• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.847-858
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• 2015

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of kefir combination from goat milk and soy milk on lipid profile, plasma glucose, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and the improvement of pancreatic β-cell in diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into five treatments: normal control, diabetic control, goat milk kefir, combination of goat milk-soy milk kefir and soy milk kefir. All rats were induced by streptooztocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA), except for normal control. After 35 d experiment, the rats were sampled for blood, sacrificed and sampled for pancreatic tissues. Results showed that diabetic rats fed kefir combination had higher (p<0.05) triglyceride than the rats fed goat milk or soy milk kefir. Decreasing of plasma glucose in diabetic rats fed kefir combination was higher (p<0.05) than rats fed goat millk kefir. The activity of GPx in diabetic rats fed three kinds of kefir were higher (p<0.01) than untreated diabetic rats. The average number of Langerhans and β-cells in diabetic rats fed kefir combination was the same as the normal control, but it was higher than diabetic control. It was concluded that kefir combination can be used as antidiabetic through maintaining in serum triglyceride, decreasing in plasma glucose, increasing in GPx activity and improving in pancreatic β-cells.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione, GSH; glutathione peroxidase, GPx) activities in liver and gill of rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus fed the experimental diets for 40 days. The experimental diets were prepared by adding with 30, 60 120 and 240 mg/kg to a commercial diet. In the liver, there were significant increases in SOD at 30~240 mg/kg. GPx activities of liver also were significantly increased at 30~120 mg/kg. The increased activities of SOD and GSH in the gills were observed in the 120 and 240 mg/kg, hence, GPx activity of gill exposed to lower concentrations of zinc (60~240 mg/kg) showed significant augmentation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2004

The objectives of present study were to investigate the effects of benzo[a]pyrene(BaP) on cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat hepatocyte primary culture. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were incubated for 24 hr, 48 hr or 72 hr in the presence of various concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 50 or 100 $\mu.$ M) of BaP. Cytotoxicity and cell viability were determined by measuring glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) activity, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MIT) value. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) assay. Effects on antioxidant system were determined by measuring glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activity, glutathione reductase(GR) activity and glutathione concentration. Activities of GOT and LDH, MTT value as well as TBARS concentration were not affected by up to 100 $\muM$ of BaP for 24 hr incubation. However, BaP at the concentration of 50 $\muM$ for 48 hr incubation or at the concentration of 30 $\muM$ for 72 hr incubation began to increase LDH activity and TBARS concentration but decrease MTT value, representing that BaP caused cytotoxicity and decreased cell viability in dose- and time-dependent manners. GPx activity began to be decreased by BaP at the concentration of 50 $\muM$ for 72 hr incubation. Whereas, GR activity began to be decreased by BaP at the concentration of 20 $\muM$ for 72 hr incubation. Glutathione concentration began to be decreased by BaP at the concentration of 20 $\muM$ for 72 hr incubation and was further reduced to 90% by 100 $\muM$ of BaP. These results demonstrate that BaP caused cytoctoxicity and decreased cell viability by increasing lipid peroxidation and decreasing glutathione concentration as well as activities of GPx and GR.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.304-308
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• 2005

The effects of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on various oxidative stress responses in liver, kidney and gill tissues of freshwater bagrid catfish Pseudobagrus fulvidraco were investigated under laboratory conditions. Bagrid catfish were intraperitoneally injected with sunflower seed oil containing nominal concentrations of 0, 300 or 900mg DEHP per kilogram of body weight for 3 days and the effects after last injection were assessed in liver, kidney and gill tissues of the exposed organisms. The oxidative stress responses of fish were evaluated by analyzing the level of glutathione (GSH), as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). After exposure to the DEHP, there were significant decrease in GR, GPx activity and GSH content in liver of fish exposed to 900 mg DEHP per kilogram of body weight compared to the control group. Compared with the control group, significant decreases in renal GPx and GR activity were observed in the DEHP treatment groups (900 mg $kg^{-1}$ bw). However, no significant difference was observed in any oxidative stress responses in gills between the DEHP-treated and the untreated group of fish. The findings of the present investigation show that DEHP induce oxidative stress and the liver was the most affected organ followed by the kidney and gills. Furthermore, the changes of GPx and GR activities may be important indicators of oxidative stress responses but additional study is required to confirm the oxidative stress of DEHP.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.135-142
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• 2017

Selenium (Se), which is natural materials existing was known as an important component of selenoprotein, one of the important proteins responsible for the redox pump of a living body. Selenium was orally administered to Rat and irradiated with 10 Gy of radiation. Then, the thyroid gland was used as a target organ for 1 day, 7 days and 21 days to investigate the radiation protection effect of selenium (Se) through changes of blood components, thyroid hormones (T3, T4), antioxidant enzyme (GPx) activity and thyroid tissue changes. As a result, there was a significant protective effect of hematopoietic immune system(hemoglobin concentration, neutrophil, platelet)(p<0.05). The activity of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), the antioxidant enzyme, and the activity of the target organ, thyroid hormone (T3, T4), also showed significant activity changes (p<0.05). In the observation of tissue changes, it was confirmed that there was a protective effect of thyroid cell damage which caused the cell necrosis by radiation treatment. Therefore, it is considered that selenium(Se) can be utilized as a radiation defense agent by inducing immunogenic activity effect of a living body.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.542-551
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• 2017

The quality characteristics of velvet antlers obtained from Formosan sambar deer (Cervus unicolor Swinhoi) (SDVA), harvested from 63 to 81 d during the velvet antler growth period, were evaluated by investigating the relationships between antioxidant levels; including content, activity, and content/activity ratios, and physical properties; including shear force values, color, and Ca content. The hardness of samples from base velvet antler sections increased, and that the color of these samples tended to become reddish-yellow (redder and more yellow), suggesting that the Ca content in the base section of the sample was not ossified yet. Samples from the upper sections of velvet antler showed higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) content (3.91 to 1.50 mg/mL, 2.53 to 0.90 mg/mL, and 3.95 to 1.58 mg/mL, respectively) than did samples from the middle and base sections (p<0.05). The activity and content/activity ratios of GPX measured in the upper section were also found to be significantly greater than in the middle and base sections (p<0.05). We further observed that the content and activity of GPX was significantly and negatively correlated with Ca content, shear force values, and the content/activity ratio of this antioxidant (p<0.01). The study findings may serve as a reference index for quality evaluations of velvet antlers of Formosan sambar deer in future.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.996-1001
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• 2003

It is well known that oxidative stress of reactive oxygen species(ROS) may be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of bone disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of oxidative stress. Cell viability by MTS assay or INT assay, activity of glutathione peroxidase(GPx), lipid peroxidation(LPO) activity and cell viablity. And also protctive effect of glutamate receptors against ROS-induced osteotoxicity was examined by protein synthesis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in cultured rat osteoblasts and osteoclasts. XO/HX decreased cell viability and GPx activity, protein synthesis and ALP activity, but increased LPO activity and LDH activity. In the protective effect, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists or AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists such as D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), 7-chlorokynurenic acid (CKA), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), NMDA receptor antagonists but AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists showed protective effect on xanthine oxidase (XO) and hypoxanthine (HX) in these cultures by the increse of protein synthesis, ALP activity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.249-257
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• 2001

The effect of oxidative stress on the alterations of different antioxidant enzyme activities was investigated in human skin melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-2). Oxidative stress was induced by the exposure to hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O$$_2$). SK-MEL-2 cells were treated with antioxidants such as vitamin E and selenomethionine in combination with $H_2O$$_2$. SK-MEL-$_2$ cells were exposed to various concentrations of $H_2O$$_2$ and measured the time course of changes in cell viability and antioxidant enzyme activities for 24 hr. Oxidative stress was induced by the exposure to 2.5mM hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O$$_2$) resulted in declining significantly for 24 hr. GPX and CAT activities peaked at 3 hr and returned to control levels by 24 hr. On the contrary, SOD activity was inactive before 6 hr but recovered at 24 hr. In case vitamin E (Vit E) and selenomethionine (Se-Met) were used at nontoxic concentrations (25$\mu$M Vit E/500$\mu$M Se-Met) to oxidative stress was induced by the exposure to hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O$$_2$) led to a 3- and 5-fold increase on the viability comparing to control and caused an increase in GPX activity respectively.

• CELLMED
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.26.1-26.9
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• 2014

Reactive oxygen species are known to mediate various pathological conditions associated with malaria. In this study, the antioxidant potential of Clerodendrum violaceum leaf extracts, an indigenous antimalarial remedy, was evaluated. Total phenol, flavonoid, selenium, vitamins C and E contents of Clerodendrum violaceum leaf extracts were determined. The free radical scavenging activities of the extracts against DPPH, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide coupled with their reducing power were also evaluated in vitro. Moreover, responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) in a rodent malaria model to a 4-day administration of Clerodendrum violaceum leaf extracts were also evaluated. The methanolic extract was found to contain the highest amounts of antioxidant compounds/element and also demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity in vitro. The results showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in SOD and CAT activities with a concurrent significant (p < 0.05) increase in GPx and GR activities in both erythrocytes and liver of untreated Plasmodium berghei NK65-infected animals compared to the uninfected animals. The extracts were able to significantly increase (p < 0.05) SOD and CAT activities and significantly reduce (p < 0.05) GPx and GR activities in both the liver and erythrocytes compared to those observed in the untreated infected animals. The results suggest the augmentation of the antioxidant system as one of the possible mechanisms by which Clerodendrum violaceum extract ameliorates secondary effects of malaria infection, alongside its antiplasmodial effect in subjects.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2000

SD-994 was prepared from methanol extract of Artemisia argyi by stepwise purification of solvent partioning and silica gel chromatography. In the course of this purification, fractions obtained at each step were investigated for their cytotoxicities against L1210 cells. Fractions A~G prepared from chloroform fraction showed considerable cytotoxicities raging 40~90% against L1210 cells. Subfractions I~IX obtained from fraction A exhibited various cytotoxicities and subfraction I (SD-994) was found to be the most effective compound. $IC_{50}$ values of SD-994 were measured to be $0.5{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml and less than $0.05{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml against L1210 cells and normal lymphocytes, respectively: When SD-994 was added to L1210 cell as cytotoxic agent, significantly increased amount of superoxide ($O_2^-$) and dramatically augmented activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), specially MnSOD and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were observed according to the concentration and incubation time. Whereas, in case of normal lymphocytes under the same condition, cytotoxicities were not apparent and the generation of superoxide ($O_2^-$) or the activity changes of SOD and GPx were insignificant. These results together indicate that the cytotoxic action of SD-994 against L1210 cell may be achieved via necrosis and/or apoptosis induced by reaction oxygen species which could not probably be completely abolished even by drastically increased antioxidant enzymes, SOD and GPx activities.