey was to obtain information concerning the people and their environment so as to be able to plan and implement a comprehensive medical care program in Soyang-Myun. 2. Survey Method An interview using a family record form was carried out for each household. This family record form was designed to get information about demography, family planning, environmental sanitation and vital statistics. Prior to beginning, the members of the survey team were trained in interviewing techniques for three days. The team consisted of a public health nurse, four nurse-aides, a sanitarian and four health extension workers who are working in our project, The survey was carried out during the period November 1971 to March 1972. 3. Project area 1) Population of Soyang-Myun was 11,668; male, 5,962 and female, 5,706. Sex ratio: 104.5. 2) Households : 1,858 3) Family size: The average household consisted of 6.3 persons. 4) Educational level of householder a. Illiterate 13% b. No schooling but able to read 10% c. Preschool children 19% d. Primary school 47% e. Middle school 7% f. High school 3% g. College or University 1% 5) Occupational distribution of householders a. Farmer 67% b. Laborer 13% c. Office worker 4% d. Merchant 4% e. Industrial worker 2% f. Unemployed 8% g. Miscellaneous 2% 6) Religious affiliation a. No religion 74% b. Buddhist 12% c. Protestant 10% d. Catholic 4% 4. Survey results Living Environment : a. Home ownership 95% b. Kinds of roofing Straw-thatched house 84% Tile-roofed house 10% Slate-roofed house 5% Other 1% c. Floor space Less than 6 pyong 10% 6-10 pyong 53% 11-15 pyong 24% 16-20 pyong 9% More than 20 pyong 4% d. Radio ownership 80% Environmental Sanitation : a. the source of drinking water public well 49% private well 30% drainage water 9% steam water 8% well pump 3% water distribution system 1% b. Distance between well and toilet more than 16meters 38% 6-10 meter 31% 11-15 meters 14% Less than 6 meters 17% c. The status of well management Bad 72% Fair 26% Good 2% d. General sanitary state of house Bad 37% Fair 51% Good 12% e. House drainage system had no house drainage. 77% Family Planning : a. 24% of the people have used contraceptives, but 12% ceased to use them. 76% have never used contraceptives. b. used methods 1oop 68% oral pill 16% vasectomy 4% condom 1% tubal ligation 1% two or more methods 10% Maternal Health : a. The number of conceptions of housewives under 50 years of age. 11 times 26% 6 times 11% 5 times 11% 4 times 9% b. The place of delivery own house 88% hospital 1% others 11% Treatment of general sickness : a. The place of treatment Soyang Health Center 31% Hospital (private or otherwise) 26% Pharmacy 14% Herb medicine 5% Private care 5% No treatment 12% Miscellaneous 7% b. Usual causes of diseases Unknown 46% Tuberculosis 29% Neuralgia 8% CVA 3% Bronchitis 3% Others 11%

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.95-110
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• 1997

This study is to find out whether the family life education can help the middle aged wives to resolve their problems and to keep their lives healthy. For this purpose self-administered questionnaires were used for 628 persons whose ages between 40 to 59 residing in the Metropolitan Area of Soul. Deta collected were analyzed by statistical methods such as the factor analysis frequency distribution percentile mean t-test chi-square Anova and Duncan's multiple range test through the SAS program package. Major results obtained are as follows; 1) The most demanding education content in the are of the spousal relationship was the helping program for the role change from parent-child relationship to spousal relationship. Employed wives demanded conflict resolution skill training program between parents and children while house wives showed the highest interest in guiding their children's future. 2) There are significant differences between employed wives and house wives in the areas f parent-child relationship communication and home managment of the need assessment. In detail employed wives showed higher interest in education the children more independent than house wives. Employed wives also showed higher interest than house wives in the education content about the factors for communication problems in the communication area. 3) About the application method in the family life education there was no significant difference between employed wives and house wives in terms of the necessity of the problem solving methods of follow-up meeting in the family life education while there was a significant difference in the past education program participation intention to participate in the future education program and the education setting between employed wives and house wives.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.179-186
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was to compare the effect of acupuncture on peripheral facial nerve paralysis between affected part, and unaffected part in the incipient stage. Methods : We investigated 32 cases of patient with peripheral facial nerve paralysis, and divided into two groups. One group was treated by acupuncture on the affected part, and the other was treated by acupuncture on the unaffected part. Both groups were evaluated by Yanagihara's unweighted grading system and House-Backmann grade before treatment, and in every one week and after treatment. Results & Conclusion : 1. The number of female was more than that of male and the number of left side was more than that of right side in distribution of lesion. Post ear pain was the highest related symptom at onset, Unknown was a major cause of peripheral facial nerve paralysis in distribution of cause. 2. Yanagihara's unweighted grading system and House-Backmann grade score between two groups were not statistically significant in every one week. 3. Yanagihara's unweighted grading system and House-Backmann grade score between two groups were not statistically significant in before treatment and final.