• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 1988

Combinations of EDTA-Tris and gentamicin, oxytetracycline in normal bovine milk were examined for synergistic activities aganist Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium Pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella dublin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and proteus spp. isolated from the milk of acute clinical bovine mastitis. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of EDTA-Tris and gentamicin, oxytetracycline on Escherichia coli, Salmonella dublin, proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae were markedly reduced. 2. The significant synergistic effects observed when the microorganisms were reacted with EDTA-Tris and gentamicin, oxytetracycline. These findings were respectively verified by kinetic studies of microbial death, using one-fourth minimal inhibitory concentrations of EDTA-Tris, gentamicin, and oxytetracycline.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2006

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with early renal injury induced by gentamicin, the most commonly used antibiotics worldwide in the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections. We have identified genes differentially expressed at different duration of gentamicin administration. C57BL/6 female mice were treated daily with gentamicin (20 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200mg/kg) for 7 days and then sacrificed at day 1, 3, and 7 after administration. Standard blood biochemistry and histopathological observation indicative of nephrotoxicity were made. Total RNA was extracted from the kidney for microarray analysis using Affymetrix $GeneChip^{\circledR}$. Five hundred and seventy eight genes were identified as being either up-or down-regulated over 2-fold changes during early renal injury (p<0.05) and were analyzed by hierarchical clustering. The results showed that the genes involved in early immune responses were differentially regulated during early renal injury. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed sample separation according to the degree of renal toxicity. In addition, we identified two potential biomarkers that may predict early renal toxicity. This data may contribute to elucidate of the genetic events during early renal injury and to discover the potential biomarkers for nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.404-409
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to compare the biocompatibility for local irritation and bioavailability of $Gentacol^{TM}$ and $Collatamp^{TM}$, after single intramuscular loading in rats. Sixty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups; (1) any test materials were not applied into the quadriceps muscles (control group, N = 6), (2) Gentamicin was injected into the quadriceps muscles (Gentamicin group, N = 6), (3) Collatamp was applied into the quadriceps muscles (Collatamp group, N = 27), and (4) Gentacol was applied into the quadriceps muscles (Gentacol group, N = 27). The concentration of gentamicin in muscles was gradually decreased with time after loaded in the both $Gentacol^{TM}$ and $Collatamp^{TM}$ loaded regions. No detectable gentamicin was observed in the plasma of $Gentacol^{TM}$ and $Collatamp^{TM}$ loaded rats. Histologically, moderate to severe inflammatory cell infiltrations including PMN, lymphoid cells and macrophages were observed with slight to moderate edematous changes of muscle fibers after intramuscular injection of gentamicin. However, these histopathological changes of gentamicin injection induced local irritations were dramatically decreases after intramuscular loading of $Collatamp^{TM}$ and $Gentacol^{TM}$. These results suggest $Gentacol^{TM}$ may show favorable local bioavailability and induce only slight local irritations as comparable as $Collatamp^{TM}$ without systemic exposures in the condition of this experiment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.542-548
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• 2003

The present study was aimed to investigate whether glycyrrhizin, which is the major component of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, has an antioxidant effect and regulatory effect on Na,K-ATPase in gentamicin-induced acute renal failure (ARF) rats . It is well known that reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical, are main pathophysiological factor in gentamicin-induced ARF. Glycyrrhizin showed potent in vitro antioxidant activity, especially superoxide scavenging activity, in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma lipid peroxide level was restored to normal level by oral administration of glycyrrhizin (200 mg/kg) in the gentamicin-induced ARF rats. The expression of Na,K-ATPase α1 subunit was restored in the gentamicin-induced ARF rats by administration of glycyrrhizin, whereas β1 subunit was not restored. The renal functional parameters including urine volume, cleatinine clearance, urine osmolality, solute-free water reabroption were also partially restored in gentamicin-ARF rats by administration of glycyrrhizin. Taken together, the amelioration of renal functions and the expression of sodium pump by administration of glycyrrhizin in the gentamicin-induced ARF was appear to be mediated by the scavenging of ROS.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.55-72
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• 1995

Forty gentamicin-resistant isolates of Enterococcus faecalis were selected from various clinical materials, determined their antimicrobial susceptibility, and studied there R-plasmid characteristics and polypeptide patterns. All of the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. The MICs($\mu$/ml) of antimicrobial agents to the isolates were as follows; the MIC of gentamicin was 128 and $\geq$2040, ampicillin 1 and 1, chlorarmphenicol 2 and 8, erythromycin 32 and 256, and vancomycin 1 and 2. E. faecalis HL-1 strain had 8 plasmid DNA elements, HL-2 and HL-3 strains had 6, HL-4 had 7, HL-5 had 4, and HL-6 had 5. The 51.7 Kb of gentamicin resistance plasmid DNA was conjugally transferred from two strains of E. faecalis HL-1 and HL-6 to S. aureus SK 982. The plasmid transfer frequency between S. aureus SK 982 and E. faecalis HL-1 or E. faecalis HL-6 was 6.3$\times10^{-4} and 3.7$\times10^{-5}$, respectively. Plasmid curing ratio after the treatment of ethidium bromide(10$\mu$/ml) to E. faecalis tarnsconjugants R-1 and R-6 were about 51% and 67%, respectively. The tetracycline gene was located in 2.15 Kb plasmid of E. faecalis HL-1, but it was not found in the E. faecalis HL-6 by Southern blot analyses. The antigenic components of E. faecalis HL-1, HL-6, R-1 and R-6 strains were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. The E. faecalis strains had 7 to 16 polypeptide bands, however their major proteins were 97.8 and 26.8 Kd. At the Immunoblotting, 97.8, 95.8, 74.8, 63.5, 33.7 and 26.8 Kd polypeptides of the strains showed major antigenic activities with patient's sera infected intra-abdominally with an E. faecalis strain.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.64-74
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• 2002

The proper conditions for cold storage of milt in four species of flatfish were investigated. Various diluents were tested for the preservation of marbled sole, brown sole, starry flounder and olive flounder milt at $1\pm0.5^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The most effective diluent was $1\%$ NaCl for marbled sole and Stein's extender for brown sole, starry flounder and olive flounder. After 7 days of storage in different dilution ratios (milt: diluent), marbled sole milt diluted with 1:3-10 and brown sole, starry flounder and olive flounder milt diluted 1:1-10 maintained good sperm activity index (SAI). SAI was affected by storage volume and presence of antibiotic. SAI was lower after 7 days storage in the volume of 1.5 mL than in 0.5 or 1.0 mL. SAI after 29 days storage was markedly enhanced by addition of antibiotic in marbled sole (400 ppm gentamicin, 400 ppm neomycin, 200-400 ppm streptomycin), brown sole (600 ppm gentamicin), starry flounder (1,000 ppm gentamicin) and olive flounder (200-1,000 ppm gentamicin, 200-400 ppm neomycin, 200-1,000 ppm streptomycin).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.551-556
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• 2007

Purpose: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an etiologic agent in serious wound infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is problematic because this organism is resistant to many antimicrobial drugs. The purpose of this study was to compare the bactericidal effect of commonly used topical agents and their effect on wound healing. Methods: Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected full-thickness skin defect was developed on the mouse to compare 3 commonly used topical agents-Betadine, 2% Gentamicin solution and 0.3% Acetic acid with the control group. Wound size change, bacterial colony counts and histologic findings of each groups were analyzed. Results: The wound size decreased in all treated groups as compared with the control group. However, there was no statistical difference. Gentamicin solution group was showed the lowest bacterial colony count and statistically significant difference compared with the control group(p=0.032). Other treated groups were also effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but not different statistically. Histologic findings revealed that epithelialization, granulation tissue formation and microvessel proliferation were increased and necrosis and inflammation were decreased in all treated groups compared to the control group, but not different statistically. Betadine group significantly increased granulation tissue formation compared to the control group (p= 0.041). Conclusion: There is no universal topical agent that enhances most aspects of wound healing while simultaneously decreasing the bacterial concentration. However, Gentamicin solution may be an optimal topical agent for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected wound. Further study should experiment on human with Gentamicin solution to confirm a effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected wound for clinical applications.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2011

Population pharmacokinetics for gentamicin were compared with 20 Korean patients (14 male and 6 female) and 25 Caucasian appendicitis patients (16 male and 9 female). Two to six blood specimens were collected from all patients at the following times : just before a regularly scheduled infusion and at 0.5 hour after the end of a 0.5 hour infusion. Nonparametric expected maximum(NPEM) algorithm for population modeling was used. The estimated parameters were the elimination rate constant(K), the slope(KS) of the relationship between K versus creatinine clearance(Ccr), the apparent volume of distribution (V), the slope(VS) of the relationship between V versus weight, gentamicin clearance(CL) and the slope(CS) of the relationship between CL versus Ccr and the V. The output includes two marginal probability density function(PDF), means, medians, modes, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and CV%. The mean K(KS) were$0.402{\pm}0.129hr^{-1}$ ($0.00486{\pm}0.00197[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]^{-1}$) and $0.425{\pm}0.137hr^{-1}$($0.00432{\pm}0.00168[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]^{-1}$) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively. The mean V(VS) were not different at $14.3{\pm}3.69L$($0.241{\pm}0.0511L/kg$) and $15.8{\pm}4.81L$($0.236{\pm}0.0531L/kg$) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively (P>0.2). The mean CL(CS) were $5.68{\pm}1.69L/hr$ ($0.0714{\pm}0.0222L/kg[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]$) and $6.29{\pm}1.84L/hr$ ($0.0629{\pm}0.0189L/kg[hr{\cdot}mL/min/1.73m^2]$) for Korean and Caucasian populations, respectively. There are no differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics between Korean and Caucasian appendicitis patients.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2017

This study was investigated the synergistic effects from the combination of cefalexin and gentamicin (CCG) against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine milk. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index were determined for 16 bacteria from 13 bovine farms in Gyeongsangnam province by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution procedure. Antimicrobial agents tested included cefalexin, gentamicin and CCG. Against Staphylococcus spp. tested, the MIC ranges of cefalexin, gentamicin and CCG were 0.25~1.0, 0.5~0.125 and $0.06{\sim}0.125{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In addition, the FIC index ranges of CCG against most of the isolates was 0.28~0.43 and the FIC index of CCG against 2 strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus) was 0.59. In conclusion, CCG has a high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus isolates, then the combination may be applied for the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2012

Enviromental differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics by using population pharmacokinetic methods were compared with 20 Korean patients and 24 Korean-American appendicitis patients. Two to six blood specimens were collected from all patients at the following times : just before a regularly scheduled infusion and at 0.5 hour after the end of a 0.5 hour infusion. Nonparametric expected maximum (NPEM) algorithm for population modeling was used. The estimated parameters were the elimination rate constant (K), the slope (KS) of the relationship between K versus creatinine clearance ($C_{cr}$), the apparent volume of distribution (V), the slope (VS) of the relationship between V versus weight, gentamicin clearance (CL) and the slope (CS) of the relationship between CL versus $C_{cr}$ and the V. The output includes two marginal probability density function (PDF), means, medians, modes, variance and CV%. The mean K (KS) were $0.402{\pm}0.129\;h^{-1}(0.00486{\pm}0.00197\;[h{\cdot}ml/min/1.73\;m^2]^{-1})$ and $0.411{\pm}0.135\;h^{-1}(0.00475{\pm}0.00180\;[h{\cdot}ml/min/1.73\;m^2]^{-1})$ for Korean and Korean-American populations, respectively. The mean V (VS) were not different at $14.3{\pm}3.6l(0.241{\pm}0.0511l/kg)$ and $15.1{\pm}3.84l(0.239{\pm}0.0492l/kg)$ for Korean and Korean-American populations, respectively (p>0.2). The mean CL (CS) were $5.68{\pm}1.69l/h(0.0714{\pm}0.0222l/kg[h{\cdot}ml/min/1.73\;m^2])$ and $5.70{\pm}1.77l/h(0.0701{\pm}0.0215l/kg[h{\cdot}ml/min/1.73\;m^2])$ for Korean and Korean-American populations, respectively. There were no enviromental differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics between Korean and Korean-American appendicitis patients.