• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.242-246
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• 2009

This study examined the anti-diabetic effect of onion (Allium cepa. Linn) in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal rats fed control diet or supplemented with onion powder (7% w/w) and diabetic rats fed control diet or supplemented with onion powder. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, ip) in citrate buffer. The animals were fed each of the experimental diet for 5 weeks. Blood glucose levels of rats supplemented with onion were lower than those of rats fed control diet in the diabetic rats. Onion also decreased the total serum lipid, triglyceride, and atherogenic index and increased HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio in the diabetic rats. Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities were high in the diabetic rats compared to normal rats and reverted to near-control values by onion. These results indicate that onion decreased blood glucose, serum lipid levels and reduced renal oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats and this effect might exert the anti-diabetic effect of onion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.537-541
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the effects of methionine(Met) on the activities of heart lipid peroxidation related enzymes in ethanol administrated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on diets containing one of the three levels of Met(0%, 0.3%, 0.9% of kg diet) and ethanol(2.5g/kg of body weight) was administrated as 25v/v% ethanol to ethanol treated groups orally. The rats were sacrificed after 5 and 10 weeks of feeding. Xanthine oxidase(XO) and catalase activities increased with ethanol administration and those activities were higher n Met excessive and deficiency group than those of Met normal group at 5 and 10 weeks dieting. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity in heart decreased significantly in Met deficiency and Met excessive group as compared to that of control. Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity in heart significantly decreased in Met deficiency group as compared to that of Met excessive and normal group. Glutathione S-transferase(GST) activity of heart tissue significantly increased by ethanol administration. Glutathione(GSH) content in heart decreased with ethanol administration and shwoed no significant differences with Met levels. Ethanol administration increased the content of lipid peroxide(LPO).

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.159.3-160
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• 2003

It has been known that quercetin is one of bioflavonid compounds and has anti-tumor effect by suppressing tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, including multiple biological effects by antioxidant and effective anti-inflammatory agent. The present study investigated whether quercetin can enhance antioxidant enzyme activity (glutathione proxidase: GPX, superoxide dismutase: SOD, catalase: CAT) and regulate the intracellular reactive oxygen intermediate levels on the B16F10 murine melanoma cells in the presensece of vitamin E, L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and reduced glutathione (GSH). (omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1238-1243
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• 2008

The root of Adenophora triphylla is widely used as traditional herbal medicine in Korea. We studied its effects on sodium nitroprusside (SNP) cytotoxicity and antioxidant genes expression in HepG2 cells. To study whether Adenophora triphylla ethylacetate extract (ATea) inhibited NO-induced cell death, HepG2 cells were preincubated for 24 hr with 50 and 100 $\mu$g/mL ATea followed by 24-hr exposure to 0.5 mM SNP (exogenous NO donor). No-induced cytotoxicity was inhibited by pretreatment of ATea, as assessed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (MTT assay). We further investigated the effects of ATea on mRNA levels of various enzymes of the antioxidant system such as Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD 1), Mn SOD (SOD 2), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and several enzymes of the glutathione metabolism [glutathione reductase (GR), $\gamma$-glutamyl-cystein synthetase (GCS), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), $\gamma$-glutamyltranspeptidase ($\gamma$-GT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)] by RT-PCR. CAT, GCS, GR and G6PD mRNA levels were increased after treatment with ATea. The SOD 1, SOD 2, GPx, GST and $\gamma$-GT mRNA levels were not affected in ATea-treated HepG2 cells. We concluded that ATea have an indirect antioxidant effects, perhaps via induction of CAT, GCS, GR and G6PD.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.867-872
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• 2004

Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause oxidative damage to cells. Cells have a number of defense mechanisms to protect themselves from the toxicity of ROS. Mitochondria are especially important in the oxidative stress as ROS have been found to be constantly generated as an endogen threat. Mitochondrial defense depends mainly on super-oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), whereas microsomal defense depends on catalase (CAT), which is an enzyme abundant in microsomes. SOD removes superoxide anions by converting them to $H_2O$$_2$, which can be rapidly converted to water by CAT and GPx. Also, GPx converts hydroperoxide (ROOH) into oxidized-glutathione (GSSG). Ovariectomized (OVX) rats are used as an oxidative stress model. An ovariectomy increased the levels of MDA, one of the end-products in the lipid peroxidative process, and decreased levels of the antioxidative enzymes； SOD, CAT and GPx. However, Chondroitin sulfate (CS) decreased the levels of MDA, but increased the levels of SOD, CAT and GPx in a dose-depen-dent manner. Moreover, inflammation and cirrhosis of liver tissue in CS- treated rats were sig-nificantly decreased. These results suggest that CS might be a potential candidate as an anti oxidative reagent.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2015

This study was to investigate the preventive effect of taemyeongcheong (TMC, a Korean traditional health drink) on acetaminophen (APAP, 800 mg/kg BW)-induced hepatic damage in ICR mice. TMC is prepared from Saururus chinensis, Taraxacum officinale, Zingiber officinale, Cirsium setidens, Salicornia herbacea, and Glycyrrhizae. A high dose of TMC (500 mg/kg BW) was found to decrease APAP-induced increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase. TMC pretreatment also increased the hepatic levels of hepatic catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione, and reduced serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6 in mice administered APAP (P<0.05). TMC (500 mg/kg BW) reduced hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS by 87%, 84%, 89%, 85%, and 88%, respectively, in mice treated with APAP (P<0.05). Furthermore, histological observations suggested TMC pretreatment dose-dependently prevented APAP-induced hepatocyte damage. These results suggest that TMC could be used as a functional health drink to prevent hepatic damage.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 2002

To find new inhibitory effects from oriental drugs, Albizziae root was extracted in methanol and the extracted was stepwisely fractionated by hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water. In cytotoxic effect of Albizziae root fractions against cancer cell lines including human hepatoma cells(HepG2) were investigated. Expecially the butanol fraction exhibited a inhibition effects on the growth of human hepatoma cells(HepG2). It inhibited of HepG2 cells with the value of IC50. The activities of qutathione after B(a)P treatment were markedly decreased than control, but those levels were increased by the treatment of Albizziae root methanol fraction. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase after B(a)P treatment were markedly decreased than control, but those levels were increased by the treatment of Albizziae root methanol traction. Induction of phase II enzymes is a major mechanism of chemoprevention. The induction levels of quinone reductase(QR) activity in cultured murine hepatoma(Hepa IcIc7)cell by methanol extract of Albizziae root were measured. Among the tested tractions, the extracts of butanol were found to induce QR activities over 2.8 fold than control. These results suggest that Albizziae root has chemopreventive Potential by inducing QR activities and GST levels and increasing GSH

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2007

Glutathione S-transferases(GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18), glyoxalase-I(EC 4.4.1.5) and alliin lyase(alliinase, EC 4.4.1.4) are important enzyme systems in plant bodies. The first two are mainly detoxifying enzymes that utilize glutathione(GSH) in the defense mechanism, and the last one is mainly involved in secondary metabolism and relevant to sulfur compounds derived from GSH. The activities of the three enzymes have been investigated in soluble extracts of vegetable crops, including pumpkin, cabbage, broccoli, radish, carrot, potato, sweet potato, mungbean, and onion. GST activities were detected in all of the vegetables, and the extract of onion bulb exhibited the highest specific activity(648 nmol/min/mgP). The putative GSTs of most of the vegetables were found to be induced by ethanol. The activities of GSTs in onion bulb were found to be markedly inhibited by S-hexyl glutathione and were also inhibited by S-butyl glutathione and S-propyl glutathione. The anti-CmGSTF1 antiserum recognized a thick band for putative onion GST. The estimated glyoxalase-I activity level was also high in onion bulb(4540 nmol/min/mgP), indicating that the thick band detected by Western blot analysis might result from partial recognition of glyoxalase-I by the antiserum. The specific activities for glyoxalase-I were moderate in radish and carrot, and the extracts of other vegetables had rather low levels of activities. The extract of onion also showed the highest specific activity level for alliinase(2069nmol pyruvate/mgP). The extracts of other vegetables also had alliinase activities, although the estimated values were much lower than that of onion.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.176-182
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• 2000

The effects of red ginseng component (water extracts, alcohol extracts, lipophilic extracts, total saponins, panaxadiol and panaxatriol) administration on glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation levels in mice were investigated. 20~25 g ICR mice which were pretreated with water extracts (50 mg/kg), alcohol extracts (50 mg/kg), lipophilic extracts (50 mg/kg), total saponins (50 mg/kg), panaxadiol (50 mg/kg) and panaxatriol (50 mg/kg) for 15 days. The ability of red ginseng component to protect against oxidative damage to the mouse liver was examined by determining the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA), glutathione, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX). The GSH level was raised by all the ginseng component, but the GSSG level was lowered ]argely by all the ginseng component. The ratio of GSSG/total GSH was decreased because the level of GSSG was decreased more than that of GSH. Finally, the lipid peroxidation (MDA) level was the lowest in lipophilic extracts and panaxadiol nest. In conclusion, the order of effectiveness of anti-oxidants was to be lipophilic extracts>panaxadiol>total saponins.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.33-42
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• 2002

Objective : This study was performed to investigate the activity of Whagan-Jeon (huaganjian) in protection against acetaminophen (AAP)-induced hepatotoxicity and the possible mechanisms in vivo. Methods : The following were performed : Serum ALT, depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels, the microsomal p. nitrophenol hydroxylation activity, microsomal aniline hydroxylation activity, genomic DNA fragmentation and its reversal, hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, and hepatic NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (QR) activity Results : Whagan-Jeon (huaganjian) protected against AAP-inducedhepatotoxicity by the increase of GSH levels, inhibition of P450 2E1-specific metabolic activities, attenuation of hepatic DNA damage, and induction of GST and QR activities in vivo. Conclusions : In conclusion, Whagan-Jeon (huaganjian) was effective in protection against AAP-induced hepatoxicity.