• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.273-282
• /
• 2023

Hypochaeris radicata, native to Europe and Eurasia, is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family. In Korea, H. radicata was reported in 1992, mainly in Jeju Island, and gradually spreading to the inland. It overwinters in the form of a rosette and blooms yellow flowers from May to June. H. radicata propagates by seeds and rhizomes. The germination temperature of the seed is 15/20℃ (day/night), and the rhizome forms a new plant at a depth of 2-3cm in the soil. The roots of H. radicata secrete allelochemicals that inhibit the development of other plants. Some use it as a salad or forage substitute but to a limited extent. However, extensive research on ampicillin contained in H. radicata has been conducted, and its anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects have been recognized. There are only a few methods to manage H. radicata both culturally and physically. In orchards, soil treatments such as oxyfluorfen and diclobenil, or nonselective foliar treatments such as glufosinate-ammonium and glyphosate are used. Notably, there are no known biological control agents.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.108-113
• /
• 2018

목적 글루포시네이트암모늄은 비선택성 제초제로 1984년 일본에서 개발되었으며, 급성 중독시에는 위장관계 증상뿐만 아니라 의식변화, 경련, 호흡부전 및 기억소실 등과 같은 다양한 임상증상을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 한국에는 1994년 소개된 이후로 널리 사용되고 있으며, 사용량의 증가와함께 음독환자가 점점 증가하여 사회적 문제가 되고 있다. 저자들은 최근 글로포시네이트 중독 환자에서 초기치료 후 지연성 악화를 보였던 2례를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다. 방법 및 결과 첫 번째 증례는 62세의 남자환자로 음주상태에서 글루포시네이트암모늄 음독 후 의식 저하 상태로 발견되어 응급실로 이송되었다. 응급 위세척을 시행 후 보존적 치료 및 집중모니터링을 유지하였고, 의식수준은 6시간 후에 거의 명료한 상태로 호전되었다. 지연성 악화의 가능성에 대해설명하고 지속적인 경과관찰 및 치료를 위해 집중치료실 입원이 필요함에 대해 설명하였으나, 환자와 보호자는 타상급병원으로의 전원을 원하였다. 환자는 이송 중에 발생한 심폐정지로 심폐소생술을 시행하였으나, 회복되지 못하고 사망하였다. 두 번째 증례는 54세의 남자 환자로 글루포시네이트암모늄 음독 후 발생한 의식 변화로 응급실로 이송되었다. 내원시 의식은 혼미한 상태였으며 앞의 증례와 같이 응급 위세척을 시행하였다. 본 환자는 초기치료 후 본원 집중치료실에서 지속적인 혈액 및 생화학적 검사를 시행하였으며, 집중모니터링 및 치료를 유지하였다. 입원 2일째 혈액검사 소견은 호전 중이었으나, 경련이 발생하였으며 의식은 혼미한 상태가 지속되었다. 신경과 협진하여 뇌파검사를 시행 후 항경련제를 증량한 후로 경련은 발생하지 않았다. 입원 7일째에는 의식 수준은 거의 명료한 상태까지 호전되었다. 입원 13일째 혈액 및 생화학검사에서 약간의 혈색소 감소 외에는 정상소견을 보였으며, 뚜렷한 신경학적 합병증 없이 퇴원하였다. 결론 급성 글루포시네이트중독 환자는 매우 다양한 임상증상을 보이며 초기치료 후에 상태가 안정적이더라도 지연성으로 임상적 또는 신경학적 악화가 발생할 가능성이 있으므로 치료에 유의하여야 한다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2007

To assess the risk of genetically modified (GM) rice on the agricultural ecosystem, agronomic characteristics, pollen longevity and outcrossing rate between GM (Iksan 483 and Milyang 204) and non-GM (their wild types and female parents) varieties were investigated using the bar gene as a tracer marker in paddy field. The agronomic characteristics of two GM rice were similar to their female-parents (non-GM rice) except heading date and 1,000 grain weight of Iksan 483, and they did not show a difference by the introgression of the bar gene as the genetic traits of rice varieties. Pollen viability was more than 90% just after shedding, and it was rapidly decreased below 50% at 5 minutes after shedding both GM and non-GM varieties. The Pollen longevity was lost after 30 minutes of anthesis. When the distance of gene flow from GM to non-GM rice detected to 6 m from the edge of GM rice plant, the maximum distance of pollen dispersal was 4.5m and 3.9m in Iksan 483 and Milyang 204, respectively, and that was increased in order of west, south, east, and north to the dominant wind direction, west-south. Mean outcrossing rate was very low as 0.003 and 0.001% within 1.5 m from the edge of Iksan 483 and Milyang 204, and the GM hybrids by the pollen dispersal did not detected over 4.5 m from the edge of GM rice plant. The results may help to establish the strategy which reduce the risk of pollen-mediated gene flow between GM and non-GM rice.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.187-191
• /
• 2014

The cultivation area and use of genetically modified (GM) crops have been increased continuously over the world. Concerns about the potential risks of GM crops are also increasing. Safe management for the development and production of GM crops is required according to Living Modified Organism Act in Korea. Planning about the methods, duration, and frequency of environmental monitoring is also required for commercial use of GM crops. GM Zoysia japonica Steud. (event name: JG21) expressing resistance to glufosinate-ammonium has been generated previously. By using gamma ray treatment to JG21 we also developed male sterility and dwarf Z. japonica (event name: JG21-MS). The objective of this study was to establish the monitoring system for environment release of JG21-MS. In this study we extracted RNA from JG21 and JG21-MS and conducted RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method to distinguish JG21 and JG21-MS.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.247-254
• /
• 2011

The agronomic characteristics, nutritional contents, and insect response of the potato clones transformed with a glufosinate ammonium resistance gene were evaluated. Among the 4 transgenic potato clones, the Bar 3 clone was selected as a promising one for commercialization. The Bar 3 clone showed similar tuber yield capacity but higher herbicide resistance as compared with the non-transgenic potato cv. Dejima. The herbicide resistance of the Bar 3 clone was more than 5 times higher when tested with the herbicide concentration recommended by the producer. The major agronomic characteristics of the Bar 3 clone were not different from those of the non-transgenic Dejima. The annual variation in yields and agronomic characteristics showed similar tendency for 2 years from the third to fourth generation after transformation. The tubers of the Bar 3 clone also showed low occurrence in common scab and physiological disorders such as cracking and secondary growth. But the reasons for such results are yet to be studied. Also, it was considered that the Bar 3 clone have a potential of reducing not only common scab occurrence but also soil erosion during potato cultivation in field. The nutritional contents (mineral compound, vitamin C and amino acid) and response to Spodoptera exigua of the transgenic potato clones were not significantly different.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.288-294
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate efficient adjuvants to increase herbicidal efficacy of metabolites from Streptpmyces scopuliridis KR-001. Commonly used 21 adjuvants mixed with the metabolites were applied to eight weed species (six grass weeds and two broadleaved weeds). Based on the visual evaluation, two adjuvants, LE7 (Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether) and EP4C (Sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate), were selected as most efficient adjuvants to elevate herbicidal efficacy of the metabolites. Higher efficacy in the LE7 and EP4C was obtained when overall spray volume was $2,000L\;ha^{-1}(65{\mu}g\;a.i.\;ml^{-1})$ than $1,000L\;ha^{-1}(130{\mu}g\;a.i.\;ml^{-1})$. Field study demonstrated that $1,300{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ of metabolites from KR-001 applied with EP4C at concentration of $2{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ provided a highly effective post-emergence weed control which was almost equivalent to the glufosinate-ammonium at $540g\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$. On the basis of these results, combination and multiple application methods could be developed to enhance herbicidal efficacy of metabolites from KR-001.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.23-29
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to clarify effects of weed control methods on damages from agricultural chemicals of pear trees, growth of weeds and states of pear trees after treating pear orchards with different methods of weed controlling, density of GLU and application times. The growth and occupation rate were investigated after 10, 20 and 40 days of weeding treatment. According to a result of the first treatment conducted when weeds in the lower parts of crown in a pear orchard began to grow and grew about 20 cm, unwoven cloth covering showed the highest control value with 100% in all 14 kinds of grasses. In comparison, Stellaria aquatica and catchweed bedstraw showed 96.7% and 97.3% respectively in the 20 DAT investigate after the first treatment of GLU 540 g a.i. ha-1 and the high control value of 100% in other all kinds of grasses. According to an investigation of stalk enlargement, length of new shoot and the number of new shoot made to know differences in tree growth following treatment of the lower part of crown, to use weed killers two or three times a year or to eliminate grasses with machines have positive effects on cross growth of pear trees.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.105-116
• /
• 2011

Transgenic zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) expressing the bar gene inserted in the plant genome has been generated previously through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The GM zoysiagrass (event: JG21) permits efficient management of weed control of widely cultivated zoysiagrass fields, reducing the frequency and cost of using various herbicides for weed control. Now we have carried out the environmental risk assessment of JG21 prior to applying to the governmental regulatory agency for the commercial release of the GM turf grass outside of test plots. The morphological phenotypes, molecular analysis, weediness and gene flow from each test plot of JG21 and wild-type zoysiagrasses have been evaluated by selectively analyzing environmental effects. There were no marked differences in morphological phenotypes between JG21 and wild-type grasses. The JG21 retained its stable integration in the host plant in T1 generation, exhibiting a 3:1 segregation ratio according to the Mendelian genetics. We confirmed the copy number (1) of JG21 by using Southern blot analysis, as the transgenic plants were tolerant to ammonium glufosinate throughout the culture period. From cross-fertilization and gene flow studies, we found a 9% cross-pollination rate at the center of JG21 field and 0% at distances over 3 m from the field. The JG21 and wild-type zoysiagrass plants are not considered "weed" because zoysiagrasses generally are not dominant and do not spread into weedy areas easily. We assessed the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of the transgene DNA to soil microorganisms from JG21 and wild-type plants. The bar gene was not detected from the total genomic DNA extracted from each rhizosphere soil of GM and non-GM Zoysia grass fields. Through the monitoring of JG21 transgene's unintentional release into the environment, we found no evidence for either pollen mediated gene flow of zoysiagrass or seed dispersal from the test field within a 3 km radius of the natural habitat.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.85-94
• /
• 2015

The weed flora in the mulberry fields were investigated in Suwon, Jeonju, and Buan in May, July, and September of 2014. The objectives of this study were to use the survey data for establishing weed control methods and to bring awareness of possible problematic weeds in the Korean mulberry fields. The survey was conducted in 53 regions, covering approximately $145,925m^2$. Altogether 153 weed species of 37 families were identified, of which 68 were annual, 39 species were biennial and 46 were perennial. The dominance was the highest with Digitaria ciliaris followed by Erigeron annuus, Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli var.crus-galli, Acalypha australis, Commelina communis etc. Exotic weeds presented 44 species with 28.8% of a total presence, of which Erigeron annuus was the highest, followed by Chenopodium album, Phytolacca americana, Conyza canadensis, Oxalis corymbosa etc. Especially, we should aware Senecio vulgaris, not controlled with glufosinate ammonium SL in the Korean mulberry fields because it was known as atrazine resistance in US, Canada, Germany etc. In the PCA plot, weeds presented in the mulberry fields were divided into two groups, Eclipta prostrata community and Stellaria aquatic community and weed flora of Suwon and Buan were different due to those only presented in Suwon.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.5-9
• /
• 2016

This survey was conducted to identify weed occurrence and to investigate weed management methods in the apple orchard fields in Chungnam province including Daejeon and Sejong from April to June and from September to October, 2015. In this survey, 64 weed species in 27 families including 39 annuals and 25 perennials were identified. Based on the importance values, the most dominant weed species in the first survey was Poa annua (6.51), followed by Veronica didyma (5.36), Plantago asiatica (5.36). In the second survey, Stellaria media (5.73), Digitaria ciliaris (5.36), and Rumex crispus (5.18) were dominant. When the 64 weed species were classified by family, the most abundant weed species belong to Compositae (12 species), followed by Poaceae (7 species), Polygonaceae (6 species), and Cruciferae (6 species). These 31 weed species in the most occurred four families accounted for 48% of total weed occurrence. Based on the questionnaire survey in which weed management methods in the apple orchard were asked, applied mowing + herbicide, mowing + tillage, and mowing + sod-culture was methods commonly conducted in apple orchard fields.