• 분석과학
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 LC/ESI/MS 및 GC/MS로 superdrol을 인체에 경구투여 한 후 채취한 요시료 중에 함유된 superdrol 및 그 대사체의 분석법을 확립하고 이들의 체내 배설형태를 조사하였다. 액체-액체 추출에서 최적 추출 pH는 6.5 이고 최적 추출 용매는 diethly ether이였다. GC/MSD를 이용하여 superdrol과 그 대사체의 분석법에 대한 유효성을 점검한 결과, intra-day의 회수율은 89.7-113.2%, 정확도 91.8-113.8%, 재현성은 0.2-6.8%로 나타났고 inter-day의 회수율은 89.3-104.1%, 정확도는 95.2-103.0%, 재현성은 0.7-7.8%로 나타났다. LC/ESI/MS을 통해 얻은 blank urine과 dosed urine의 크로마토그램을 비교하여 superdrol의 대사체를 검출하였으며 Superdrol과 그 대사체를 유도체화 시켜 GC/TOF-MS로 확인하였다. 확보된 질량스펙트럼으로부터 superdrol M1의 경우 superdrol의 3-C 위치의 케톤기가 하이드록시기로 환원된 것으로 추정할 수 있었고 M2의 경우 superdrol의 D-ring에 하이드록시기가 첨가된 것으로 추정할 수 있었다. 또한, 효소가수분해과정을 비교해 본 결과 superdrol과 그 대사체들은 대부분 글루쿠론산 포합체를 형성하여 체외로 배설되는 것을 확인하였다. Superdrol 경구투여 후 채취한 요시료로부터 superdrol과 그 대사체의 배설양상을 조사한 결과, 모두 4.3 시간에서 최대배설량을 보였고 superdrol과 superdrol M1은 48시간까지도 미량검출 되어 체내 잔류성이 높은 물질임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.200-206
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• 2010

Banaba, Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (Lythraceae) is a tree that grows in the tropic islands of the Pacific. This plants are used for medical purposes in the world. The components of L. speciosa were analyzed for the contents according to growing stages at leaves. The distributions of the corosolic acid ($2{\alpha}$, $3{\beta}$-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid), phytol, campestrol, and vitamin E were rich among samples in this study. These were contained much fatty acids. The mean content of palmitic acid was from 2.4% across all growing stages, varying from 2.15% for young leaves with the lowest content and 2.86% for fallen leaves with the highest content. Oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid were contained nearly mean 2.0% in all leaves of banaba. Our results have shown that the phytochemical profile of young L. speciosa leaves differs quite radically from that of old L. speciosa leaves. In addition, these subdividing results according to plant growth should allow future researches to conduct targeted experimental studies and use of particular medical components of interest, examining chemical variation on the inter-developmental levels.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1972-1982
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• 2016

Influenza A virus is a single-stranded RNA virus with a genome of negative polarity. Owing to the antigenic diversity and cross concrete shift, an immense number of novel strains have developed astronomically over the years. The present work deals with the codon utilization partialness among five different influenza A viruses isolated from human hosts. All the subtypes showed the homogeneous pattern of nucleotide utilization with a little variation in their utilization frequencies. A lower bias in codon utilization was observed in all the subtypes as reflected by higher magnitudes of an efficacious number of codons. Dinucleotide analysis showed very low CpG utilization and a high predilection of A/T-ending codons. The H5N1 subtype showed noticeable deviation from the rest. Codon pair context analysis showed remarkable depletion of NNC-GNN and NNT-ANN contexts. The findings alluded towards GC-compositional partialness playing a vital role, which is reflected in the consequential positive correlation between the GC contents at different codon positions. Untangling the codon utilization profile would significantly contribute to identifying novel drug targets that will pacify the search for antivirals against this virus.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.387-396
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• 2003

A field study was conducted during the summer time of 2002 to determine compositions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from vehicles and to develop source emission profiles that is applied to CMB model to estimate the source contribution of certain area. Source emission profile is widely used for the estimation of source contribution by the chemical mass balance model and have to be developed applicable for the target area of estimation. This study was aimed to develop source emission profile and estimation of source contribution of VOCs after application of the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. After considering the emission inventory and other research results for the VOCs in Seoul, Korea, the sources like vehicle emission (tunnel), gas station (gasoline, diesel), solvent usage (painting operation, dry cleaning, graphic art), and gas fuels were selected for the major VOCs sources. Furthermore, ambient air samples were simultaneously collected from 09:00 to 11:00 for four days at eight different official air quality monitoring sites as receptors in Seoul during summer of 2001. Source samples were collected by canisters, and then about seventy volatile organic compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Based on both the developed source profiles and the database of the receptors, CMB model was intensively applied to estimate mass contribution of VOCs sources. Examining the source profile from the vehicle, the portion of alkanes of VOCs was highest, and then the portion of aromatics such toluene, m/p-xylene were followed. In case of gas fuel. they have their own components; the content of butane, propane, ethane was higher than any other component according to the fuel usage. The average of the source apportionment on VOCs for 8 sites showed that the major sources were vehicle emission and gas fuels. The vehicle emission source was revealed as having the highest contribution with an average of 49.6%, and followed by solvent with 21.3%, gas fuel with 16.1%, gasoline with 13.1%.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1523-1531
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• 2012

The metabolite profile of meju during fermentation was analyzed using mass spectrometry techniques, including GC-MS and LC-MS, and the bacterial diversity was characterized. The relative proportions of bacterial strains indicated that lactic acid bacteria, such as Enterococcus faecium and Leuconostoc lactis, were the dominant species. In partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA), the componential changes, which depended on fermentation, proceeded gradually in both the GC-MS and LC-MS data sets. During fermentation, lactic acid, amino acids, monosaccharides, sugar alcohols, and isoflavonoid aglycones (daidzein and genistein) increased, whereas citric acid, glucosides, and disaccharides decreased. MS-based metabolite profiling and bacterial diversity characterization of meju demonstrated the changes in metabolites according to the fermentation period and provided a better understanding of the correlation between metabolites and bacterial diversity.

• 분석과학
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.265-272
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• 1999

에스트로겐처럼 행동하여 호르몬 수용체와 결합하거나 세포의 신호전달 과정에 영향을 미침으로서 내분비계를 교란시킬 수 있는 환경 에스트로겐 19종 (phytoestrogen: 12종, mycoestrogen: 5종, synthetic estrogen: 2종)의 동시 프로필 분석을 시도하였다. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)의 selected ion monitoring (SIM) 방법을 기본으로 하였으며, 액체-고체 추출, 효소 기수분해, 액체-액체 추출 그리고 trimethylsilyl (TMS)-ether 형태의 유도체화를 거치는 비교적 간편한 전처리 방법으로 47.6~99.5%의 회수율과 0.66~9.33%, 1.66~16.14%의 within-a-day 및 day-to-day 분석의 RSD 값을 얻었다. 이 방법을 적용하여 정상 성인 여성과 남성의 뇨 시료에 존재하는 대상 물질들의 농도범위를 결정함으로서 환경 에스트로겐의 영향을 평가하는데 기준이 될 수 있는 한국인 정상인 참고치를 설정하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.1489-1496
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• 2009

This study was done for the determination and excretion profile of adrenosterone and its metabolites in human urine using both liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Adrenosterone and its two metabolites were detected in human urine after administration a healthy volunteer with 75 mg of adrenosterone. We found that adrenosterone-M1 ($C_{19}H_{26}O_3$) was a reduction and adrenosterone-M2 ($C_{19}H_{26}O_4$) was a hydroxylation at C-ring, which did not know the exact position of the C-ring. The adrenosterone parent was detected by GC/TOF-MS, but not detected by LC/APCI/MS because of low intensity. Adrenosterone and its two metabolites were excreted as their glucuronided fractions. The recovery of this method ranged from 100.7 to 118.4% and the reproducibility and accuracy test were 85.5 to 112.0% and 1.1 to 8.4%, respectively. The excretion studies showed that adrenosterone and its metabolites were detectable in human urine during a 48 h period after oral administration, with maximum level of excretion at 4.1 h. The glucuro-/sulfaconjugated ratio of adrenosterone, M1 and M2 was 0.73 ${\pm}$ 0.03, 0.96 ${\pm}$ 0.06 and 0.89 ${\pm}$ 0.03 (n = 6), respectively. The amounts of adrenosterone excreted in urine were 14.75 ng for 48 h. Also, the maximum level of androsterone and 11$\beta$-hydroxy androsterone, which were endogenous steroids, were reached 4.1 h after the oral administration of adrenosterone.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2019

Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) is an edible wild mushroom with tough fruiting body that belongs to the family Polyporaceae. It is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of ulcer, anaemia, cough and fever. Recent studies have demonstrated its anticancer, anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties. However, little or no information is available regarding the bioactive components and toxicological study of wild dried L. squarrosulus. Therefore, this study investigated the bioactive components of aqueous extract of boiled wild dried L. squarrosulus and its toxicological effects in rats. The extract of L. squarrosulus was subjected to GC-MS analysis. The acute toxicity test was performed by oral administration of a single dose of up to 5,000 mg/kg extract of L. squarrosulus. In subacute study, the rats were orally administered extract of L. squarrosulus at the doses of 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg body weight daily for 14 days. The haematological, lipid profile, liver and kidney function parameters were determined and the histopathology of the liver and kidney were examined. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds; 1-tetradecene, fumaric acid, monochloride, 6-ethyloct-3-yl ester, 9-eicosene, phytol, octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine and 3-trifluoroacetoxypentadecane. In acute toxicity study, neither death nor toxicity sign was recorded. In the sub-acute toxicity study, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed on creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Whilst no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed on packed cell volume, heamoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell and alkaline phosphatase, in all the tested doses. No histopathological alterations were recorded. Our findings revealed that aqueous extract of L. squarrosulus may have antimicrobial, antinocieptive and antioxidant properties based on the result of GC-MS analysis. Results of the toxicity test showed no deleterious effect at the tested doses, suggesting that L. squarrosulus is safe for consumption at the tested doses.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.391-398
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• 1989

Capillary column GLC를 사용하여 트리글리세리드를 분리하고 분리된 각 peak를 GC/MS의 selected ion monitoring 분석을 통하여 동정하는 트리글리세리드 분자종 분석방법의 적용 타당성을 검토하기 위하여 표준 트리글리세리드 및 옥수수유, 홍화유, 면실유의 트리글리세리드를 시료로 하며 실험하였다. 그 결과 시료유 트리글리세리드는 capillary column GLC(65% methylphenylsilicone)상에서 acyl기의 총탄소수별 및 이중결합수에 따라 분리되고, acyl기의 총탄소수와 이중결합수가 같을 경우는 구성 지방산의 극성차에 따라 분리되는 특성을 보였다. 그리고 분리된 각 분자종 peak의 동정을 위해 트리글리세리드의 GC/MS상의 질량 spectrum중 $RCO^+$와 $[M-OCOR]^+$를 선택차여 사용하였는데, 시료별 트리글리세리드의 주요 분자종은 옥수수유의 경우 OLL, LLL, SLL, PLL, PLO이었고, 홍화유의 경우는 LLL, OLL, PLL이었고, 면실유의 경우는 PLL, PLO, SOO, OLL이었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.394-400
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• 2014

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is commonly observed in patients treated with excessive glucocorticoid (GC). Single administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has shown to induce immune stimulatory factors. However, the effect of repeated administration of LPS on GC-induced ANFH has not been studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was (i) to examine the cytokine profile induced by repeated LPS administrations and (ii) to test the effect of repeated LPS treatments on GC-induced ANFH. A mouse necrosis model of ANFH was designed by chronic GC administration with co-treatment of LPS. Mice body weights in the LPS/prednisolone (PDN) co-treated group were lower than that of the untreated control group, but spleen weights were greater than the control group. The levels of IL-6, $TNF{\alpha}$, and IL-33 in the liver and spleen of the LPS/PDN group were lower than the untreated control group, whereas $TNF{\alpha}$ level in the femoral head of the LPS/PDN group increased. Collectively, the effect of repeated LPS on the pathogenesis of GC-induced ANFH was associated with the $TNF{\alpha}$ level in the femoral head, but the pathogenesis did not correspond to cytokine levels in immune tissues.