• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.490-501
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• 2022

In this study, the isoprene and terpene emissions from 32 major urban tree species were investigated. We conducted sampling using a dynamic enclosure system between June and July 2021. Seedlings aged < three years were enclosed in a chamber consisting of a 400 L transparent Tedlar bag. The air flow from the outlet of the chamber was sampled using Tenax-filled sorbent tubes under standard conditions (temperature: 30°C; PAR: 1,000 μmol/m²/sec). A thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system was used to analyze the following 38 biogenic volatile organic compounds: isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Isoprene emitters included Quercus mongolica, Salix koreensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Salix chaenomeloides. Monoterpene emitters included Pinus strobus, Cedrela sinensis, and Cercis chinensis. The monoterpene emission profiles were dominated by á-pinene, myrcene, camphene, and limonene. The predominant oxygenated monoterpene and oxygenated sesquiterpene were eucalyptol and caryophyllene oxide, respectively. For all species, the contributions of sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were relatively low.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.124-132
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• 2022

Through scientific analysis, this study identified the material characteristics of metal foil decorating the border line and knotting of the National Folklore Cultural Heritage 'Pouch for the Sutra Embroidered with a Sun and Moon Design'. Through Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy results, it was estimated that silver (Ag) and sulfur (S) were present in the metal foil, and silver leaf was also attached to the medium. S may discolor Ag from yellow to black depending on its concsentration and contact time. Yellow color could not be identified in metal foil at present. But there existed an example of the preparation of a gold-colored flat silver thread; therefore, further research is needed to estimate the original color. The lamella was reddish brown on the back. Aluminum, silicon, and iron were also detected and were the main components found in red soil. This is believed to be the red adhesive in traditional flat gold thread and is considered to be an adhesive-related component of the metal foil. From the gas chromatography mass spectrometry results, the adhesive component was confirmed to be animal glue.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.207-215
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• 2022

The intensity of fishy odor in eggs, which differs depending on the poultry type and individual perception, can be due to many factors including trimethylamine (TMA) which has been identified as the main. Notably, riboflavin can increase the activity of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3, the enzyme responsible for converting TMA into odorless trimethylamine-N-oxide. This study aimed to analyze the TMA content in egg yolk, evaluate its contribution to fishy odor, and develop a method to prevent this undesired odor. Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to detect and quantify volatile compounds in egg yolk from hens fed a standard TMA-rich diet and hens fed a riboflavin-supplemented diet. To compare the relative content of volatile substances between eggs, a correlation study was performed using an electronic nose. Higher concentration of TMA (1.06 ± 0.12 mg/kg) was detected in egg yolks obtained from hens fed a normal diet than those fed a riboflavin-supplemented diet. Overall, this study suggests that riboflavin affects the quantity and quality of volatile substances, including TMA, present in eggs and we expect these findings to improve the quality and reduce the fishy odor of eggs.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2006

In this study, a series of experiments were conducted using a standard solution containing ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$-endosulfan to follow the removal effect of residual pesticides on soil and aqueous solution. An analytical method for residual pesticides was established by a gas chromatography equipped Ultra II[$(30m{\times}0.25mm(ID){\times}0.25{\mu}m$] capillary column and a ${\mu}$-electron capture detector(${\mu}$-ECD). Recovery rates of residual pesticides for soil samples were 96-100%. The amount of ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$-endosulfan that was spread in the soil was checked for various period of time. It indicated that the amount was reduced to 73 and 61%, respectively. When the water spread amount increased from 10 to 100 mL, ${\alpha}$-endosulfan was eliminated from 45 to 85% and while ${\beta}$-endosulfan from 44 to 88%. Removal rates of ${\alpha}$-endosulfan and ${\beta}$-endosulfan were 99% and 98% respectively within 30 minutes. It was assumed that the organic salts and strong alkali elements contained in the pesticide degradator hydrolyzed the residual pesticide.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.459-473
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• 2008

Antifouling agents including tributyltin (TBT) compound and its derivatives have been used for many years, but the usage of TBT in Korea was legally restricted in 2003, due to its significant environmental impact. Following this, many new alternative antifouling agents have been used. In this experiment, four major antifouling agents were selectively analyzed to study their release in seawater and tidal flats on the Korean Peninsula. These new antifouling agents were extracted from the seawater and tidal flats using a liquid-liquid extraction method and microwave extraction, respectively. The measured concentrations of Irgarol 1051, Sea-Nine 211, Dichlofluanid and Chlorothalonil ranged from N.D.$-23.80ng/{\ell}$, N.D.$-15.30ng/{\ell}$, N.D.$-61.69ng/{\ell}$ and N.D.$-4.19ng/{\ell}$ in the seawater samples and from N.D.-159.45 ng/g, N.D.-476.57 ng/g, N.D.-59.79 ng/g and N.D.-21.27 ng/g in the tidal flat samples, respectively. Interestingly, these new antifouling agents were not detected in any area in the tidal flats at Pusan, whereas a certain amount of them was found in the seawater.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1-27
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• 2023

Objectives : To investigate the modern research achievements of agarwood and its association with the efficacy of herbal medicine based on the in vivo and in vitro activities of volatile compounds detected in agarwood. Methods : Databases such as PubMed and ScienceOn were searched for medicinal in vivo and in vitro activity studies on agarwood. They were categorized into "medicine and pharmacy" and "others not related to medicine and pharmacy," and the studies on medicine and pharmacy were organized according to active efficacy. The efficacy and virtue of agarwood as identified in the book (or herbal medicine/herbology) corresponded to modern medical terms and diseases in reference to the . Separately, the Gas Chromatography & Mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis results of agarwood from a total of 5 production areas of Aquilaria crassna from Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Cambodia as identified in previous studies were consulted to search for research papers on the medicinal activity of the 13 compounds of the aromatic sesquiterpene family detected in agarwood, and they were categorized according to topic. Results : There were 123 studies on the medicinal activity of agarwood. Overall, 46 studies on single extracts of agarwood reported activities such as improving mental health, including anti-anxiety and stability, and antiallergic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and digestive system protective effects. In total, 59 papers on the activities of single compounds isolated from agarwood reported anti-inflammatory and mental health benefits. Separately, 13 compounds detected in agarwood, such as α-agarofuran and β-caryophyllene, were reported by 110 studies to have anticancer, stabilizing, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. There were also papers on the cultivation methods and resin formation conditions of agarwood trees unrelated to the efficacy of herbal medicine. Conclusion : Among the pharmacological papers, a total of 57 papers corresponded to the effects of agarwood in traditional herbal medicine, including 33 papers related to agarwood extracts and 24 papers analyzing 8 types of sesquiterpenes, such as β-caryophyllene and cedrol, from previous studies. Based on the research findings of each paper, it was possible to correlate the effects of agarwood in traditional herbal medicine with the achievements of modern pharmacological research. In addition, further research is anticipated in new areas related to traditional herbal medicine, including the improvement of mental health such as anti-depression, as well as activities related to anticancer, antioxidant, and hair growth.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.311-318
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• 2023

This study was performed to determine the contents of propionic, benzoic, and sorbic acids in dried seasoned seafood products (n=27) sold in Korea. Propionic acid was determined using a gas chromatogramphy-flame ionization detector. Benzoic and sorbic acid were analyzed by using a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Benzoic acid was not detected in the dried seasoned seafood products; however, propionic and sorbic acid were detected in some samples. The concentrations of propionic acid and sorbic acid were up to 125.10 mg/kg and 658.18 mg/kg in dried seasoned seafood products, respectively. Of eight samples labeled with potassium sorbate, sorbic acid was detected in seven of them. The detected sorbic acid levels in these samples met the regulations for sorbic acid usage in Korea. The propionic, benzoic, and sorbic acid contents of dried seasoned seafood products determined in this study can provide basic data for safety management of dried seasoned seafood products in future.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.472-482
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• 2023

This study used gas chromatography combined with the microelectron capture detection method to determine the most effective washing and cooking methods for removing isoprothiolane from rice. The initial isoprothiolane concentrations in brown and polished rice, before washing, were 17.03 mg/kg and 1.67 mg/kg, respectively. Residual concentrations declined with more washing cycles (19.3-59.3% for brown rice; 43.1-66.5% for polished rice); and by increasing the temperature of the washing water from 5℃ to 40℃ (56.6-63.1% for brown rice; 67.1-74.9% for polished rice). Hand-washing samples using gentle stirring or harsh rubbing reduced pesticide concentrations by 63.1-71.6% for brown rice, versus 75.4-87.4% for polished rice. Reduction in isoprothiolane concentrations varied based on the rice cooker type and whether the rice was pre-soaked. Immediate cooking using an electric- or pressure-cooker showed 78.5% and 78.4% reduction in brown rice, compared with 94.0% and 94.0% for polished rice, respectively. Pre-cooking immersion for 30 min showed similar reductions of 83.4% and 83.4% in brown rice, versus 95.8% and 95.8% in polished rice. The results of this study suggest that the most effective method for removing residual isoprothiolane from both brown rice and polished rice was to wash six times (with vigorous rubbing during the 2nd and 3rd washing) in 7-fold water at 40℃, followed by immersion for 30 min before cooking. Regardless of the type of rice cooker, heating is sufficient to remove an average of 83.4% and 95.8% of isoprothiolane from brown rice and polished rice, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.179-190
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• 2024

Cannabis sativa is a plant widely cultivated worldwide and has been used as a material for food, medicine, building materials and cosmetics. In this study, we assessed the functional effects of C. sativa stem and root extracts using network pharmacology and confirmed their novel functions. The components in stem and root ethanol extracts were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, and networks between the components and proteins were constructed using the STICHI database. Functional annotation of the proteins was performed using the KEGG pathway. The effects of the extracts were confirmed in lysophosphatidylcholine-induced THP-1 cells using real-time PCR. A total of 21 and 32 components were identified in stem and root extracts, respectively, and 147 and 184 proteins were linked to stem and root components, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis showed that 69 pathways, including the MAPK signaling pathway, were commonly affected by the extracts. Further investigation using pathway networks revealed that terpenoid backbone biosynthesis was likely affected by the extracts, and the expression of the MVK and MVD genes, key proteins in terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, was decreased in LPC-induced THP-1 cells. Therefore, this study determined the diverse function of C. sativa extracts, providing information for predicting and researching the effects of C. sativa.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.551-558
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• 2011

This present study was performed to analyze the efficiency and volatility of a porous film containing $Chamaecyparis$ $obtusa$ extract as a method to effectively package food compounds. Phytoncide was contacted the state of gas and showed effective antimicrobial properties. Limonene can be distilled without decomposition as a relatively stable terpene and was one of the extract components. $Chamaecyparis$ $obtusa$ essential oil. The optimal solvent composition was a ratio 5:20:0.3 of T-500:ethanol:hardener to effectively manufacture film containing phytoncide essential oil and the minimum antibacterial concentration was 2%. The films were made under different conditions(A-50LF1, A-25SF2, B-50SF1, C-50LF1, C-25SF2 and D-50SF1) containing phytoncide and the amounts of limonene inside the 1-L reaction chamber depending on storage were measured by gas chromatography-mass selective detention. The results showed that the 25SF2(width, 25 mm; length, 20 cm) revealed more amount of limonene compared with 50LF1(width 50 mm, length 20 cm). We confirmed that the gas emission amount showed a better layer on the film side than on the internal film. An effect of film thickness on phytoncide emissions was observed in that the amounts was less than the expectation for a thicker film at the beginning time, but the emitting amounts increased with increasing storage periods. In the storage testing of various films at $35^{\circ}C$ and 70% humidity for 14 days, 25SF2 showed longer preservation compared with that of 50LF in the case of bread. $C.$ $obtusa$ essential oil is a useful fresh ingredients, hence, analysis of limonene emission kinetics from various film was helpful to develop films with an optimal antimicrobial effect, and will allow application of such films in food packaging systems.