• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2003

This study was carried out to estimate the effects of environmental factors on the activities and rectal temperatures(heat tolerance) of Holstein dairy cows in a summer season. An activity-meter(Alpro system$^{\circledR}$) was used to record activities of 77 cows for 24 hours. The feeding standards for milking and dry cow were formulated with concentrates and corn silages based on the NRC(1998). Cows to check temperature were kept in stanchions and temperature was checked in rectum. Ambient temperature was $29.0^{\circ}C$ between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. of the day. The rectal temperatures were affected by parities and status of milking or dry(p<0.01). The activities recorded between 9 a.m. and 12 a.m., and between 1 p.m. and 4 p.m. were not effected by the status of lactating and dry. The rectal temperature of lactating cow was 39.0${\pm}0.03^{\circ}C$, it was higher than dry cow(38.6${\pm}0.04^{\circ}C$). A higher activity of cow under third parity at 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. was observed comparing with fourth and above. The activities were tended to decrease with an increase of parity. Rectal temperature was negatively correlated with milk compositions, which were fat, protein, solid-not-fat and total solid except lactose.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 1984

To study affinity of proteolytic enzymes to soy proteins, the physicochemical and functional properties of enzymatically modified protein products, kinetic parameters and degree of hydrolysis were measured using trypsin, alcalase (serine type protease) and pronase. Bacterial alcalase and pronase showed much greater affinity to soy protein than animal intestinal trypsin. This effect was very significant when unheated soy isolate was used as a substrate. Specific activities of these enzymes decreased with the increment of substrate concentration (over 2.0%, w/v) when heat denatured soy protein was used as a substrate. However, the decrease in specific activity was negligible at substrate concentrations lower than 2.0%. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic results showed that the pattern of 2S protein band changed distinctly in alcalase hydrolysis as compared with those of trypsin and pronase. Protein solubilities of alcalase and pronase hydrolyzates increased by 25-30%, at their pI (pH 5.0) over the control. Virtually no change was observed in solubility by trypsin hydrolysis. Heat coagulability and calcium-tolerance of the protein increased by enzymatic hydrolysis. No clear tendency, however, was observed for emulsion properties, foam expansion and the amount of free -SH groups. The enzyme treatment considerably decreased foam stability.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2022

Salicylic acid (SA), a phenolic compound, plays a pivotal role in regulating a wide range of physiological and metabolic processes in plants such as antioxidant cellular defense, photosynthesis, and biotic and abiotic stress responses during the growth and development. We examined the effect of exogenous SA application (100 mg·L^-1) on the growth, yield, photosynthetic characteristics, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activity of chili pepper plants under high temperature and drought stress conditions. SA treatment induced increases of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) under the stress condition with the highest level after the third treatment. The contents of malondialdehyde and H₂O₂ were significantly lower in the third treatment of SA compared to the control. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, increased in treated plants by up to 247, 318, 55 and 54%, respectively compared to the nontreated control. There was no significant difference in the growth characteristics between SA-treated and nontreated plants, while the SA treatment increased marketable yield (kg/10a) by about 15% compared to the nontreated control. Taken together, these results suggest that foliar application of SA alleviates physiological damages caused by the combination of drought and heat stress, and enhances the photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby improving tolerance to a combination of water deficit and heat stress in chili pepper plants.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 2008

Transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis is one of powerful strategy for assessing functions of genes in higher plants. In this report, we have selected highly susceptible and tolerance plant by screening about high salt (3% NaCl) and cold stresses ($4^{\circ}C$) from F2 seeds of 30,000 Ac/Ds insertional mutagenesis lines in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin). In order to identify the gene tagging, insertion of Ds element was analyzed by Southern blot and these results revealed that 19 lines were matched genotype of selected lines with phenotype from the first selected 212 lines, and 13 lines have one copy of Ds elements. The Franking Sequence Tags (FSTs) of selected mutant lines showed high similarities with the following known function genes: signal transduction and regulation of gene expression (transpoter, protease family protein and apical meristem family protein), osmotic stress response (heat shock protein, O-methyltransferase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and drought stress induce protein), vesicle trafficking (SYP 5 family protein) and senescence associated protein. The expression pattern of 19 genes were analyzed using RT-PCR under the abiotic stresses of 9 class; 250mM NaCl, osmotic, drought, 3% $H_2O_2$, $100{\mu}M$ ABA, $100{\mu}M$ IAA, 0.1 ppm 2,4-D, $4^{\circ}C$ cold and $38^{\circ}C$ high temperature. Isolated knock-out genes showed the positive response about 250 mM NaCl, drought, $H_2O_2$, PEG, IAA, 2,4-D, ABA treatment and low ($4^{\circ}C$) and high temperature ($38^{\circ}C$). The results from this study indicate that function of selected knock-out genes could be useful in improving of tolerance to abiotic stresses as an important transcriptional activators in rice.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.931-938
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• 2020

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is one of the most abundant proteins in various eukaryotic organisms. TCTPs play important roles in cell physiological processes in cancer, cell proliferation, gene regulation, and heat shock response. TCTP is also considered an important factor in the resistance to oxidative stress induced by dithiothreitol or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Arctic calanoid copepods have a variety of antioxidant defense systems to regulate the levels of potentially harmful reactive oxygen species generated by ultraviolet radiation in the Arctic marine ecosystem. However, information on the antioxidant activity of TCTP in the Arctic Calanus glacialis is still scarce. To understand the putative antioxidant function of the Arctic copepod C. glacialis TCTP (Cg-TCTP), its gene was cloned and sequenced. The Cg-TCTP comprised 522 bp and encoded a 174-amino acid putative protein with a calculated molecular weight of ~23 kDa. The recombinant Cg-TCTP (Cg-r TCTP) gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli (BL21), and Cg-rTCTP-transformed cells were grown in the presence or absence of H₂O₂. Cg-rTCTP-transformed E. coli showed increased tolerance to high H₂O₂ concentrations. Therefore, TCTP may be an important antioxidant protein related to tolerance of the Arctic copepod C. glacialis to oxidative stress in the harsh environment of the Arctic Ocean.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.100-108
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• 2016

The climatic index for tourism(CIT) has recently been advanced, which includes complete human energy balance models such as physiological equivalent temperature(PET) and universal thermal climate index(UTCI). This study investigated human thermal sensation and comfort at Woljung-ri Beach, Jeju, Republic of Korea, in spring and summer 2015 for landscape planning and design in beach areas. Microclimatic data measurements and human thermal sensation/comfort surveys from ISO 10551 were conducted together. There were 869 adults that participated. As a result, perceptual and thermal preference that consider only physiological aspects had high coefficients of determination($r^2$) with PET in linear regression analyses: 92.8% and 87.6%, respectively. However, affective evaluation, personal acceptability and personal tolerance, which consider both physiological and psychological aspects, had low $r^2s$: 60.0%, 21.1% and 46.4%, respectively. However, the correlations between them and PET were all significant at the 0.01 level. The neutral PET range in perceptual for human thermal sensation was $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$, but a PET range less or equal to 20% dissatisfaction, which was recommended by ASHRAE Standard 55, could not be achieved in perceptual. Only PET ranges in affective evaluation and personal tolerance affected by both aspects were qualified for the recommendation as $21{\sim}32^{\circ}C$ and $17{\sim}37^{\circ}C$, respectively. Therefore, the PET range of $21{\sim}32^{\circ}C$ is recommended to be used for the human thermal comfort zone of beach areas in landscape planning and design as well as tourism and recreational planning. PET heat stress level ranges on the beach were $2{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ higher than those in inland urban areas of the Republic of Korea. Also, they were similar to high results of tropical areas such as Taiwan and Nigeria, and higher than those of western and middle Europe and Tel Aviv, Israel.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.116-124
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• 2017

A plate-type inorganic pigment complex was manufactured in a manner that treats the surface of the complex by adjusting zeta potential between talc, an inorganic pigment used as a material for color cosmetics, and hydrophobic silica. Talc, which is usually used in the prescription of color cosmetics, is a plate-type, white-colored inorganic substance with good application and spreadability to skin. Furthermore, it features excellent dispersibility and extensibility as well as outstanding heat tolerance, light stability, and chemical resistance. In general, silica contributes to durable makeup and stabilized formulation. This paper covers a process of manufacturing an inorganic pigment complex, where hydrophobic silica was applied to the surface of talc by using differences in zeta potential after the surface charges of talc and hydrophobic silica had been adjusted with cationic and anionic surfactants, respectively. The resulting inorganic pigment complex was composed of talc whose surface is coated hydrophobic silica to the thickness of $1{\mu}m$ or less, which developed an effective hydrophobic property. Zeta potential was measured to analyze the surface charge of an inorganic pigment, and FT-IR, used to check the functional group of a surfactant, was applied to treat the surface of the pigment. The surface of the inorganic pigment complex was observed employing SEM, EDS, and FIB, while its structure was confirmed with XRD and FT-IR.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.376-387
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• 2018

Among a variety of environmental stresses heat, cold, chilling, high salt, drought, and so on exposed to plants, drought stress has been reported as a crucial factor to adversely affect the growth and productivity of plants. Therefore, to understand the mechanism for the drought stress signal transduction pathway in plants is more helpful to develop useful crops that display the enhanced tolerance against drought stress, and to expand crop growing areas. The signal transduction pathway for the drought stress in plants is largely categorized into two types; ABA-dependent pathway and ABA-independent pathway. It has been reported that two transcription factors, AREB/ABF and DREB2, play predominant roles in ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways, respectively. In addition to transcriptional regulation mediated by AREB/ABF and DREB2 transcription factors, post-translational modification (such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination) and epigenetic control are importantly involved in the signal transduction for drought stress. In this paper, we review current understanding of signal transduction pathway on drought stress in plants, especially focusing on the biological roles of a variety of signaling components related to drought stress response. Further understanding the mechanism of drought resistance in plants through this review will be useful to establish theoretical basis for developing drought tolerant crops in the future.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2015

Observed trends in climate change, globalization and an aging population have an effect on public health conditions in Korea, prompting a reevaluation of current environmental regulations. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the total coliform (TC) standard, which is the only microbiological standard in the current regulation regime for hot spring water, by estimating correlation with the presence/absence of Legionella, a non-fecal opportunistic pathogen with heat-tolerance. Microbiological data in 7 studies that surveyed Legionella in hot spring waters were subjected to meta-analyses with the odds ratio (OR) as the effect size. The presence/absence of Legionella was significantly correlated to TC levels [OR = 3.1(1.5–6.4, 95% CI), p = 0.002]. Due to there being no direct explanation as to the reason for the occurrence of TC, mesophilic fecal bacteria, being coupled with Legionella presence, the mechanism of the correlation between the two kinds of bacteria was further investigated. Legionella presence was more prevalent with a high heterotrophic plate count [HPC; 4.0(2.2–7.2); p < 0.001] and water temperature [4.3(1.4–13.6), p = 0.011] when the temperature range was <40℃. However, it was reverse-correlated with water temperature when the temperature was >50℃ [0.2(0.1–0.4), p < 0.001]. Therefore, bacterial standing crops in hot spring waters appear to be determined by water temperature in general, and this forces TC and Legionella levels be correlated. In accordance with this relationship, HPC rather than TC reflect the levels of non-fecal contamination better. Therefore, employing HPC as the sole microbiological standard, or adding HPC into the current standard of hot spring water assessment, is suggested as a proactive measure to prevent health issues arising from contamination.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.1 s.138
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• pp.67-72
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• 2005

In a flour milling facility, control ability of superheating effect on Indian meal moth population was teated. Thirty adults, thirty larvae and 100 eggs were placed in a paper bag ($10{\times}20cm$) containing 100 g flour and were exposed to the temperature higher than $60^{\circ}C$ for longer than 3 hours. Mortality of the Indian meal moth (${\pm}standard error$) varied with the developmental stage; mortality (${\pm}standard error$) of egg, larvae and adult were in the range of $91.40{\pm}0.93{\sim}98.80{\pm}0.20\%,\;96.00{\pm}0.67{\sim}100\%$) and $100\%$, respectively. The position of paper bag caused differences in temperature and its exposure time to the moth during the experiment, consequently. The mortality of moth was significantly different among the bag position. Exposure of the paper bag to the temperature of higher than $60^{\circ}C$ for longer than 11 hours was not sufficient to kill all the eggs.