• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.132-138
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• 2003

A stoichiometric mixture for $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. The $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal was grown in the three-stage vertical electric furnace by using Bridgman method. The $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal was evaluated to be tetragonal by the power method. The (001) growth plane of oriented $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal was confirmed from back-reflection Laue patterns. The carrier density and mobility of $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.61\times 1016 \textrm {cm}^{-3}$ and 242 $\textrm{cm}^2$/V.s at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $1.4750ev - (7.69\times10^{-3})\; ev/k)\;T^2$/(T + 2147k).The crystal field and the spin-orbit splitting energies for the valence band of the $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal have been estimated to be 0.2704 eV and 0.1465 eV, respectively, by means of the photocurrent spectra and the Hopfield quasicubic model. These results indicate that the splitting of the $\Delta$so definitely exists in the $\Gamma_7$ states of the valence band of the $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal. The three photocurrent peaks observed at 10 K are ascribed to the $A_{1-} B_{1-}$ and Cl-exciton peaks for n = 1.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.602-614
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• 2023

Purpose: The balance between synthesis and degradation of proteins plays a critical role in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been closely associated with skeletal muscle atrophy caused by aging, cancer, and chemotherapy. Polygalacin D is a saponin derivative isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. This study aimed to investigate the effects of polygalacin D on myoblast differentiation and muscle atrophy in association with mitochondrial function in in vitro and in zebrafish models in vivo. Methods: C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in differentiation media containing different concentrations of polygalacin D, followed by the immunostaining of the myotubes with myosin heavy chain (MHC). The mRNA expression of markers related to myogenesis, muscle atrophy, and mitochondrial function was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Wild type AB^* zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were treated with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) with or without polygalacin D, and immunostained to detect slow and fast types of muscle fibers. The Tg(Xla.Eef1a1:mitoEGFP) zebrafish expressing mitochondria-targeted green fluorescent protein was used to monitor mitochondrial morphology. Results: The exposure of C2C12 myotubes to 0.1 ng/mL of polygalacin D increased the formation of MHC-positive multinucleated myotubes (≥ 8 nuclei) compared with the control. Polygalacin D significantly increased the expression of MHC isoforms (Myh1, Myh2, Myh4, and Myh7) involved in myoblast differentiation while it decreased the expression of atrophic markers including muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1), mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad)2, and Smad3. In addition, polygalacin D promoted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (Pgc1α) expression and reduced the level of mitochondrial fission regulators such as dynamin-1-like protein (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission 1 (Fis1). In a zebrafish model of FOLFIRI-induced muscle atrophy, polygalacin D improved not only mitochondrial dysfunction but also slow and fast muscle fiber atrophy. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that polygalacin D promotes myogenesis and alleviates chemotherapy-induced muscle atrophy by improving mitochondrial function. Thus, polygalacin D could be useful as nutrition support to prevent and ameliorate muscle wasting and weakness.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.529-541
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• 2003

Yukmijihwang-tang has been widely used as an and-aging herbal medicine for hundred years in Asian countries. Numerous studies show that Yukmijihwangtang has anti-oxidative effect both in vivo and in vitro. It has been reported that Moutan Cortex Radicis extract (MCR) was the most effective herb in Yukmijihwang-tang on undifferentiated PC12 cells upon oxidative-stressed with hydrogen peroxide. The purpose of this study is to; 1) evaluate the recovery of neuronal damage by assessing the anti-oxidant effect of MCR on PC12 cells differentiated with nerve growth factor (NGF), 2) identify candidate genes responsible for anti-oxidative effect on differentiated PC12 cells by oligonucleotide chip microarray. PC12 cells, which were differentiated by treating with NGF, were treated without or with hydrogen peroxide in the presence or absence of various concentration of MCR. Cell survival was determined by using MTS assay. Measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was determined using the H2DCFDA assay The viability of cells treated with MCR was significantly recovered from stressed PC12 cell. In addition, wide rage of concentrations of MCR shows dose-dependent inhibitory effect on ROS production in oxidative-stressed cells. Total RNAs of cells without treatment(Control group), only treated with H₂O₂ (stressed group) and treated with both H₂O₂ and of MCR (MCR group) were isolated, and cDNAs was synthesized using oligoT7(dT) primer. The fragmented cRNAs, synthesized from cDNAs, were applied to Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Neurobiology U34 Array. mRNA of Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta subunit(CaMKII), neuron glucose transporter (GLUT3) and myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(MOG) were downregulated in Stressed group comparing to Control group. P2X2-5 receptor (P2X2R-5), P2X2-4 receptor (P2X2R-4), c-fos, 25 kDa synaptosomal attachment protein(SNAP-25a) and GLUT3 were downregulated, whereas A2 adenosine receptor (A2AR), cathechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), EST223333, heme oxygenase (HO), VGF, UI-R-CO-ja-a-07-0-Ul.s1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were upregulated in MCA group comparing to Control group. Expression of Putative potassium channel subunit protein (ACK4), P2X2A-5, P2X2A-4, Interferon-gamma inducing factor isoform alpha precursor (IL-18α), EST199031, P2XR, P2X2 purinoceptor isoform e (P2X2R-e), Precursor interleukin 18 (IL-18) were downregulated, whereas MOO, EST223333, GLUT-1, MIF, Neuronatin alpha, UI-R-C0-ja-a-07-0-Ul.s1, A2. adenosine receptor, COMT, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), HO, VGF, A rat novel protein which is expressed with nerve injury (E12625) were upregulated in MCR group comparing to Stressed group. The results suggest that decreased viability and AOS production of PC12 cell by H₂O₂ may be, at lease, mediated by impaired glucose transporter expression. It is implicated that the MCR treatment protect PC12 cell from oxidative stress via following mechanisms; improving glucose transport into the cell, enhancing expression of anti-oxidative genes and protecting from dopamine cytotoxicity by increment of COMT and MIF expression. The list of differentially expressed genes may implicate further insight on the action and mechanism behind the anti-oxidative effects of herbal extract Moutan Cortex Radicis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 1985

To investigate potential application of radurization technique as an effective tool for controlling histamine accumulation, histamine contents were determined in fresh Korean mackerel meat samples irradiated at six dose levels of gamma radiation up to 1 Mrad during 35 day-storage at $0^{\circ},\;5^{\circ}\;and\;10^{\circ}C$. Total bacterial counts, total volatile bases and trimethylamine contents were also estimated. The minimum and maximum doses for Korean mackerel were determined to be 0.2 and 0.5 Mrad, respectively. Irradiation induced redening of fish muscle tissue and redening appeared to be dose dependent. At low doses, this redening contributed positively to the overall sensory qualities. At 0.5 and 1.0 Mrad, on the other hand, meat samples were excessively redened to the extent that red and white muscle layers were not readily distinguishable. No appreciable histamine accumulation occured during entire 35 day-storage in fresh mackerel meats, whether irradiated or not, when they were kept at ice temperature. At $5^{\circ}C$, histamine started to accumulate slightly during late storage in the samples irradiated at low doses. Even in the unirradiated samples, the histamine accumulation did not exceed the level of 10.0 mg per 100g meat until the 28th day at $5^{\circ}C$. At $10^{\circ}C$, however, histamine accumulation in the unirradiated was phenomenal from very early storage and the values reached 827.5 mg per 100g meat by the 35th day, while histamine accumulation in the irradiated was severely suppressed. Irradiation invariably brought about a significant reduction of initial microflora, disrupting normal spoilage pattern. This was reflected in the suppression of not only histamine but also total volatile bases and trimethylamine accumulation during post-irradiation storage at refrigerated temperatures.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.345-352
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• 2006

The cemented and paraffin wastes form which are incorporated the concentrated wastes, the cemented waste form which is incorporated the spent ion-exchange resins, and the miscellaneous waste(decontamination paper) were irradiated up to $10^{+8}$ rads at $5.43{\times}10^{+5}$ rads/hr with Co-60(72,023.9 Ci) as an external irradiation source. As a result, the radiolysis gases such as $H_2,\;CH_4,\;N_2,\;C_2H_6,\;O_2,\;CO\;and\;CO_2$, were measured in all the wastes. The major gas which was generated in all the wastes was hydrogen($H_2$). The volume of the generated gases showed a difference from $0.029{\sim}0.788\;cm^3.atm/1.1g$ according to the type of wastes, and more was generated in the cemented waste form incorporated a spent ion-exchange resin than in the other wastes. More hydrogen($H_2$) gas was generated in the decontamination paper waste than in the other wastes, and the G($H_2$) value was 0.12.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.190-199
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to design a system for constructing Likert attitude scales as supported by the sociopsychological and measurement literature, and (2) (using the design) to develop an affective component of "Attitudes toward Science" scale for high school students. The rationale for developing a new attitude scale is presented in the context of a review of existing attitude scales. As discussed in the literature review, many existing attitude scales are based on ill-defined theoretical constructs, and includes statements that do not appear to be assessing a single construct of attitude toward science. In addition, existing attitude scales do not distinguish between affective and behavioral and cognitive components of attitude toward science. Thus, this study was to carefully define the construct, subcomponents of attitude toward science, and develop an affective component of "Attitude toward Science" scale to reflect the construct and to distinguish between affective and behavioral and cognitive components of attitude toward science. The results of this study: (1) three-mains step for designing reliable and valid attitude scale were developed, and (2) 35 items(16 positive and 19 negative) for an affective component of "Attitudes toward Science" scale with the following characteristics were developed: (a) The internal consistency was estimated using Cronbach's coefficient ${\alpha}$, 0.9727. (b) The range of adjusted item-total correletion(${\gamma}$-value) were 0.58${\sim}$0.83. (c) The correlation coefficient ranged between 0.61 and 0.74 revealing a moderate relatedness between subcomponents. (d) The correlation coefficient for concurrent validity were 0.55 with TOSRA and 0.51 with SAl.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.625-641
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• 1999

Aging occurs as a part of maturation as the time progresses which manifests in the human body causing morphological and functional degeneration, eventually leading to death. This experimental study was conducted to investigate a herbal formula to fortify the heart with easy clinical applications. Sungshimsan was chosen to study its effects in heart lipid peroxide and metabolic enzyme system in senescence induced rats. After pre-treatment of Sungshimsan for 2 weeks at the dosage of A (100mg/kg), B (250mg/kg), C (350mg/kg), and D (500mg/kg), a lipid peroxide and metabolic enzyme system changes of the heart were meaured in 32 weeks old rats. The following results were obtained in this study: 1. The contents of lipid peroxide was significantly reduced in the experimental groups treated with greater than 2 weeks at 250mg/kg. 2. The enzymatic activity of cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase were significantly decreased in the 250mg/kg, 350mg/kg, and 500mg/kg experimental groups. 3. The activity of glutathione and glutathione S-transferase were significantly increased in the 250mg/kg, 350mg/kg, and 500mg/kg experimental groups. 4. The activity of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were not influenced compared to the control group. 5. The activity of ${\gamma}$-glutamylcystein synthetase was significantly increased in the 250mg/kg, 350mg/kg, and 500mg/kg experimental groups. 6. The activity of enzymes detoxificatioon superoxide dismutase and catalase were not influenced compared to the control group. Summarizing above results suggest that the Sungshimsan has profound effects in the heart lipid peroxide, free radicals, and delaying the heart aging process. Further clinical researches and application can be anticipated on the topic of senility and gerontology.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.409-412
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• 2015

Changes in the contents of mevinolins (natural statins, $0-568.18{\mu}g$), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, $26.41-65.59{\mu}g$), and tocopherols ($232.80-312.87{\mu}g/g$ dry weight) in Monascus-fermented soybean were determined using HPLC. Significant increases (p<0.05) in mevinolins and CoQ10 were obtained in Monascus-fermented soybean after 20 days of fermentation compared with unfermented soybean (0 days), whereas no significant change (p>0.05), or a slight decrease, in tocopherols was observed. The results indicate that Monascus-fermentation has great potential for enriching mevinolin and CoQ10 in soybeans.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2008

Hot air sparging is a groundwater remediation technique, in which organic contaminants volatilized into hot air from the saturated to vadose zone. In the laboratory diesel (10,000 mg TPH/kg) was spiked in contaminated saturated aquifer soil. The hot air ($34.9{\pm}2.7^{\circ}C$) was injected in intermittent (Q=1,500 mL/min, 10 minute injection and 10 minute idle) modes. We performed microcosm tests using the groundwater samples to assess TPH reductive remediation activity. For Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of eubacterial communities in sludge of wastewater treatment plants and soil of experiment site, the 16S rDNA was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from the sludge and the soil. The obtained 16S rDNA fragments were digested with Msp I and separated by electrophoresis gel. We found various sequence types for hot air sparging experiment with sludge soil samples that were closely related to Bacillus (149 bp, Firmicutes), Methlobacterium (149 bp, Euryarchaeotes), Pseudomonas (492 bp, ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria), etc., in the clone library. In this study we find that TPH-water was reduced to 78.9% of the initial value in this experiment aquifer. The results of the present study suggests that T-RFLP method may be applied as a useful tool for the monitoring in the TPH contaminated soil fate of microorganisms in natural microbial community.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.335-350
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• 2014

Compared to the large numbers of studies on the diabetes, hyperlipidemia and cancer therpeutic effects of ginseng, the anti-obese effect and mechanisms of ginsengs have not been studied as much. To determine the effects of ginseng on obesity, 14 keywords (ginseng, ginsenoside, obesity, weight, fat, diet, overeat, appetite, lipid, 3T3-L1, adipocyte, food intake, adipogenesis and lipolysis) were combined in searching a database. Fifty-six articles published from 1983 to 2012 as well as 656 patents registered until Aug $17^{th}$, 2012, were screened for anti-obese effects of ginseng. In the classification of experimental methods, 16 papers on 3T3-L1 cells, 38 papers on animals and three papers on human were reviewed. In terms of obese mechanisms of action, the most commonly used biomarkers were in order of lipid profiles > weight change > blood glucose > adipocytokine. Most ginseng studies on obesity focused on AMPK, $PPAR{\gamma}$, GLUT-4, PI3K and SREBP-1. Korean white ginseng extracts and Re repressed the lipogenesis genes such as PPARc2, SREBP-1c, LPL, FAS and DGAT1. However, ginseng or ginsenosides, PD (Rb1) and PT (Re), showed different or contradictory results. Water and ethanol extraction of ginseng showed contradictory effects on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, wheras IL-6 was repressed by ethanol extracts and TNF-${\alpha}$ repressed by Re in vitro. Based on the literature, further studies on anti-obese mechanisms of ginseng, such as the inflammation-related obesity or cross signals between the adipocytes and the environments, are needed, instead of more studies on its hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects.