• 생약학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.73-78
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng (Panax ginseng) flower buds extracts featuring high concentration of ginsenosides Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, F4 and Rh1, red ginseng special components. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of ginseng flower buds were processed under several treatment conditions of ultrasonication (at $100^{\circ}C$). The results showed that the quantity of ginsenoside Rg6 increased by over 8.8% at the 16 hours of ultrasonication. Ginseng flower buds ethanol extract compared with other process times. The result of UGF-16 indicates that the ultrasonication processed ginseng flower buds extracts (at $100^{\circ}C$) treated for 16 hours produced the highest amount of ginsenoside F4 (8.833%), Rg3 (2.230%), Rg5 (2.339%) and Rg2 (1.002%).

• 생약학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.154-159
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• 2015

This study was to evaluate the effect of isopropyl alcohol fraction of ultrasonication processed ginseng flower buds(GFB-IF) on the collagen synthesis activity and inhibition of MMP-1 suppression in UV-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. The higher contents of ginsenoside Rg2(8.234%), Rh1(5.749%), F4(3.881%) in isopropyl alcohol fraction of ginseng flower buds obtained by ultrasonication process at 600W(100℃) for 16 hours. GFB-IF had collagen synthesis effect. GFB-IF induced a significant dose-dependent decrease in the expression for MMP-1 protein. These results suggest that GFB-IF is a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of wrinkle improving.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop a new ginseng (Panax ginseng) flower buds extract with the high concentration of ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Rh1 and F4, the Red ginseng special component. Chemical transformation from the ginseng saponin glycosides to the prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. The ginseng flower buds were processed at the several treatment conditions of the ultrasonication (Oscillator 600W, Vibrator 600W) and vinegar (about 14% acidity). The result of UVGFB-480 was the butanol fraction of ginseng flower buds that had been processed with ultrasonication and vinegar for 480 minutes gained the highest amount of ginsenoside Rg5 (3.548%), Rh1 (2.037%), Rk1 (1.821%), Rg3 (1.580%) and F4 (1.535%). The ginsenoside Rg5 of UVGFB-480 was found to contain 14.3 times as high as ginseng flower buds extracts (GFB, 0.249%).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2011

Panax ginseng root has been used as a major source of ginsenoside throughout the history of oriental medicine. In recent years, scientists have found that all of its biomass, including embryogenic calli and flower buds can contain similar active ingredients with pharmacological functions. In this study, transcriptome analyses were used to identify different gene expressions from embryogenic calli and fl ower buds. In total, 6,226 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained from cDNA libraries of P. ginseng. Insilico analysis was conducted to annotate the putative sequences using gene ontology functional analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes orthology biochemical analysis, and interproscan protein functional domain analysis. From the obtained results, genes responsible for growth, pathogenicity, pigments, ginsenoside pathway, and development were discussed. Almost 83.3% of the EST sequence was annotated using one-dimensional insilico analysis.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.663-669
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• 2013

인삼과 마찬가지로 많은 사포닌을 함유하고 있는 인삼꽃의 이용 가치를 증진시키기 위한 연구의 일환으로 Bacillus subtilis(BS), Lactobacillus plantarum(LP), Lactobacillus casei(LC), Candida utilis(CU), Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CHY1011(Y1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ZP 541(Y2), 혼합발효(M) 등의 여러 유용 미생물을 이용하여 인삼꽃을 발효시킨 후 미생물별 인삼꽃 발효물에 대한 항산화 활성 변화를 탐색하였다. 총 페놀함량 측정 결과 무발효 추출물은 인삼꽃 발효물에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높은 값을 보였으며, 발효 균주 중에서는 BS로 발효한 발효물이 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. DPPH radical 소거활성 및 ABTS radical 소거활성 측정 결과 BS 발효물이 유의적으로 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었으나, FRAP value(10 mg/mL)는 무발효 추출물의 활성이 가장 높게 나왔으며 BS 발효물과는 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 환원력 측정 결과, 대체적으로 무발효 추출물에 비해 미생물 발효물에서 높은 활성을 나타내었으며 LC 발효물이 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 여러 유용미생물을 이용한 인삼꽃 발효의 경우 Bacillus subtilis를 이용하여 발효할 경우 다른 균주들을 이용하는 것보다 항산화 활성 증진에 우수한 효과를 나타낼 것으로 사료되며 다른 생리활성 증진 효과에 대한 연구가 좀 더 진행되어져야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2020

Background: Panax ginseng has been used for a variety of medical purposes in eastern countries for more than two thousand years. From the extensive experiences accumulated in its long medication use history and the substantial strong evidence in modern research studies, we know that ginseng has various pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and cardiovascular system-protective effects. The active chemical constituents of ginseng, ginsenosides, are rich in structural diversity and exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Methods: Ginsenoside constituents from P. ginseng flower buds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods, and their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the reported data. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H- tetrazolium bromide method was used to test their cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cell lines. Results: Six ginsenosides, namely 6'-malonyl formyl ginsenoside F₁ (1), 3β-acetoxyl ginsenoside F₁ (2), ginsenoside Rh₂₄ (6), ginsenoside Rh₂₅ (7), 7β-hydroxyl ginsenoside Rd (8) and ginsenoside Rh₂₆ (10) were isolated and elucidated as new compounds, together with four known compounds (3-5 and 9). In addition, the cytotoxicity of these isolated compounds was shown as half inhibitory concentration values, a tentative structure-activity relationship was also discussed based on the results of our bioassay. Conclusion: The study of chemical constituents was useful for the quality control of P. ginseng flower buds. The study on antitumor activities showed that new Compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against HL-60, MGC80-3 and Hep-G2 with half inhibitory concentration values of 16.74, 29.51 and 20.48 μM, respectively.

• 한국식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물학회 1987년도 식물생명공학 심포지움 논문집 Proceedings of Symposia on Plant Biotechnology
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• pp.213-237
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• 1987

In vitro flowering system may minimize the confounded influence of non-floral meristem parts of plants in studying the relationship of a given treatment and flowering responses. We have induced flower buds from plantlets regenerated from zygotic embryo-derived somatic embryos of ginseng, which circumvented the normal 2-year juvenile period before flowering. The result suggests that the adulthood of ginseng root explants in the experiment previously conducted by Chang and Hsing (1980; Nature 284: 341-342) is not prerequired to flowering of plantlets regenerated through somatic embryogenesis. We have also induced flower buds from elongated axillary brandches from cotyledonary nodes by culturing ginseng zygotic embryos, seedlings, and excised cotyledonary nodes. It was found that 6-benzyladenine (BA) supplemented to the medium was essential for flowering, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) was inhibitory. Gibberellic acid(GA3) was also required for flowering when ABA was present with BA in the medium. The results suggest that cytokinins, gibberellins, and inhibitors play primary, permissive, and preventive roles, respective-ly, in the induction of flowering of ginseng. Tran Thanh Van (1980; Int. Rev. Cytol., Suppl. IIA: 175-194) has developed the "thin cell layer system" in which the induction of shoots, roots, or flower buds from epidermal layer explants were controlled by culture conditions and exogenous growth regulators in the medium, Utilizing the thin cell layer system, Meeks-Wagner et al. (1989; The Plant Cell 1: 25-35) have cloned genes specifically expressed during floral evocation. However, the system is too tedious for obtaining a sufficient amount of plant materials for biochmical and molecular biological studies of flowering. We have developed a garlic callus culture system and one obvious advantaging over the thin cell layer system is that an abundant cells committed to develope into flower buds proliferate. When the above cells were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with those which have just lost the competence for developing into flower buds, a few putative proteins specific to floral evocation were detected. The garlic callus culture system can be further explored for elucidation of the molecular biological mechanism of floral evocation and morphogenesis.hogenesis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

Panax ginseng is a medicinal herb that is used worldwide. Its medicinal effects are primarily attributable to ginsenosides located in the root, leaf, seed, and flower. The flower buds of Panax ginseng (FBPG) are rich in various bioactive ginsenosides, which exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 18 ginsenosides isolated from steamed FBPG on the transcriptional activity of NF-${\kappa}B$ and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$)-stimulated target genes in liver-derived cell lines. Noticeably, the ginsenosides $Rk_3$ and $Rs_4$ exerted the strongest activity, inhibiting NF-${\kappa}B$ in a dose-dependent manner. SF and $Rg_6$ also showed moderately inhibitory effects. Furthermore, these four compounds inhibited the TNF-${\alpha}$-induced expression of IL8, CXCL1, iNOS, and ICAM1 genes. Consequently, ginsenosides purified from steamed FBPG have therapeutic potential in TNF-${\alpha}$-mediated diseases such as chronic hepatic inflammation.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2014

생체 내 실험에서 발효 인삼꽃 추출물(FM), 발효하지 않은 인삼꽃 추출물(FD)과 대조군으로 생리식염수를 2주간 마우스 체중 kg 당 100, 200 mg/kg B.W.의 농도로 마우스에 경구 투여한 후 LPS에 의해 활성화된 복강 대식세포가 분비하는 염증성 사이토카인 IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$의 생성량을 측정하였다. 그 결과, IL-6는 발효 LPS로 자극한 경우, 두 가지 농도에서 모두 처리한 군에 비해 높은 증식능을 나타내었고, LPS로 자극한 결과, 특히 발효 인삼꽃 추출물 200 mg/kg B.W. 농도에서 유의적으로 낮은 IL-6 분비량을 보였다. TNF-${\alpha}$의 경우, 100 mg/kg B.W.와 200 mg/kg B.W. 두 농도 모두에서 LPS로 자극하지 않은 경우, 낮은 증식 효과를 보여주었고, 자극한 경우, 인삼꽃 시료를 첨가한 군이 대조군보다 낮은 TNF-${\alpha}$ 분비량을 보였으며, FM에서 FD보다 더 TNF-${\alpha}$를 억제하는 효과가 큰 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이상의 결과에 따르면 FD의 사이토카인 IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ 생성 효과는 200 mg/kg B.W. 농도 투여 시 효과적으로 면역 세포와 면역 기관의 주요 기능을 증진시킬 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료된다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 앞으로 인삼꽃 발효를 이용한 기능성 사료 개발과 더불어 산업적 측면에서 보다 긍정적인 효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.281-286
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to obtain the basic information on new- and latent-bud formation, and stem vestige arrangement on the rhizome of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Latent buds emerged from meristematic region between shoot and root of the embryo, and new buds for the next year were distributed both at the bottom portion of the stem and the rhizome. In the new buds, organs such as leaf, stem, and flower bud were already completely differentiated, while the latent bud had an undifferentiated meristematic tissue arranged linearly in a vertical line, indicating that each year new- and latent-buds are formed successively. This result suggests that the number of stem vestige may be used for the determination of ginseng age. Key words Rhizome, new-bud, latent-bud, histology, morphology, stem vestige, vestige arrangement.