• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.101-114
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper examines the "Arrangement Concerning Mutual Assistance in Court-ordered Interim Measures in Aid of Arbitral Proceedings by the Courts of the Mainland and of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" (the Arrangement), which became effective on October 1, 2019, calling on courts of mainland China and Hong Kong for reciprocal commitment in support of court-ordered interim measures in aid of arbitral proceedings. Because the Hong Kong courts have granted interim measures in aid of arbitral proceedings seated in and outside of Hong Kong even prior to the Arrangement becoming effective, this paper focuses on the significance of the Arrangement making Hong Kong the first and only seat outside of mainland China from which parties to arbitral proceedings may successfully obtain interim measures to preserve of assets, properties, and/or evidence from Chinese courts to be enforced in China. Design/methodology - The significance of interim measures in international arbitration and the existing circumstances of interim measures in support of international arbitral proceedings in mainland China and Hong Kong are discussed first in this paper. Due to the confidential nature of arbitral proceedings, while the details of applications for interim measures pursuant to the Arrangement cannot be discussed, in examining the implications of the Arrangement, the relevant and necessary information was made available from the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre, as it is one of the six qualified arbitral institutions under the Arrangement. Findings - This groundbreaking Arrangement provides a mechanism for parties with China-related matters to more effectively resolve their disputes, the opportunity for Hong Kong to become an unparalleled seat of arbitration, and for mainland China to overcome some of its negative perceptions in international arbitration. Because the Arrangement also allows parties to directly apply for interim measures from mainland Chinese courts, parties with China-related matters should take note of this potential bypassing of the procedural hurdle, which usually requires an arbitral institution to submit such applications in China, and make strategic decisions accordingly as may be appropriate. Originality/value - Because the Arrangement is a recent yet a significant agreement calling on courts of mainland China and Hong Kong for reciprocal commitment in support of court-ordered interim measures in aid of arbitral proceedings, this study will provide useful guidance for parties with China-related matters all over the world, especially in light of China's rapid economic growth and extensive and prominent trade relationships in today's world. Parties who foresee the need for interim measures from mainland Chinese courts should designate Hong Kong as their seat of arbitration and select one of the six qualified arbitral institutions under the Arrangement to administer their arbitral proceedings in order to benefit from the Arrangement.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.61-76
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• 2023

Purpose - The digital service trade has become an important driver of the global service trade. The main purpose of this study is to explore the influencing factors of digital service exports from China and Korea to RCEP sample countries respectively, and to comprehensively study the export potential of China and Korea to RCEP countries, so as to provide theoretical guidance and a decision-making reference to promote digital service trade exports and digital economy development in China and Korea. Design/methodology - First, the stochastic frontier gravity model was improved by introducing nonefficiency factors affecting digital services trade, extending the gravity model of traditional services trade exports to digital services trade exports. Secondly, the panel data of China and Korea for the eight sample countries of RCEP from 2011 to 2021 were adopted for the empirical analysis of digital service export potential by a stochastic frontier model. Findings - China's economic growth plays a role in increasing China's digital service trade exports, while Korea's economic growth does not play a significant role in increasing Korea's digital service trade exports. However, the economic growth of trading partner countries can play a significant role in boosting the digital service trade in both China and Korea, and comparison shows that Korea has higher resilience in the digital services trade than China. In addition, the market size of target countries plays a positive role in promoting the digital service trade exports of both China and Korea, and the increase in the value-added share of services in target countries will lead to a decrease in the digital service trade exports of both China and Korea. Originality/value - This study is innovative in terms of research perspective and method. Academic research on the export potential of international trade has been extensive, but most studies are based on the perspective of the goods trade, fewer studies are based on the perspective of the service trade, and there are almost no studies based on the perspective of digital service trade. There is a gap based on the comparative analysis of the export potential of the digital service trade between China and Korea. This study extends the gravitational model of traditional service trade exports to digital service trade exports to comparatively analyze the export potential of China and Korea to RCEP countries. This study addresses this limitation by analyzing a comparative analysis of the digital service trade export potential of China and Korea.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2024

이 연구의 목적은 제3차 진로 교육 5개년 기본계획(2023-2027)의 의미를 분석하여 진로 교육의 방향을 제시하는 데 있다. 제3차 진로 교육 5개년 기본계획(2023-2027)의 의미는 첫째, 제1차 진로 교육 종합계획(2010년~2013년) 과 제2차 진로 교육 5개년 기본계획(2016년~2020년)의 성과와 한계를 분석하여 제3차 진로 교육 5개년 기본계획(2023년~2027년)에 반영하였다는 것이 가장 큰 의미이다. 둘째, 2022 개정 교육과정에서 제시하고 있는 진로 교육을 충실히 반영하고 있다. 셋째, 진로 교육의 범위가 늘어 났을 뿐만 아니라 심화 확대 된 것이 특징이다. 이를 바탕으로 진로 교육의 방향을 제시하면 첫째, 진로 교육은 평생을 걸쳐 이루어질 필요가 있다. 둘째, 급격한 사회 환경 변화에 민감히 대처할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 정부 기관들의 유기적인 관계 속에서 진로 교육이 이루어질 필요가 있다. 산업, 노동, 교육 등 다양한 정부 기관이 전체적인 관점에서 진로 교육 정책이 수립되고 집행되어야 할 필요가 있다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.29-73
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• 2012

승무원의 피로로 인한 항공기 사고를 방지하기 위해서는 종합적인 안전체계 구축이 필요하며 승무원에 대한 보다 과학적인 피로관리가 요구된다. 최근 ICAO, FAA, EASA는 조종사 피로관리 증진을 위하여 심층 연구와 함께 법규 개정작업을 활발히 진행하고 있다. 승무원 피로관리에 대한 국제 표준 및 권고방식 (SARPs)은 ICAO Annex 6에 근거를 두고 있다. 승무원 피로관리 관련하여 각 체약국의 적용기준의 근간이 되는 Annex 6의 피로관리 내용은 초판 발행(1969년) 이후 약 40년 동안 주목할 만한 개정 내용이 없었다. 그러나 최근 피로관리 중요성 부각과 함께, 2009년 Annex 6 33A 개정 시 근무시간 제한 추가 및 피로관리 가이드가 반영 되었고, 이어서 2011년 Annex 6 35차 개정 시 승무원에 대한 피로위험관리(FRMS) 적용 근거를 마련하는 획기적인 변화가 있었다. Annex 6에 의하면, 승무원 피로관리를 위하여 항공당국은 두 가지 기준 수립 의무가 있으며 운영자는 세 가지 적용기준 중 택일하여 준수할 의무를 가진다. 즉, 항공당국은 두 가지 ((1) 비행시간 비행근무시간 근무시간 제한 및 휴식시간 기준, (2) 피로위험관리(FRMS) 규정) 기준 수립을 해야 하고, 항공사는 항공당국이 수립한 기준을 근거로 세 가지 ((1) 비행시간 비행근무시간 근무시간 제한 및 휴식시간 기준 적용, (2) FRMS 적용 (3) 비행시간 비행근무시간 근무시간 제한 및 휴식시간 기준과 FRMS 적용 혼용) 중 택일하여 승무원 피로관리 기준을 준수한다. ICAO 동향에 맞추어 FAA는 미 의회의 'Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010' 통과로 우선 피로위험관리플랜(FRMP) 제도를 도입하였으며, 미연방항공법 개정 입법예고(NPRM)에 이어 최종 법규(Final rule)를 공포하여 2014.1.4.부터는 Flag, Domestic, Supplemental operations 시 승무원이 각각 다르게 적용하던 차이가 없어지고 동일한 기준을 적용하게 된다. 또한 EASA는 승무원 피로관리 관련하여 EASA 회원국이 준수할 진일보한 통합규정안을 입법예고(NPA)했으며 조만간 최종 법규 확정 및 적용이 예상된다. 국제민간항공협약 체약국인 한국도 상기와 같은 국제 환경 변화에 대응하여 SARPs에 입각한 제도 보완 및 항공법규에 승무원 피로관리 적용기준 마련이 불가피하다. 따라서 국제민간항공협약 Annex에서 정한 승무원 피로관리의 구체적인 내용과 발전과정을 고찰하고, 승무원 피로관리에 대한 주요 현안 및 쟁점사항에 대하여 최근 ICAO, FAA, EASA 기준을 심층 비교분석한 결과를 토대로 국내 기준 도입 방안을 제시하였다. 본 논문이 현 제도의 미흡한 부분을 보완하고 불합리한 제한기준을 과감히 삭제하는데 도움을 주고, 아울러 국제 표준 준수 및 항공안전 발전에 기여하길 기대한다. 합리적인 피로관리 기준 수립 및 이행방법에 있어 가장 중요한 요소는 모든 관계자들의 협조체계 구축을 통한 기준 도입 및 효율적인 적용이다. 항공당국은 법규 제정자나 감독관이 아닌 전문가적 조언자나 파트너로 전환해야 하며, 운영자는 다양한 피로요인 관리 필요성을 인식하고 적용하여야 하며, 승무원은 피로에 대하여 책임감을 가지고 피로관리를 해야 한다. 법규 제정자, 전문가, 과학자, 운영자, 승무원 및 노사가 상호 신뢰를 바탕으로 함께 개선코자 노력할 때 실질적인 개선 및 질적 향상을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1974

This Study involved the development of a survey form and the collection of data in an effort-to provide information which can be used in the improvement of nursing curricula. The data examined were the kinds courses currently being taught in the curricula of nursing education institutions throughout Korea, credits required for course completion, and year in-which courses are taken. For the purposes of this study, curricula were classified into college, nursing school and vocational school categories. Courses were directed into the 3 major categories of general education courses, supporting science courses and professional education course, and further subdirector as. follows: 1) General education (following the classification of Philip H. phoenix): a) Symbolics, b) Empirics, c) Aesthetics. 4) Synthetics, e) Ethics, f) Synoptic. 2) Supporting science: a) physical science, b) biological science, c) social science, d) behavioral science, e) Health science, f) Educations 3) Professional Education; a) basic courses, b) courses in each of the respective fields of nursing. Ⅰ. General Education aimed at developing the individual as a person and as a member of society is relatively strong in college curricula compared with the other two. a) Courses included in the category of symbolics included Korean language, English, German. Chines. Mathematics. Statics: Economics and Computer most college curricula included 20 credits. of courses in this sub-category, while nursing schools required 12 credits and vocational school 10 units. English ordinarily receives particularly heavy emphasis. b) Research methodology, Domestic affair and women & courtney was included under the category of empirics in the college curricula, nursing and vocational school do not offer this at all. c) Courses classified under aesthetics were physical education, drill, music, recreation and fine arts. Most college curricula had 4 credits in these areas, nursing school provided for 2 credits, and most vocational schools offered 10 units. d) Synoptic included leadership, interpersonal relationship, and communications, Most schools did not offer courses of this nature. e) The category of ethics included citizenship. 2 credits are provided in college curricula, while vocational schools require 4 units. Nursing schools do not offer these courses. f) Courses included under synoptic were Korean history, cultural history, philosophy, Logics, and religion. Most college curricular 5 credits in these areas, nursing schools 4 credits. and vocational schools 2 units. g) Only physical education was given every Year in college curricula and only English was given in nursing schools and vocational schools in every of the curriculum. Most of the other courses were given during the first year of the curriculum. Ⅱ. Supporting science courses are fundamental to the practice and application of nursing theory. a) Physical science course include physics, chemistry and natural science. most colleges and nursing schools provided for 2 credits of physical science courses in their curricula, while most vocational schools did not offer t me. b) Courses included under biological science were anatomy, physiologic, biology and biochemistry. Most college curricula provided for 15 credits of biological science, nursing schools for the most part provided for 11 credits, and most vocational schools provided for 8 units. c) Courses included under social science were sociology and anthropology. Most colleges provided for 1 credit in courses of this category, which most nursing schools provided for 2 creates Most vocational school did not provide courses of this type. d) Courses included under behavioral science were general and clinical psychology, developmental psychology. mental hygiene and guidance. Most schools did not provide for these courses. e) Courses included under health science included pharmacy and pharmacology, microbiology, pathology, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, and Chinese medicine. Most college curricula provided for 11 credits, while most nursing schools provide for 12 credits, most part provided 20 units of medical courses. f) Courses included under education included educational psychology, principles of education, philosophy of education, history of education, social education, educational evaluation, educational curricula, class management, guidance techniques and school & community. Host college softer 3 credits in courses in this category, while nursing schools provide 8 credits and vocational schools provide for 6 units, 50% of the colleges prepare these students to qualify as regular teachers of the second level, while 91% of the nursing schools and 60% of the vocational schools prepare their of the vocational schools prepare their students to qualify as school nurse. g) The majority of colleges start supporting science courses in the first year and complete them by the second year. Nursing schools and vocational schools usually complete them in the first year. Ⅲ. Professional Education courses are designed to develop professional nursing knowledge, attitudes and skills in the students. a) Basic courses include social nursing, nursing ethics, history of nursing professional control, nursing administration, social medicine, social welfare, introductory nursing, advanced nursing, medical regulations, efficient nursing, nursing english and basic nursing, College curricula devoted 13 credits to these subjects, nursing schools 14 credits, and vocational schools 26 units indicating a severe difference in the scope of education provided. b) There was noticeable tendency for the colleges to take a unified approach to the branches of nursing. 60% of the schools had courses in public health nursing, 80% in pediatric nursing, 60% in obstetric nursing, 90% in psychiatric nursing and 80% in medical-surgical nursing. The greatest number of schools provided 48 crudites in all of these fields combined. in most of the nursing schools, 52 credits were provided for courses divided according to disease. in the vocational schools, unified courses are provided in public health nursing, child nursing, maternal nursing, psychiatric nursing and adult nursing. In addition, one unit is provided for one hour a week of practice. The total number of units provided in the greatest number of vocational schools is thus Ⅲ units double the number provided in nursing schools and colleges. c) In th leges, the second year is devoted mainly to basic nursing courses, while the third and fourth years are used for advanced nursing courses. In nursing schools and vocational schools, the first year deals primarily with basic nursing and the second and third years are used to cover advanced nursing courses. The study yielded the following conclusions. 1. Instructional goals should be established for each courses in line with the idea of nursing, and curriculum improvements should be made accordingly. 2. Course that fall under the synthetics category should be strengthened and ways should be sought to develop the ability to cooperate with those who work for human welfare and health. 3. The ability to solve problems on the basis of scientific principles and knowledge and understanding of man society should be fostered through a strengthening of courses dealing with physical sciences, social sciences and behavioral sciences and redistribution of courses emphasizing biological and health sciences. 4. There should be more balanced curricula with less emphasis on courses in the major There is a need to establish courses necessary for the individual nurse by doing away with courses centered around specific diseases and combining them in unified courses. In addition it is possible to develop skill in dealing with people by using the social setting in comprehensive training. The most efficient ratio of the study experience should be studied to provide more effective, interesting education Elective course should be initiated to insure a man flexible, responsive educational program. 5. The curriculum stipulated in the education law should be examined.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.101-127
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• 2017

가장 진보된 항공기술의 발전에도 불구하고 항공기사고는 지속적으로 발생하고 있는 반면 승객수송 항공교통량은 향후 15년간 갑절로 증폭할 것으로 예상되고 있다. 항공기사고 발생 후에 안전조치로 수행되는 항공기사고조사만으로는 항공안전을 확보할 수 없기 때문에, 선제적이고 예측적인 사고예방대책의 필요성에 대한 공감대가 형성되었다. 이러한 명목으로 항공안전관리시스템(SMS)이 2008년부터 도입되어 2011년부터 본격적으로 수행되고 있다. SMS는 선제적이고 예측적인 항공기사고 예방대책으로서, 항공안전과 관련된 기술적 요소, 인적요소를 넘어 조직적 요소에 접근함으로써 근원적인 위험요인을 차단할 수 있는 메커니즘이다. 방법론적으로는 항공기운항에 필요한 모든 현장에서 잠재되어 있는 위험요소를 수집하여 데이터베이스를 구축하고, 위험을 분석하여, 위험을 관리함으로써, 위험을 수용가능하거나 그 이하로 유지하는 방법이다. 따라서 SMS의 부적절한 이행은 항공기사고 예방의 미흡함을 나타내며 항공기사고와 직결된다. SMS에 있어 자신의 실수를 포함하여 업무상 발생하는 위험요소의 보고가 필수적이고, 가장 중요한 요소로 간주된다. 이를 위하여 자발적 보고에 대한 공정문화의 정책 하에, 정보제공자의 익명성, 비처벌 및 비문책 보장이 기본적인 것으로 되어있으나, 조직에 대한 신뢰의 부족으로 보고는 미미한 수준으로 정체되어 있는 상황이다. 최고관리자가 고위관리자와 더불어 자신의 조직에 대한 안전과 수익의 균형을 유지할 수 있는 안전의식을 갖고, 공정문화가 주축이 된 안전문화의 주도적 역할이 필요하다. 이에 대한 법적 제도적 근거는 국토교통부 훈령인 "항공안전관리시스템 인 및 운영지침"에 최고관리자가 및 고위관리자가 받아야할 교육이 명시되어있으나, 법적 구속력이 없는 상태이다. 따라서 법적 구속력이 있는 고시인 "국가항공안전프로그램"의 항공안전관리시스템 승인신청서의 구비서류에, 최고관리자 및 고위관리자의 SMS 교육이수증명서가 추가되어야 할 필요가 있다. 또한 항공기사고조사에 SMS항목이 누락되어 있어 안전문화와 관련된 조직적 요소 및 위험관리 부분에 대한 조사가 수행되지 않고 있다. 이는 근원적인 원인에 대한 규명이 불가능하여 향후 사고예방에 장애요소로 작용된다. ICAO가 발행한 항공기사고조사매뉴얼에는 SMS조사가 포함되어 있지만, 국제민간항공조약 부속서 13의 최종보고서 양식에는 포함되어있지 않다. 또한 전 세계적으로 항공기사고조사의 실질적 표본이 되고 미국교통안전위원회가 SMS조사에 미온적인 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이러한 이유들로 부속서 13에 의거 조사를 수행하고 있는 조사기구들은 SMS조사를 조사항목에 포함시키지 않고 있는 상황이며, 항공기사고 조사관들은 SMS 조사방법이나 기법에 노출되어 있지 않다. 이러한 맥락에서 부속서 13의 최종보고서 양식 중 조직 및 관리정보 목에 SMS조사를 포함시킬 필요가 있다. 국내적으로는 항공 철도사고조사위원회의 운영규정 중 최종보고서양식에 동일하게 SMS항목을 추가되어야 한다. 이러한 법적 제도적 개선방법이 보완되면 SMS의 이행이 효율적으로 이행되어 향후 항공안전증진에 기여하리라고 기대한다.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.308-322
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between climacteric symptoms and management of menopause of middle -aged women. The subjects of this study were 261 women(40 to 60 years old). Data were collected from Jun. 1 to Jul. 15, 2001 by a structured questionnaire. The instruments employed were : 1) The Climacteric Symptoms Scale developed by Aeri Song and Eun soon Chung(1998). 2) The Management of Menopause Scale developed by Aeri Song(1997). The data were analyzed by the SPSS p.c. program using t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of the study were as follows : 1. Mean score of climacteric symptoms was $2.18{\pm}0.39$(Maximum 4, Minimum 1). The mean scores among the categories of climacteric symptoms, in descending order, were : a) physical and physiological reactions ($2.62{\pm}0.53$), b) social and family relationships ($2.23{\pm}0.50$), c) psychiatric and psychological reactions ($2.08{\pm}0.49$), d) relationship with sexual partner($1.73{\pm}0.54$), e) genitourinary reactions ($1.72{\pm}0.55$). 2. Mean score of management of menopause was $1.79{\pm}0.45$ (Maximum 4, Minimum 1). The mean scores among the categories of management of menopause, in descending order, were : a) dietary management($2.57{\pm}0.52$), b) self control ($2.24{\pm}0.57$), c) management of exercise and physical activity($2.14{\pm}0.75$), d) management of sex life($1.71{\pm}0.47$), e) management of professional health maintenance($1.61{\pm}0.59$). 3. There were statistically significant differences in the score of middle-aged women's self reported climacteric symptoms according to : a) occupation (t=-2.79, p<0.001) b) marriage state (t=-2.29, p<0.05) c) age of menarche (F=4.66, p<0.001) d) method of Sanhujori (post natal care & treatment) (F=4.22, p<0.001) e) hormone replacement therapy (t=-3.09, p<0.05). From the above statistics, several significant findings were noted : a) There were more climacteric symptoms from those who were unemployed, those who had no partner or were divorced and those who started a menarche earlier. b) There were less climacteric symptoms reported from those on hormone replacement therapy and those who followed their parents or parents-in-law advice regarding Sanhujori (postnatal care) 4. There were statistically significant differences in the score of middle-aged women's self reported management of menopause according to : The educational background (F=7.63, p<0.001), religion (F=3.74, p<0.001), income (F=3.65, p<0.001), number of parity (F=4.87, p<0.001), method of Sanhujori(postnatal care) (F=5.73, p<0.001), period of Sanhujori (postnatal care) (F=2.81, p<0.05), hormone replacement therapy (t=3.81, p<0.001). Women with higher educational background, strong religion, higher income, large number of parity, managed their post natal care well, were on HRT, managed their menopause significantly better than the others who took part in the survey. 5. It will be noted from the above that women's degree of climacteric symptoms showed a negative correlation to the management of menopause(r=-0.2146, p<0.001). The findings shown above suggest the need to develop a variable management of menopause, in order to improve climacteric symptoms of middle-aged women. It is hoped that the above findings will stimulate more detailed research into this matter, and thereby enable guidance to be given to women going through the menopause to cope with it in a less stressful way.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.79-95
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sanitation affairs of general restaurants. The questionnaire survey on the attitude and knowledge toward sanitation, the attitude for sanitary administration and the sanitary education was conducted against new 600 restaurateurs who were educated from June 20 to July 11, 1996, at the administration hall's division of Kyungsangbook-do in charge of food industry that offered regular sanitary education to new restaurateurs annually. And the visit survey on sanitary practice was also conducted over 93 restaurateurs who obtained the commercial license for food service business. The findings from the survey were as follows; In regard to food sanitation, some 87.1 to 88.3% got the right knowledge about the reason and precaution of food poisoning, food's frozen or cold-storage, and the disposal of products after expiration of validity term. But it was about 20.8% to 50.0% who knew right about major precaution, storage temperature in refrigerator, fermented milk product's storage temperature and validity term. There was therefore a necessity for education in food sanitation. 38.2% of the subjects placed an emphasis on sanitary storage of foodstuffs as the most important thing in sanitary management. 33.8% emphasized cooking sanitation. The environmental sanitation was counted as the most important thing by 19.2%, and personal sanitation of worker was counted by 8.8%. There was differences in what they thought the most important thing was, according to the respondent's educational level and cooker. 86.6% replied it necessary to improve the sanitary level. The respondents who were younger or had better educational level emphasized more the need for it. Concerning health examination, 90.2% replied it necessary. 81.4% answered the reason was because there was a potentiality Quests might be infected with contagious disease. 78.5% pointed the need for sanitary education, but respondents with higher educational level less emphasized its needs. As the reason for poor sanitation, restaurateur's poor awareness about it was most frequently pointed out, by 46.9%. Cooking sanitation was most frequently counted, by 38.5%, as the first thing to be improved. As the most critical point in sanitary education, 34.5% indicated food's sanitary Quality control 30.9% mentioned sanitary treatment of kitchen facilities and peripheral environment, and 27.1% emphasized the summary of the general food sanitation. 77.7% answered to correct immediately in case of violating the Food Hygiene Law, and 12.0% replied to correct in the same case if they would get the order from public official or administrative action would be taken. Respondents with higher educational level answered more to correct immediately. What they wanted the government office to do toward sanitary improvement was a fund aid an facilities and management which was pointed out by 38.9%, a periodical sanitary education by 26.3% and a on-the-spot guidance of sanitary officials by 22.3%. In view of the food service business's sanitary practice, the rate of wearing a sanitary clothes was 32.9% in city and 35.0% in county. The rate of hand-washing without soap or non-washing at cooking was 73.9%, 85%, respectively. The rate of personnel sanitation was 34.2% in city and 50.0% in county. These things indicated the sanitation was not well practiced. To improve the poor sanitary conditions of the food service businesses, it is recommended to offer institutional backing and financial aid from administrative office, and encourage restaurateurs to take pride in their job. and conduct the sanitary education effectively by sanitary education institution.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2008

항공산업의 발전으로 급격한 국제화가 이루어지고 있는 현대사회에서 특히 염려가 되는 것은 승객과 항공기 또는 공항을 대상으로 한 테러리즘이라 할 수 있다. 그런데 항공관련 테러방지를 위한 여러 가지 보안대책 가운데 중심이 되는 것은 지상 보안활동이고 지상 보안활동의 중심이라 할 수 있는 것은 여객터미널 또는 화물터미널에서 이루어지는 탑승객과 출입자, 화물 등을 대상으로 한 보안활동이라고 생각한다. 일반적으로 지상보안활동은 물리적 보안과 접근통제, 수화물 그리고 승객과 소지품에 대한 100% 보안검색, 화물경비, 기타 통제사항들을 포함하여야한다. 2001년에 발생한 9.11테러 이후 공항 보안활동에 대한 개선과 강화의 필요성이 강력히 제기되었으며 첨단장비의 개발과 운용에 많은 예산을 투자하고 있다. 또한 미국을 비롯한 세계 각국은 공공서비스 또는 치안서비스의 역할분담 측면에서 민영화를 통한 보안활동 강화를 추구하고 있으며 공항 지상 보안분야에서도 한정적이나마 사(私)경찰활동(Private Police Activities)이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 최근 샌프란시스코국제공항 지상 보안활동을 살펴보면 정보수집과 국가관련 중요행사, VIP경호, 법집행, 기관 간 협조, 일상적인 순찰, 교통관련 업무 등은 공(公)경찰인 샌프란시스코경찰국 소속 공항 파견부서에서 담당한다. 반면 민간인으로 구성된 사경찰은 TSA와 같은 국가기관, 공항당국의 지도 감독 하에 X-Ray 판독과 금속탐지기운용, 여권(ID)확인, 폭발물 반응검사 등 검객 업무에 한정된 경향을 보이고 있다. 이와 같은 상황 하에서 공경찰활동과 사경찰활동 간의 조화와 업무의 효율성을 위한 연구가 요구되며 특히 사경찰의 보안활동 강화를 위한 판독 전문가 양성, 이직률 감소 대책 강구, 첨단장비 보급과 보안관련 예산의 확보는 선결되어야할 과제라고 생각한다. 이와 함께 보안활동 과정에서 부득이 발생하는 일반시민의 프라이버시 침해를 최소화하기 위한 대책 등은 매우 중요한 문제라고 생각한다. 본 연구에서는 샌프란시스코국제공항 국제선 여객터미널 내에서의 경찰활동 사례를 분석하여 보다 발전적인 지상 보안활동을 제언하고자 한다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.3170-3180
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• 1973

This study of the subject will review past and present irrigation development in Korea. Particular attention will be given to water pricing structure and a case study on the purpose of rational operation and management of irrigation water and organizations, and the optimum irrigation water and organizations, and the optimum irrigation water fee inorder to reduce farmers burden and to rationalize the farmland associations management so as to achieve development of the rural environment. In 1971, the reservoir of the Farmland Improvement A sociation (FIA) produced only 775 millison $m^3$ of irrigation water or 77% of planned capacity of 1,015 million $m^3$. It was caused by inefficient maintenance of irrigation facilities; for instance, about 21% of reservoirs, pumping stations and weirs in Korea have been silted by soil erosion which hinder to water production according to an ADC survey. The first Irritation Association was established in 1906, whcih was renamed the Farmland Assoeiation by the Rural Development Enouragement Law in 1970. By the end of 1971, 411,000 ha of rice paddies were under the control of 267 associations nationwide. The average water price assessed by Associations nationwide rose from 790 won per 0.1 ha. in 1966 to 1,886 won in 1971. The annual growth rate was 20%. The highest water price in 1971 was 4,773 won her 0.1 ha. and the lowest was 437 won. This range was caused by differences in debt burden, geographic conditions and management efficiency among the Associations. In 1971, the number of Associations which exceeded the average water price of 1,886 won per 0.1 ha. was 144, or 55.1% of all Association. In determination of water price, there are two principles; one is determined by production cost such as installation cost of irrigation facilities, maintenance cost, management cost and depreciation ect. For instance, the Yong San River Development project was required 33.7 billion won for total construction and maintenance cost is 3.1 billion won for repayment, maintenance and management cost per year. The project produces 590 million $m^3$ of irrigation water annually. Accordingly, the water price per $m^3$ is 5.25 won. The other principle is determined by water value in the crop products and in compared with production of irrigated paddy and non-irrigated paddy. By using this method, water value in compared with paddy rice vs. upland rice(Average of 1967-1971) was 14.15 won per $m^3$ and irrigated paddy vs. non-irrigated paddy was 2.98 won per $m^3$. In contrast the irrigation fee in average association of 1967-1971 was 1.54 won per $m^3$. Accordingly, the current national average irrigation fee(water price) is resonable compared with its water value. In this study, it is found that the ceiling of water price in terms of water value is 2.98 won per $m^3$ or 2,530 won per 0.1 ha. However, in 1971 55% of the associations were above the average of nationwide irrigation fees. which shows the need for rationalization of the Association's management. In connection with rationalization of the Association's management, this study recommends the following matters. (1) Irrigation fee must be assessed according to the amount of water consumption taking intoaccount the farmer's ability. (2) Irrigation fee should be graded according to behefits and crop patterns. (3) Training personnel in the operation and procedures of water management to save O&M costs. (4) Insolvent farmland association should be integrated into larger, sound associations in the same GUN in order to reduce farmers' water cost. (5) The maintenance and repair of existing irrigation facilities is as important as expansion of facilities. (6) Establishment of a new Union of Farmland Association is required to promoted proper maintenance and to protect the huge investment in irrigation facilities by means of technical supervision and guidance.