• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.494-500
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• 2022

Background Seroma formation is the most common donor site complication following autologous breast reconstruction, along with hematoma. Seroma may lead to patient discomfort and may prolong hospital stay or delay adjuvant treatment. The aim of this study was to compare seroma rates between the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP), transverse musculocutaneous gracilis (TMG), and superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) donor sites. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective single-center cohort study consisting of chart review of all patients who underwent microsurgical breast reconstruction from April 2018 to June 2020. The primary outcome studied was frequency of seroma formation at the different donor sites. The secondary outcome evaluated potential prognostic properties associated with seroma formation. Third, the number of donor site seroma evacuations was compared between the three donor sites. Results Overall, 242 breast reconstructions were performed in 189 patients. Demographic data were found statistically comparable between the three flap cohorts, except for body mass index (BMI). Frequency of seroma formation was highest at the SGAP donor site (75.0%), followed by the TMG (65.0%), and DIEP (28.6%) donor sites. No association was found between seroma formation and BMI, age at surgery, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, or DIEP laterality. The mean number of seroma evacuations was significantly higher in the SGAP and the TMG group compared with the DIEP group. Conclusion This study provides a single center's experience regarding seroma formation at the donor site after microsurgical breast reconstruction. The observed rate of donor site seroma formation was comparably high, especially in the TMG and SGAP group, necessitating an adaption of the surgical protocol.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.337-341
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• 1997

In order to investigate the role of a small GTP-binding protein RhoA in lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced stress fiber formation, C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase was prepared by expressing in E. coli and then applied to Rat-2 fibroblasts. C3 transferase isolated from E. coli was as effective as the toxin from Clostridium botulinum in ADP-ribosylation of RhoA. Incubation of the cells with C3 transferase for 2 days induced ADP-ribosylation of RhoA by a dose-dependent manner, with a sub-maximal induction at $25\;{\mu}g/ml$. As expected, LPA-induced stress fiber formation was completely blocked by pre-incubation with C3 transferase for 2 days. However, exogenously added C3 transferase had no significant effect on the formation of phosphatidylethanol by LPA. These results suggested that phospholipase D was not activated by RhoA in the LPA-induced stress fiber formation.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.189-196
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• 2002

Data clustering is often one of the first steps in data mining analysis. It Identifies groups of related objects that can be used as a starling point for exploring further relationships. This technique supports the development of population segmentation models, such as demographic-based customer segmentation. This paper Purpose to present the development of two phase hierarchical clustering algorithm for group formation. Applications of the algorithm for product-customer group formation in customer relationahip management are also discussed. As a result of computer simulations, suggested algorithm outperforms single link method and k-means clustering.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 1992

The purposes of this study were to find out the degree of formation of the concept of density for the junior high students. The changing pattern of concept in acquiring the concept of density and the degree of development of INRC transformation ability related to the concept of density were also analyzed according to cognitive level and teaching method. The results of this study were as follows. 1) The experimental group were more effective than control group in the formation of the concept of density. 2) Even though students had been taught the concept of density, the various types of preconception were remained and persisted. Especially, the students at concrete level had persisted misconceptions and these misconceptions had been changed to the other misconceptions. 3) In the degree of the formation of the transformation ability of INRC group related to the concept of density in solid phase, the experimental group developed much better on both the abilities of Reciprocal transformation, Correlative transformation and the abilities to manipulate two variables such as volume and mass than control group. 4) The correlation coefficient between GALT score and achivement of the concept of density was 0.67. The correlation coefficient between achivement of the concept of density and the formation the transformation of INRC group related to the concept of density was 0.78.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2003

Satellite formation flying is currently an active area of research in the aerospace engineering. There are many categories for this research such as the determination of initial conditions, formation keeping, configuration and reconfiguration. In this study, a tracking controller using sliding mode techniques is designed to control a satellite for the satellite formation flying. In general, Hill's equations are used to describe the relative motion of the follower satellite with respect to the leader satellite. But, the modified Hill's equations considering J2 perturbation were used for the design of sliding mode controller. Sliding mode control law causes the chattering phenomenon because it is a discontinuous control. Dead-zone was used to avoid the chattering. The Extended Kalman filter was applied to estimate the state vector based on the measurements of relative distance and velocity between two satellites.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.14-23
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• 2017

Objectives This study is conducted to evaluate skin fat barrier formation of Hataedock using the Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract. Methods The 3-week-old NC/Nga mice were divided into 3 groups: control group (Ctrl), Hataedock-treated group that uses the Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis (CGT) extract, and Hataedock-treated group that uses Bifidobacterium (BBT). After 2 weeks, changes in immunohistochemicals, and skin-lipid-barrier regulators were observed for the effects of Hataedock. Results In CGT group, loricrin-positive reaction has been increased by 231%, along with involucrin-positive reaction by 90%, filaggrin-positive reaction by 143%, and ASM-positive reaction by 341% in the stratum corneum. Conclusions Hataedock, using the extract of Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis, increased the expression of proteins promoting keratinocyte differentiation. This leads into conclusion that Hataedock may increase the keratinocyte formation and function which promotes skin barrier formation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.483-488
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• 1992

This experiment was carried out to establish the grade of adhesion formation and changes of blood following artificial injuries such as abrasion, incision and electrocautery on colon and uterine horns in rats. 36 rats (abrasion-, incision-, electrocautery-treated groups) had laparotomy and abdominal injuries, twelve rats( control group) had only laparotomy, Ten days fellowing abdominal injuries, the score of adhesion formation and changes of blood were noted 1. Electrocautery-treated group was significant evident in adhesion formation in colon(p<0.01) and electrocautery and incision-treated groups were more evident than abrasion and control group in uterine horns(p<0.01) 2. Changes of erythrocytes number and PCV were tended to decrease during 5 days after operation, but recover normal level 10 days after operation. 3. Changes of leucocytes number were showed to significantly increase in electrocautery and incision-treated groups 5 days after operation. 4. The electrocautery-treated group was showed to significantly decrease in plasma protein and increase in plasma fibrinogen concentration.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.111-123
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• 2000

The recycling cell formation problem means that disposal products are classified into recycling part families using group technology in their end of life phase. Disposal products have the uncertainties of product status by usage influences. Recycling cells are formed considering design, process and usage attributes. In this paper, a novel approach to the design of cellular recycling system is proposed, which deals with the recycling cell formation and assignment of identical products concurrently. Fuzzy clustering algorithm and Fuzzy-ART neural network are applied to describe the states of disposal product with the membership functions and to make recycling cell formation. This approach leads to recycling and reuse of the materials, components, and subassemblies and can evaluate the value at each cell of disposal products. Application examples are illustrated by disposal refrigerators, compared fuzzy clustering with Fuzzy-ART neural network performance in cell formation.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1982

The Seosan Group in the Taean peninsular can be divided into Seosan formation and Daesan formation according to its metamorphism and stratigraphy. The Seosan formation is composed of iron bearing quartzite and schist which are strongly metamorphosed and migmatized about 2572 m.y.ago. The Daesan formation is composed mainly of quartzite and crystalline limestone. They were intruded by granite gneiss 2370m.y ago and metamorphosed two or three times before Jurassic Period. The Group is overlain by Taean formation which shows low grade metamorphism. Total three times metamorphic events can be recognized in these areas. First and second metamorphisms are predominent in amphibolite facies, the last metamolphism is mostly greenschist facies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.161-161
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the effect of growth regulators on the formation of the organ in the in vitro propagation of diploid and tetraploid Codonopsis lanceolata, and gain the basic data for in vitro propagation of superior C. lanceolata. In the case of diploid C. lanceolata, the highestshoot formation (3.0) was observed at 0.5 mg·L^-1 addition medium with low IBA concentration. The shoot formation of tetraploid C. lanceolata was suppressed by addition of IBA. In the addition of lAA, the shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata was slightly higher at 1.0 mg·-L^-1 addition medium than that of control group, whereas tetraploid C. lanceolata showed the highest number (5.4) from control group. In the case of NAA, the shoot formation of diploid and tetra C. lanceolata tended to decrease at higher concentration. In terms of BA addition, the shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata was increased by the addition of BA, whereaswhile the growth of shoot was decreased by the addition of BA. In the case of tetraploid C. lanceolata, shoot was found to be formed by the addition of low concentration of BA, and the growth of shoot was inhibited with the higher addition concentration of BA. With the addition of kinetin, the shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata was slightly higher than that of control group, and the formation of adventitious root was highest (5.3) in the control group. In the case of tetraploid C. lanceolata, the shoot formation was similar in all treatment groups, but the formation and growth of adventitious root were significantly lower than that of diploid C. lanceolata. In the case of TDZ addition, the shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata showed the pronounced results at 5.0 mg·L^-1 addition medium, and the growth of shoot was inhibited by the addition of TDZ. The formation of adventitious root was 5.3 and 4.9 in the control group and 0.1 mg·L^-1 addition medium respectively. The formation of the shoot of tetraploid C. lanceolata showed better results with the higher concentration of TDZ, and the growth was better with the lower concentration of TDZ. The formation and growth of adventitious root were significantly slower than that of diploid C. lanceolata.