• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.247-252
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• 1997

Perfluorotolyl (PFT)-ether and perfluorotoly-trimethylsilyl (PFT-TMS) ether derivatives of oestrone, $17{\alpha}$- and $17{\beta}$oestradiol were prepared under phase transfer conditons. The former derivatives under negative ion chemical ionization conditions gave significant ions in the mass spectrometer but $17{\alpha}$- and $17{\beta}$ -oestradiol gave poor resolution. However, the PFT-TMS derivatives of 17.${\alpha}$- and$17{\beta}$-oestradiol showed good resolution. These derivatives were used for the analysis of oestrogens in bovine aqueous humour, vitreous humour and retina. The mean $({\pm}SEM)$ concentrations of oestrone in bovine aqueous humour (n=18), vitreous humour (n=18) and bovine retina (n=4) were $0.47{\pm}0.11$, $0.46{\pm}0.14$ and $1.10{\pm}0.24 ng.ml^{-1}$, respectively. $17{\alpha}$-Oestradiol was detected in 16 out of 18 samples of bovine aqueous humour and vitreous humour and the mean $({\pm}SEM)$ concentrations were $0.30{\pm}0.10$ and $0.08{\pm}0.02 ng.ml^{-1}$, respectively. The mean $({\pm}SEM)$ concentration of 17.betha.-oestradiol in aqueous humour (n=7) and vitreous homour (n=11) $0.83{\pm}0.26 ng ml^{-1}$ and $0.39{\pm}0.09 ng ml^-1$, respectively. In retina the concentrations of both steroids were below the detection limit.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.544-552
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for determining 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of EU priority using gas chromatography (GC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS). The PAHs in ground coffee were analyzed after being extracted using methods such as saponification-liquid-liquid extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and solid-liquid extraction. The solid-liquid extraction method showed the greatest repeatability and most efficient reduction of the matrix effect. GC-tandem MS for the quantification of the 15 PAHs showed better resolution and lower limit of detections (LODs) than GC-MS-selected ion monitoring (SIM) and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. LODs of this method for the ground coffee types were 0.002-0.1 ${\mu}g/kg$ and limit of quantifications (LOQs) were 0.006-0.2 ${\mu}g/kg$ The recoveries ranged from 52.6 to 93.3%. Forty-six commercial types of ground coffee were analyzed to determine their PAHs contamination levels. PAHs concentration ranged from ND to 5.988 ${\mu}g/kg$. This study was conducted with toxicity equivalence factors, the U.S. EPA recommendation to identify dietary risks for PAHs in different types of coffee. The estimated average daily dose of PAHs was $5.24{\times}10^{-8}$ mg/kg body weight/day.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.436-445
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• 2015

Amomi Fructus with anti-oxidative activity was chosen and essential oil was obtained by SDE (simultaneous distillation extraction), and 39 constituents were determined by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Major components were camphor, borneol acetate, borneol, D-limonene and camphene. Three solvent extracts such as hexanes, diethyl ether and methylene chloride from Amomi Fructus were obtained. These were analyzed by GC-MS and 4 more constituents were identified in addition to 39 components discovered in essential oil. Five major components such as camphor, borneol acetate, borneol, D-limonene and camphene were also detected, however the relative peak percents of those components were different from those of constituents in essential oil. To estimate the kind and the amount of materials evaporated at certain temperature and conditions from essential oil and solvent extracts, dynamic headspace apparatus was used and materials evaporated and trapped at certain conditions were analyzed by GC-MS. Recovery yield of SDE method from Amomi Fructus was measured by using camphor and standard calibration solution of camphor methanol solution and, the yield was 82.0%. Content of Hg was measured by mercury analyzer and contents of Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in Amomi Fructus, essential oils and solvent extracts were determined by ICP-MS (Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer). Pb, Cd and Hg were measured in the concentration of 0.72 mg/kg, <0.10 mg/kg and 0.0023 mg/kg, respectively and these were below permission level of purity test. Contents of Mn, Cu and Zn in Amomi Fructus were 213 mg/kg, 8.29 mg/kg and 31.0 mg/kg, respectively and which were relatively higher than other metals such as Cr, Co and Ni. Metals such as Mn (0.65 ~ 9.08 mg/kg), Cu (1.16 ~ 4.40 mg/kg) and Zn (1.10 ~ 3.80 mg/kg) in essential oil and solvent extracts were detected. At this point it is not clear that the metals were cross-contaminated in the course of treating Amomi Fructus or metals were contained in Amomi Fructus. The influence evaluation toward biological model study of these metals in essential oil and solvent extracts will be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2002

Cerebroside fatty acids, sugars and long-chain sphingoid bases in raw soybean and soybean fermented foods (chongkukjang and deunjang) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amerometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Fatty acids of acid-hydrolyzed cerebrosides were derivatized to O-TMS methylester and analysed. The major fatty acids in raw soybean and chongkukjang cerebrosides were identified as 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (16 : 0h), 2-hydroxydocosanoic acid (22 : 0h) and 2-hydroxytetracosanoic acid (24 : 0h). In the case of deunjang cerebroside, 24 : 0h (40.9%) and 22 : 0h (23.4%) were major fatty acids, but 16 : 0h, 23 : 0h, 25 : 0h and 26 : 0h were also detected. Long-chain sphingoid bases of acid-hydrolyzed cerebrosides from raw soybean, chongkukjang and deunjang consisted primarily of 4-tracts, 8-tracts-sphingadienine (dihydroxy base, d18 : 2$\Delta$$^{4trans, 8trans}$) and sis-tracts isomers of 4-hydroxy-sphingenine (trihydroxy base, tl8:1$\Delta$$^{4trans or cis}$) with much less amounts of phytosphingosine (tl8: 0) and isomers of sphingenine (d18 : 1). Although deunjang is a soybean food fermented by fungi and microorganisms for a long period, 2-hydroxyoctadec-3-enoic acid (18 : 1h) and branched 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine known as compositional cerebroside fatty acids in Aspergillus species were not detected. Mass spectrum for sugar derivatives in cerebrosides of soybean foods including raw soybean and fermented soybean showed that C-1 of glucose moiety was linked to ceramide backbone as like a monoglucosylceramide.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2008

Antimicrobial activity of Zanthoxylum piperitum was investigated against Streptococcus mutans that causes dental caries. Although the methylene chloride extract of seeds exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than other organic solvent extracts, including methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of pericarps or seeds of Z. piperitum, essential oils prepared from both seeds and pericarps possessed more potent inhibitory activity than the methylene chloride extract of seeds. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oils of seeds and pericarps were 0.3 mg/ml and 4.0 mg/ml against S. mutans, respectively. When the seed essential oil was further separated into seven fractions (CS-SD-A${\sim}$CS-SD-G) by thin layer chromatography (TLC), all fractions exhibited lower antimicrobial activity than the essential oil. To understand the antimicrobial ingredients of Z. piperitum, seeds the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data of the methylene chloride extract of seeds was compared with those of the seed essential oil (CS-SD). Whereas the methylene chloride extract of seeds contained carvacrol (0.24%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (1.72%), and ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.88%), which were previously known to inhibit growth of S. mutans, the seed essential oil contained sabinene (1.57%), linalool (1.55%), citronellal (13.67%), terpinene-4-ol (0.45%), citronellol (3.69%), geraniol (0.9%), linalyl acetate (1.35%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (1.35%), ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.78%), and ${\delta}$-cadinene (0.67%) in this regard. These results indicate that Z. piperitum seeds possess various inhibitory substances against S. mutans, and an effective method to isolate the active ingredients from the seeds is to prepare the essential oil. These results also suggest that the essential oil of Z. piperitium seeds may be applicable to preventing dental caries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.90-99
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• 2021

In this study, to reduce the production cost of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA), optimal cell growth and PHA biosynthesis conditions of the isolated strain Pseudomonas sp. EML8 were established using waste frying oil (WFO) as the cheap carbon source. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC mass spectrometry analysis of the medium-chain-length PHA (mcl-PHAWFO) obtained by Pseudomonas sp. EML8 of WFO indicated that it was composed of 7.28 mol% 3-hydrxoyhexanoate, 39.04 mol% 3-hydroxyoctanoate, 37.11 mol% 3-hydroxydecanoate, and 16.58 mol% 3-hydroxvdodecanoate monomers. When Pseudomonas sp. EML8 were culture in flask, the maximum dry cell weight (DCW) and the mcl-PHAWFO yield (g/l) were showed under WFO (20 g/l), (NH4)2SO4 (0.5 g/l), pH 7, and 25℃ culture conditions. Based on this, the highest DCW, mcl-PHAWFO content, and mcl-PHAWFO yield from 3-l-jar fermentation was obtained after 48 hr. Similar results were obtained using 20 g/l of fresh frying oil (FFO) as a control carbon source. In this case, the DCW, the mcl-PHAFFO content, and the mcl-PHAFFO yields were 2.7 g/l, 62 wt%, and 1.6 g/l, respectively. Gel permeation chromatography analysis confirmed the average molecular weight of the mcl-PHAWFO and mcl-PHAFFO to be between 165-175 kDa. Thermogravimetric analysis showed decomposition temperature values of 260℃ and 274.7℃ for mcl-PHAWFO and mcl-PHAFFO, respectively. In conclusion, Pseudomonas sp. EML8 and WFO could be suggested as a new candidate and substrate for the industrial production of PHA.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2008

Five antioxidative active substances were isolated from the EtOAc layer (20 g/56.2 g) of Korean black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) wine (11 L, black raspberry 15.7 kg fresh wt. eq.) by various column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ($^1H$-NMR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography Electro Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) identified these as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1, 0.1 mg), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2, 0.3 mg), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-phenol (3, 0.6 mg; tyrosol), pyrocatechol (4, 0.3 mg), 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester (5, 0.6 mg; ethyl gallate). The presence of 1 and 2 in Korean black raspberry has previously been reported. However, the presence of 3-5 in Korean black raspberry, and the identification of 1-5 from the Korean black raspberry wine have never before been reported.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.88-103
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• 2009

The volatile and semi-volatile compounds of 5 accessions of domestic scented and 25 accessions of introduced scented were extracted by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrum (GC-MS). A total of 156 volatile and semivolatile compounds were identified from 30 accessions of aromatic rice, including 32 alcohols, 25 acids, 25 ketones, 21 hydrocarbon, 18 esters, 16 aldehydes, 4 ethers, 5 amines, 2 phenols, 2 bases, and 8 miscellaneous compounds. By UPGMA/Neighbor-join tree analysis, the thirty accessions of aromatic rice could be classified into seven groups according to the major odor or aroma compounds. Group I included indica type of Basmati varieties. Group II and Group IV included japonica type introduced scented. Group III consisted only Hyangmibyeo1ho in domestic scented. Group V and Group VII included indica type of Basmati and non-Basmati varities. Group VI included four of domestic scented of seven accessions excepted Basmati6129, Basmati 6311, and Seratus Malam.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.252-260
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• 2009

The effects of the treatment of an acidic solution at pH 2 on polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were investigated using a circular cross-flow filtration bench with a membrane module. A substantial reduction in the membrane permeability was observed after 80 hours' treatment of the acidic solution. In addition, the analyses of the sample solutions by ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which were taken from the feed tank as a function of the treatment time, showed that a new organic compound was produced in the course of the treatment. From a thorough search of the mass spectral library we presumed the new compound to be 1,6-dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione (DCD), one of the well-known additives for polyurethane. Based on further experimental results, including the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and the solid-state NMR spectra of the membranes used for the treatment of the acidic solution, we suggested that the decrease of the permeate flux resulted not from the deformation of the membranes, but from the fouling by DCD eluted from the polyurethane tubes in the filtration bench during the treatment. Those results imply that the reactivity to an acidic solution of the parts comprising the filtration bench is as important as that of the membranes themselves for effective treatments of acidic solutions, for efficient chemical cleaning by strong acids, and also in determining the pH limit of the solutions that can be treated by the membranes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.199-209
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• 2018

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are increasingly been recognized as the chemical mediators of mold interactions, shaping their community dynamics, growth, and metabolism. Herein, we selectively examined the time-correlated (0 D-11 D, where D = incubation days) effects of intraspecies VOC-mediated interactions (VMI) on Aspergillus oryzae KCCM 60345 (S1), following co-cultivation with partner strain A. oryzae KACC 44967 (S2), in a specially designed twin plate assembly. The comparative evaluation of $S1_{VMI}$ (S1 subjected to VMI with S2) and its control ($S1_{Con}$) showed a notable disparity in their radial growth ($S1_{VMI}$ < $S1_{Con}$) at 5 D, protease activity ($S1_{VMI}$ > $S1_{Con}$) at 3-5 D, amylase activity ($S1_{VMI}$ < $S1_{Con}$) at 3-5 D, and antioxidant levels ($S1_{VMI}$ > $S1_{Con}$) at 3 D. Furthermore, we observed a distinct clustering pattern for gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry datasets from 5 D extracts of $S1_{VMI}$ and $S1_{Con}$ in principle component analysis (PC1: 30.85%; PC2: 10.31%) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) (PLS1: 30.77; PLS2: 10.15%). Overall, 43 significantly discriminant metabolites were determined for engendering the metabolic variance based on the PLS-DA model (VIP > 0.7, p < 0.05). In general, a marked disparity in the relative abundance of amino acids ($S1_{VMI}$ > $S1_{Con}$) at 5 D, organic acids ($S1_{VMI}$ > $S1_{Con}$) at 5 D, and kojic acid ($S1_{VMI}$ < $S1_{Con}$) at 5-7 D were observed. Examining the headspace VOCs shared between S1 and S2 in the twin plate for 5 D incubated samples, we observed the relatively higher abundance of C-8 VOCs (1-octen-3-ol, (5Z)-octa-1,5-dien-3-ol, 3-octanone, 1-octen-3-ol acetate) having known semiochemical functions. The present study potentially illuminates the effects of VMI on commercially important A. oryzae's growth and biochemical phenotypes with subtle details of altered metabolomes.