• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-99
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• 2010

Most of studies on patriotism in the marketing area have focused on ethnocentric tendencies observed in consumption behaviors. On the contrary, there have been few empirical studies on how patriotism in the general sense, indicating affection for, attachment to, and pride in the country, influences consumers' evaluation of domestic and foreign products. Given the current situation that marketing activities appealing to people's patriotism is increasing, this is somewhat surprising. Thus, this study examined empirically how patriotism influences people's evaluation of domestic and foreign products. In addition, we tested whether consumer ethnocentrism works as an intervening variable in the relation between patriotism and product evaluation. The empirical analysis was conducted through a questionnaire survey of undergraduate and graduate students at universities in Seoul. The survey asked about the respondents' patriotism, consumer ethnocentrism, domestic product evaluation, foreign product evaluation, and demographical characteristics. In foreign product evaluation, the respondents were requested to evaluate Chinese and Japanese products. Email was used to send and recover the questionnaires, and 135 replies were used in the analysis. Major findings from the empirical analysis are as follows. First, a significant relationship was observed between patriotism and domestic product evaluation. That is, patriotic participants evaluated domestic products more favorably. On the other hand, no significant relationship was observed between patriotism and foreign product evaluation(See Table 1-1 and 1-2). Next, the effect of patriotism on domestic product evaluation was mediated by consumer ethnocentrism. However, whether the effect of patriotism on domestic product evaluation is mediated by consumer ethnocentrism partially or fully was different according to product(See Table 2-1 and 2-2). Lastly, we tried to analyze the relation between consumer ethnocentrism and product evaluation and comparing the results with findings of previous researches. According to the results, a significant relationship was observed between consumer ethnocentrism and domestic product evaluation but not between consumer ethnocentrism and foreign product evaluation. The meanings of this study are as follows. First, there have been few marketing studies that investigated the relation between patriotism and product evaluation. Thus, this study is meaningful in that it supplemented the limitation of previous research. Second, consumer ethnocentrism was found to mediate the relation between patriotism and domestic product evaluation. Considering the absence of previous research that examined the role of consumer ethnocentrism as an intervening variable, this study is significant in that it expanded the scope of research on consumer ethnocentrism. Third, from the practical aspect, the results of this study suggest that marketing appealing to patriotism is effective in stimulating consumers' purchase and consumption of domestic products. Accordingly, such a marketing strategy is expected to be effective in protecting domestic markets from imported goods and overseas brands and to increase demands for domestic products and brands. However, there is the question of whether the effect of patriotism based marketing strategies in promoting demand for domestic products would persist. That is, this study could not find a significant relation between patriotism and foreign product evaluation, and this means that the increase in patriotism for the home country does not damage people's view to the quality of foreign products negatively. Accordingly, without change in people's perception of foreign products, it is highly likely that the increase in demand for domestic products or brands induced by patriotism elevated at a specific time or situation may not last long. Fourth, the results of this study suggest that the patriotism level may influence consumers' choice behavior toward retailers strongly connected to a specific country or region. That is, consumers with high level patriotism may hesitate or avoid using a retailer associated with some foreign country. Fifth, according to the results of this study, when people's patriotism is stimulated by a specific social situation or event, it can be an opportunity for domestic franchise brands to increase their market performance such as sales and market share and, at the same time, for foreign franchise brands to experience adversities. Therefore, during a period like the Olympic Games or the World Cup when people's sense of belonging or attachment to their country is heightened, domestic franchise brands need to make marketing activities that may lead market opportunities to substantial results and foreign franchise brands to cope with such adversities. Sixth, consumers' brand choice is often made in retail stores. It has been demonstrated by numerous studies that in store stimuli such as point of purchase display can affect consumers' behavior. Considering this, domestic brands facing competition with foreign brands should make continuous efforts to enhance the market performance of their products through developing in store stimuli that can stimulate consumers' patriotism. Finally, based on the major findings of this study, both academic and practical issues were discussed. Suggestions for future studies were provided.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.211-221
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• 2014

The clinical practices provide the students with a good opportunity to study the practical experiences in their field through the clinical training education in hospital. Now, in this study, comparing the perceptions of the clinic teachers with those of students at the clinical site. The study was conducted to the students attending universities located in Seoul and who finished the clinical practices in 2013. The questionnaires were distributed to the student and collected from them. The study were conducted to 275 questionnaires with frequency analysis, crosstabs, chi-square test and McNemar test. The major motivation was of the select radiography course was high employment rate(44.0%) and the satisfaction of radiography course was general(53.1%). 51.3% of the study answered 8 weeks current duration of clinical practices is proper. The 3-year course students answered that the period of clinical practices would be proper if it is performed in the winter vacation in their second year in college(47.3%). The 4-year course students answered that the first semester in their third years is proper for clinical practices( 27.7%). The students answered that they felt the lack in their knowledge on the professional field(32.4%) during the clinical practices and some of the practical training is different from the education performed at school(68.4%). Most of answered that they were satisfied with the clinical practices and among them they recognized the importance of the clinical practices ($3.94{\pm}0.89$). After the clinical practices, their desire for getting job as a radiography has changed from 84.1% to 82.9%. The reason why they want the job related to the radiation is because the job is stable (changed from 49.0% to 46.0% after the clinical practice) while the reason why they don't want be a radigrapher because that job is not proper for them (changed from 37.0% to 40.7% after the clinical practice) The effort should be made to enhance the position of radiation professionals through the improved education system to the students, rather giving them education for just employment.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.87-111
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• 2013

Regional disparities between eastern and western regions is the most of serious problem for balanced regional development in Turkey. The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is being implemented to eliminate these regional development disparities. The work that was initially planned as predominantly for hydraulic energy production to utilize water resources of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers more effectively was later transformed into an integrated multi-sector regional development project. This study noted that this region had very limited cash crop production because of the constraints of semi-arid climate of the southeastern region, however, later, it has changed Turkey's major cotton producing region since Southeastern Anatolia Project carried out. Therefore, this study investigated background, process, and content of the Southeastern Anatolia Project with respect to high cotton productivity in this region and examined the dynamic changes of cotton productivity in this region. In addition, Sanliurfa prefecture is one of the main development axes of the Southeastern Anatolia Project, because government investments are concentrated on this prefecture. Therefore, this study examined the background and process of cotton farming growth in this prefecture. In 2011, Sanliurfa prefecture produced 37.6% of Turkey's total cotton production. This is mainly due to agricultural infrastructure expansion such as land consolidation, irrigation, roads and farm roads. Also, it is one of the main factor that subsidies paid to farmers for cotton cultivation. The introduction of irrigation has dramatically changed the direction of seasonal migration of this area. Prior to irrigation, this area had a serious social issue about out-migration for seasonal labor to other areas. However, the introduction of irrigation made this area that changed to in-migration and intramigration for cotton cultivation. Irrigation water is supplied to farmers through the WUAs (Water User Associations) that handed over irrigation water management, operation from DSI (General Directorate of State of Hydraulic Works). However, the WUAs are under the influence of Ashiret, a traditional feudal social structure. Because of this reason, it does not have an efficient management for farmers. Also, it is one of the reasons that this area does not have autonomous farmer organization.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.371-382
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• 2017

The texts in the national science curriculum documents are expected to be interpreted in the same meaning as that of the authors. In this study, the science achievement standards in national curriculum documents were examined through an analysis of the differences between the interpretations of Korean language education experts and science education experts. Three Korean language education experts designed and utilized an analysis framework on science curriculum standards from their viewpoints while three science education experts utilized TIMSS cognitive domain framework to analyze the 2009 Korean revised science curriculum achievement standards. The differences between interpretations of both groups were analyzed qualitatively through interviews. First of all, the two groups seemed to have different meanings for terms such as "explain," "analyze," "define," and "cause and effect." The science achievement standards described by general verbs like "explain" were interpreted in various ways. The verb "explain" that appears many times in the science achievement standards seem to be representing the "describe" subsections in the framework of Korean language education expert rather than the "explain" subsections of the framework of science education experts. Science education experts seemed to focus on prepositional phrases, which indicate inquiry process, while Korean language education experts seemed to focus on objective phrases. Moreover, the science education experts would interpret the achievement standards based on their background knowledge while the Korean language education experts would interpret them based on the structure of the sentences. This study suggests that achievement standards should specifically indicate the levels and scopes of cognitive domain as well as the knowledge domain. Also, integrations of achievement standards in cognitive domains of Korean language and science subjects should be considered.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.121-149
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• 2002

This Study aims at investigating the tendency of individual problems that the students at the departments of dental technology are faced with, their efforts and types of activities to solve the problems. Surveyed for this purpose were 700 freshmen to juniors enrolled in the departments of dental technology at the universities across the country and they were analyzed by area, grade and sex. 1. Tendency of Problems The areas of problems the students at the departments of dental technology considered as most serious were health, human relation, view of value and economy in sequence, while the areas they considered as least serious were future course and employment. In general, there were tendencies as follows: divided by grade, the higher the grades of the students are, the higher scores of problems they get(F=12.14, P=.000) : in the areas of health and human relation, as the grade gets higher, the scores of their problems also increase, accordingly(F= 17.58, P=.000)(F=8.39, P=.000) : in the areas of economy, parents and home, freshmen and juniors are found to have higher scores of problems compared to sophomores,:F=7.89, P=.000)(F=11.63, P=.000) : divided by sex, female students recorded higher scores of problems than their counterparts(F=31.85, P=.000) 2. Efforts for Problems View of value, human relation, parents and home appeared to be the areas for which the students made the highest rate of efforts in sequence while the areas for which they paid lowest grade of efforts were health and economy. In other words, the students gave higher scores for human relation and view of value in terms of tendency as well as efforts of problems, while they rated high for health and economy in the tendency but low in the efforts of problems. Divided by grade, freshmen and juniors appeared to score higher points than sophomores in their efforts to solve problems, even though juniors made relatively higher efforts than freshmen(F=6.53, P=.002). Divided by sex, female students scored higher points in their efforts than males(F=15.98, P=.000) 3. Difference of Efforts to Solve Problems. In the analysis into the scores of difference showing the disagreement between the tendency of problems and the efforts to solve problems, the area of health was rated as highest, followed by economy. There was little difference of scores between human relation and view of value, an indicator of agreement between the scores of problems and efforts. The difference of scores between future course and employment, between liberal arts and recreation, between characters/parents and home/school work turned out to be negative in the listed sequence, leading to a conclusion that the students enrolled in the departments of dental technology are making more efforts to solve problems than actually needed in most areas. By grade, there was a significant difference only in the area of health(F=3.00, P=.050). This difference itself was widening as the students come to higher grades. By sex, females showed bigger difference than males. 4. Types of Activities to Solve Problems. The analysis into types of activities to solve problems revealed that the surveyed students seemed to actively cope with the problems in all areas, relying at the same time on personal relationship. Especially in the areas of health, economy, parents, home, human relation, future course and employment, the students appeared to deal with the problems actively as well as emotionally.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.112-134
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyze the consumer's expectation before the health care service and the consumer's satisfaction after it. The participants of the study are inpatients in a general hospital located in Seoul. The resources were collected from the self-administration questionnaire survey run parallel with face to face interview. In order to measure the degree of the consumer's expectation, 349 samples were collected from the first questionnaire survey on the date of admission to the hospital. The second questionnaire survey was carried out on the date of discharge to the hospital with the participants responding to the first questionnaire survey. There are 154 samples collected from this survey. The results from the analysis of these resources are as follow. First, the survey shows that one of the highest consumers' expectations was about the generosity, kindliness and sincerity from the staff at the hospital, specially from doctors. Second, according to the analysis of the factors affecting the expectations of the consumers, with regard to path of admission to a hospital relating to patient's features, outpatient who gets into a hospital expected good medical care much more than the other patients. In regard of doctor's features, patients usually and highly expect good medical care from doctors who have good carrier and much experience. Third, according to the second questionnaire survey, what patients are satisfied most with is about the generosity and sincerity from staff at a hospital, especially from doctors and their gem attitudes. The results from survey show that the differences among the degree of consumers' satisfaction are very variable, depending on surrounding environments and facilities. The only fact that expectation didn't meet with satisfaction appeared to the case about technology and skill of medical care and the case about updated medical skills and equipments. Fourth, comparing the degree of expectation with the degree of satisfaction of consumers, correlative analysis was concerned significantly and specifically about the part of overall cleanliness relating to facilities and surrounding environments, the items about medical examination and test plan procedure relating to skill of medical care, professional specialties and convenience for procedure, and the items about satisfying explanations and concern about patients from doctors relating to staff's generosity and sincerity. Fifth, the analysis of the factors affecting the degree of how much patients are satisfied with shows that relating to sociodemographical features, patients are not satisfied with the case when the time and process of medical treatment are getting longer. It is surveyed that consumer were satisfied with the motivation to visit a hospital and the insurance type in patient's feature and so were the medical department and the factor of the degree of the expectation in disease's feature. Sixth, according to analysis based on the survey, patients would join again a hospital when they get satisfaction from the medical care and also they want to come again regarding to doctor's capability. For example, when doctors are old, have a good carrier and much experience, patients would come again. As seen from the above, consumers are usually satisfied with the medical treatment more than that they expected before. They would intend to use again when they get satisfaction from the medical care provided at a hospital. Patients and consumers highly expect good attitude as well as capacity from medical doctors and they are also generally satisfied with those things. Therefore, in order to increase the degree of consumer's satisfaction and their intention to come again, the hospital staff would have to commit themselves to achieve high quality service continuously and would have to make an effort to offer the finest quality service.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.234-257
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• 2000

At present in the medical care, the study and effort for producing health service to consider efficiency, effectiveness, and quality are urgently called for because of the difficulty in the keen competition according to the inter- nationalization and opening, the operation in the medical institution service testing system, the change in the medical policy of KDRGs, and the lack of the health care cost increasing rate. As an alternative, the case management for the new management system is introduced in the U.S., and the Critical Pathway that is the method designing the contents of activity and its result has been developed and applied in order to anticipate and manage the patient-outcome for the realization of the cost-effective case-management. Thus, this study intended to analyze the effectiveness to obtain by developing the Critical Pathway presented as the method to improve the quality-betterment and cost effectiveness through the continuous and consistent patient management for the hysterectomy patient and applying it to the real practice. As a study method, this author formed a conceptual framework through considering five Critical Pathway used in the current U.S. and three Critical Pathway presented in the literature to develop the Critical Pathway for the hysterectomy patient, and made out the preliminary Critical Pathway through reviewing the old chart. This author made the verified the validity of the expert group about the developed Critical Pathway, and to confirm the possibility of practice application, completed and settled the final Critical Pathway after using the Critical Pathway to the hysterectomy patient from March 1st to 15th, 1997. Finally, to analyze the application-effect of the developed Critical Pathway, this author offered health care service applying the Critical Pathway to the hysterectomy patient from April 15th to August 31th, 1997. The guide for the Critical Pathway was carried out in advance by outpatient setting nurse for outpatient setting visit before the operation, and after hospitalization the primary nurse monitored the execution degree on the every duty. After discharge this author surveyed the complication through phone visiting, and one month after discharge surveyed the patient's reaction about the offered service when outpatient setting visit and analyzed the result. The source for health care cost was obtained by the statistics about the hospital charge which was offered by the General Business Department. The results were as follows. 1. It was decided that the vertical line of the Critical Pathway was made up of eight items such as monitoring/assessment, treatment, line/drains, activity, medication, lab test, diet, patient teaching, and the horizontal line of the Critical Pathway was made up of from hospitalization to discharge. 2. After the analysis of service contents through reviewing the old chart, it was decided that the horizontal line of the preliminary Critical Pathway was made up of from hopitalization to fourth postoperative day, and the vertical line of it was divided into eight items which were the contents to occur with the time frame of the horizontal line. 3. After the verifying the validity of the expert group about the preliminary Critical Pathway, the horizontal line was amended from hopitalization to third postoperative day, and taking their consensus, some contents of the horizontal line was amended and deleted. 4. From March 1st to 15th, 1997, to confirm the clinical suitability, this author offered eight hysterectomy patients the medical service through the Critical Pathway. The result was that three of them could be discharged at the expected discharge day, and the others later than that day. Supplementing the preliminary Critical Pathway through analyzing the cause of that delay- case, this author developed the final Critical Pathway. 5. There were no significant differences between the experimental and the control group in the incidence of complication(P > 0.05). 6. The 92.4% of experimental group was satisfied with the Critical Pathway service. 7. The length of hospital stay of the experimental group offered with the Critical Pathway service was 4.6 days and there was a significant difference that it was 1.3 days shorter than that of the control group(t=-29.514, P=0.000). 8. There wsa a significant difference that the mean medical charge per one patient of the experimental group offered the Critical Pathway service was cheaper \124,150 than that of the control group(t=-9.826, P=0.000). 9. The result that the author assumed and analyzed hospital income with the rate of turning bed was assumed that the increase of hospital income was \63,245,072 for that study, and the income increase was expected with \68,704,864 for a year. The result that this author applied the Critical Pathway to the hysterectomy patient have no differences in the incidence of complication, high satisfaction with that service, and the length of hospital stay decreased in the experimental group, and the mean hospital charge per one patient decreased, but hospital income increased. Suggestions for further study and nursing practice are as follows. 1. The study to apply the Critical Pathway for a year, verify the validity, and measure the effect repeatedly is needed. 2. To apply and manage the Critical Pathway effectively, the study to computerize it is needed. 3. The study to develop hospital-based Critical Pathway about other diseases or procedure, and measure the effect is needed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.318-328
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• 1987

The results of experiment to review the optimum pasteurization condition for the raw milk produced in Korea by using UHT procedure of $100-145^{\circ}C$, the changes in chemical composition, microbiological aspects and the keeping quality of the heat treated milk are summarized as follows: 1. In UHT milk sterilized at $100-145^{\circ}C$, the pH value decreased from 6.55 to 6.33 but protein, fat, lactose and ash did not show significance changes while casein nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen increased but non-casein nitrogen and filterable nitrogen decreased. 2. Calcium content decreased gradually from 119.8 mg/100 g of raw milk to 75.75 mg/100 g at $145^{\circ}C$ as the heat treatment increased and vitamin C decreased rapidly from 1.37 mg/100 ml to 0.82 mg/ 100 ml while artificial digestibility increased from 14.07% of raw milk to 26.0% as the heat treatment increased. 3. As the heat treatment increased, microorganism counts decreased to $0.5{\times}10^2/ml$ and were not found above $135^{\circ}C$ - coliforms and psychrotrophic bacteria from $100^{\circ}C$ thermoduric bacteria, thermophiles, mould and yeast from $125-130^{\circ}C$. Heat treatment above $135^{\circ}C$ showed 100% sterilization effect. 4. The result of preservation test for heat treated milk did not show any significant changes in titratable acidity and general composition at $4^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ up to 15 days. Viable bacteria counts, coliforms and psychrotrophic bacteria were not found but loss of vitamin and increase in viable bacteria counts appeared after 20 days.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.333-340
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• 2017

The prevalence of periodontal disease was steadily increased. The best prevention methods for periodontal disease are teeth brushing and scaling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of scaling experience and related factors among some workers. Total 455 workers in 5 manufacturing companies in Gwangju were selected using convenience sampling method. General characteristics, work-related characteristics, oral health-related characteristics and scaling experience were collected by self-reported questionnaires. Chi-square tests, t-tests and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate the factors influencing the scaling experience using SPSS software. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value<0.05. The proportion of scaling experience during the past year was 47.0%. In simple analysis, age, current working position, number of oral disease, interest in oral health, use of secondary oral products, oral health screening use, oral health education experience and awareness of scaling inclusion in the National Health Insurance (NHI) coverage were associated with scaling experience. Finally, the odds ratios (ORs) for scaling experience were significantly higher in younger subjects (adjusted OR [aOR], 3.09; 95% confidence internal [CI], 1.60~5.96), assistant manager (aOR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.55~4.63), subjects with high interest in oral health (aOR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.02~4.52), subjects with oral health screening use (aOR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.50~5.11) and awareness of scaling inclusion in the NHI coverage (aOR; 2.91, 95% CI, 1.80~4.72) in multiple logistic regression analysis. Scaling experience was relatively low (47.0%). The related factors with scaling experience were age, working position, use of screening and awareness of scaling inclusion in the NHI coverage. Considering these factors will increase the utilization rate of scaling.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.125-139
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• 2012

This paper aims to analyze the employment of graduates majoring in Library and Information Science(LIS) in K University, to identify problems in the employment of those graduates, and to propose approaches to improve employment. Among 178 graduates getting a job for five years from August 2006 to February 2011, 65% of them was employed, 32% was not employed, and 3% continued further study, The 116 graduates employed were analyzed. The results revealed that 40% are full-time employees and 60% are part-time workers. For workplace types, 29% worked in general companies and 16% worked in public libraries. 10% worked in school libraries and college libraries. Those who worked in administrative divisions in colleges or schools comprised 9%. Those who worked in public organizations and publishing companies/bookstores were 6% each. 5% worked in specialized libraries. In the case of duties, 38% were librarians. 30% were engaged in office work. Those in sales/administration were 7%. Tellers/salesperson comprised 7%. 5% worked as teaching assistants and 3% worked in the web or in IT related businesses. Those who worked in private institutes and product planning/design comprised 2% each. Teacher librarians, day care center teachers, secretaries, company newsletter reporters, soldiers and self-employed workers were 1% for each. As a result, the major congruence was around 40%. For the career which the (56) unemployed desired, 57% prepared themselves for employment and 21% prepared for Civil Service Examination. Those who prepared for teacher recruit examination and who weren't confirmed were 11% for each. The problems identified were high unemployment to 32%, higher employment as part-time workers than full-time workers, and major congruence of just around 40%. As the results, the study proposes that the national and local authorities should actively create jobs, make the students majoring in LIS have the opportunity to understand and experience jobs related to information science, develop jobs related to LIS on the academic level and provide guidance to graduates.