• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2014

This study was to investigate the potential effects of fermented Angelica gigas Nakai (FAG) at 5% (w/w) levels in Sprague-Dawley strain rats, which were intoxicated with 1% (w/w) orotic acid (OA) for 10 days. The activities of several hepatic enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cholinesterase were increased when OA was treated, but these parameters were significantly decreased by FAG administration. OA treatment induced a significant increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, which was attenuated by FAG administration. Liver nonheme ion was decreased in the OA treatment group and was significantly increased in FAG administration, which suggests that lipid peroxidation contents are inversely correlated with liver nonheme ion content. The glutathione concentration was significantly decreased in the OA treatment group compared with the normal group, but this concentration was significantly increased in the FAG group, and it showed the antioxidant ability of glutathione. Based on these results, fermented Angelica gigas Nakai is a material with significant potential for development into a health food that can improve fatty liver conditions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.367-372
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• 2012

Antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activities of fermented red ginseng added with 5 kinds of medicinal herbs (FRGM) were investigated in vitro. Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents in FRGM extracts were $22.41{\pm}3.51$ and $16.80{\pm}4.22{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. FRGM extracts were capable of directly scavenging DPPH free radicals ($RC_{50}=95.57{\pm}7.40{\mu}g/mL$), and then showed higher inhibitory activities for ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. This study was also conducted to evaluate the effects of FRGM extracts in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (DM) rats. The activities with regards to serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly decreased by FRGM extracts compared to those from the STZ group. The hepatic glutathione content depleted by STZ was significantly increased by FRGM extracts, but elevation of lipid peroxide content induced by STZ was significantly decreased by FRGM extracts. The decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase after STZ-treatment were increased through the treatment of FRGM extracts. These results indicated that fermented red ginseng added with medicinal herbs can protect against STZ-induced diabetic rats through its antioxidant properties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.605-612
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• 2010

The dietary effects of chicken treated with Hwangki-Beni Koji sauce (HBS) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating and scavenging related enzyme activities in rats fed with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet were investigated. The rats (five rats per group) were divided into a normal control diet group (NC), a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet control group (HFC), HFC plus base sauce-treated chicken supplemented diet group (HFC-BS), and a HFC plus HBStreated chicken supplemented diet group (HFC-HBS), and fed for 5 weeks. Total type T (T) and type O (O) hepatic xanthine oxidoreductase in HFC-HBS were 27.91-35.78% and 24.57-31.84% lower than those of HFC and HFC-BS, respectively. In HFC-HBS compared with HFC and HFC-BS, superoxidase dismutase activity was 62.89-64.50% higher, glutathione S-transferase activity was 19.29-25.17% higher, glutathione content was 25.11-53.30% higher, and lipid peroxide content was 20.29-24.19% lower. Therefore, chicken treated with HBS may prevent liver damage by the ROS formed from a high-fat and high -cholesterol diet.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.231-236
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• 2014

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Albizzia julibrissin and Cassia tora L. extract mixtures in high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. In high-fat diet fed hyperlipidemic rats, oral treatment with Albizzia julibrissin and Cassia tora L. extracts resulted in decreased levels of total serum cholesterol and triglycerides, epididymal fat pad (EFP) weights, and activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme, while the levels of feces production and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were increased, compared with untreated control. Therefore, these results suggest that Albizzia julibrissin and Cassia tora L. extract mixtures can ameliorate hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.493-502
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• 2013

In this study, we designed to confirm the dietary effect of anti-obesity of fermented soybean curd residue (FSCR; SCR-Meju; Biji-meju) by A. oryzae, which is well known as a Korean traditional meju microbe. We observed that body weight gain, serum and hepatic lipid profile, as well as the activity of ROS generating enzyme and ROS scavenging enzyme in high-fat diet induced obese mice fed experimental diet (SCR and SCR-meju). Body weight gain and epididymal fat weight of HC (high-fat diet control) was markedly higher than that of NC (Normal control). Conversely, body weight gain and epididymal fat weight of the SCR (Biji) and SCR-meju (Biji-meju) group was significantly lower than that of HC; these of the SCR-meju group was lower than that of the SCR group. Furthermore, serum TG and total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol contents of SCR and SCR-meju groups were lower than that of HC, and HDL-cholesterol level of the SCR-meju group was significantly higher than that of HC. In conclusion, although precise mechanisms of the antiobese effects of SCR-meju in this study are unknown, the present study provides an experimental evidence that SCR-meju may prevent obesity and obesity related metabolic syndromes, such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes, and liver disease by high-fat diet. Nevertheless, further study in this filed will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.388-393
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of rutin against whole-body ${\gamma}$-irradiation in BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to 6 Gy ${\gamma}$-irradiation. One hour later, mice were orally administered rutin (50 and 100 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days. ${\gamma}$-Irradiation (6 Gy) resulted in cellular damage as manifested by elevated levels of plasma hepatic marker enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue, accompanied with decreased spleen and thymus indices, and white blood cell count. In addition, ${\gamma}$-irradiation significantly decreased the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Rutin treatment significantly protected against ${\gamma}$-irradiation-induced cellular damage, which was evident by the improvement in the status of most of the investigated parameters. Therefore, rutin has beneficial effects against radiation-induced damage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.540-546
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• 2018

Annona muricata, generally known as soursop, graviola, or sirsak, is native to the warmest tropical areas of North and South America and is now widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical parts of the world, including India and Nigeria. This study tested the contents of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, and minerals, as well as the antioxidative effects of DPPH radical-scavenging activity, Fe/Cu-reducing power, linoleic-acid peroxidation using thiobarbituric-acid (TBA) methods and peroxidation of rat-hepatocyte microsomes, and ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching assay. These were tested with in-vitro experimental models using water, ethanol, and methanol extracts of the Annona muricata leaf (AMl). Water extracts of AMl showed the highest extraction yield (1.76%). The total polyphenol-compound concentration was the highest in the methanol extract of AMl. However, the flavonoids concentration was the highest in the ethanol extracts of AMl. AMlMl major minerals were Ca, K, and Mg. In DPPH radical-scavenging activity, the contents exhibited a strong scavenging effect on the ethanol and methanol extracts of AMl. Additionally, the Fe/Cu-reducing power was strong in ethanol and methanol extracts of AMl. $Fe^{2+}$/ascorbate-induced linoleic-acid peroxidation using TBA methods and auto-oxidation of rat-hepatic microsomes showed strong antioxidative activities in ethanol extracts of AMl. ${\beta}$-Carotene bleaching was also highest in the ethanol extracts of AMl. These results may provide the basic data to understand the chemical characteristics and antioxidative effects of Annona muricata leaf extract for the development of functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.679-683
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• 2001

This study was purposed to compare the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and antioxidative effects of several plant extracts in the alcohol-treated rat liver. Sprague-Dawley rat weighing about 200 g were divided into the following 6 groups : normal, alcohol group and 4 different plant extracts administrated groups(Soybean sprout, Pine needle, Lentinus edodes, acanthopanacis cortex). Each plant extract was administrated orally by 200mg/kg b.w./day for 8 days before the alcohol treatment (5 g of 30% alcohol /kg b.w. by i.p.injection). All rats were sacrificed at 90 min after the alcohol treatment. The alcohol concentrations in serum of Soybean sprout and pine needle group were significantly lower than the Lentinus edodes and Acanthopanacis cortex group. The activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in the hepatic cytosol of Soybean sprout and Pine needle group was also significantly higher than the alcohol and the other groups However, the activity of catalase seemed not to be affected, although the extract groups showed slightly higher activities of catalase than the alcohol group. These results may indicate that the extracts of Soybean sprout and Pine needle were relatvely effective on the alcohol degradation. the activity of blutathione-peroxidase and lipid peroxidaton of all of the extract groups were significantly lower than the activity of alcohol group. These results can suggest that all of the use plant extracts more or less have an antioxidative effect on the alcohol-induced oxidation and especially, extracts of Soybean sprout and Pine needle have an stimulating effect on the alcohol absorption and degradation.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1998

Lovastatin is a lipid lowering agent for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and belongs to a new class of pharmacologic compounds called the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors. By competitively inhibiting HMG CoA reductase, lovastatin disrupts the biosynthesis of cholesterol in hepatic and peripheral cells and increases the synthesis of high-density-lipoprotein HDL) receptors. Following oral administration, the lactone ring of lovastatin is hydrolysed to the active inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase, lovastatin acid. Lovastatin is known to have poor oral absorption and wide individual variation. In this study, bioequivalence test of two lovastatin formulations, the test drug ($Lovaload^{TM}$, Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Co.) and the reference drug ($Mevacor^{TM}$, Chung Wae Pharmaceutical Co.) were conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). A total of 18 healthy male volunteers, $31.90\pm3.60$ years old and $72.17\;7.88$ kg of body weight in average, were evaluated in a randomized crossover manner with a 2-week washout period. Concentrations of lovastatin acid in plasma were measured upto 12 hours following a single oral administration of eight tablets (20 mg of lovastatin per tablet) by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 238 nm. The area under the concentration-vs-time curve from 0 to 12 hours $(AUC_{0-12h})$ was calculated by the trapezoidal summation method. The statistical analysis showed that there are no significant differences in $AUC_{0-12h),\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between the two formulations ($6.72\%,\;1.52\%,\;and\;0.88\$, respectively). The least significant differences between the formulations at $\alpha$=0.05 were less than $20\%\;(11.65\%,\;19.73\%,\;and\;14.81\%\;for\;AUC_{0-12h},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). The $90\%$ confidence intervals for these parameters were also within $\pm20\%\;(-1.50{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}15.00$, $-12.50{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}15.50,\;and\;-9.64{\leq}{\delta]{\leq}11.40{\leq}\;for\;\;AUC_{0-12h}$ ,$C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). In conclusion, the new generic product $Lovaload^{TM}$ was proven to be bioequivalent with the reference drug.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.422-430
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• 1998

In order to study the effects of Rhei rhizoma, Ephedrae herba and Scutellariae radix on hepatic metabolism, we examined the pretreatment effect of those on the metabolism of 7-e thoxycoumarin (EC). Water extracts (1g/kg) of Rhei rhizoma, Ephedrae herba and Scutellariae radix were administered orally to rats for 7 days, respectively. Livers were then isolated and perfused with 100mcM EC for 2 hours. The metabolites of EC, 7-hydroxycoumarin, sulfate conjugate and glucuronide conjugate were measured in the perfusates. The amount of glucuronide conjugates was decreased in Rhei rhizoma pretreated rats (p<0.01), however, 7-hydroxycoumarin was increased in Ephedrae herba pretreated rats (p<0.01). We examined whether the change of enzyme activity is related to the change of cytochrome P4501A1 and P4502B1 mRNA level in the perfused rat liver, which are responsible for EC metabolism. CYP1A1 and CYP2B1 mRNA level was increased, which was was not statistically significant with rhei rhizoma nor ephedrae herba pretreatment. We also assessed the hepatotoxicity of Rhei rhizoma, Ephedrae herba and Scutellariae radix. The activities of ALT and AST were assayed at 24 hours after 7 days administration. Only the ratio of ALT over AST was increased in ephedrae herba pretreated rats (p<0.05). Lipid peroxidation was increased in Rhei rhizoma treatment (p<0.05), while histopathological examination performed after liver perfusion did not show any difference compared with vehicle treatment. These results suggest that Ephedrae herba pretreatment increases the o-deethy-lation of 7-ethoxycoumarin in rats, which may be mediated by CYP1A1 mRNA induction.