• 제목/요약/키워드: G.H.Q.

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다양한 기후조건에 따른 유역에서의 물과 에너지 분배 (Water and energy partitioning of catchments under various climatic conditions)

  • 유상현;백경록
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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    • pp.103-103
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    • 2023
  • 질량 및 에너지 보존 법칙은 수문현상을 포함한 자연 현상의 기본 법칙이다. 유역에서 물의 질량 보존은 강수량 P가 유출량 Q, 증발산량 E, 그리고 육역저수량변화 ΔS로 분할되는 것(P=Q+E+ΔS)을 의미하며 열 에너지 보존은 순복사에너지 Rn이 잠열 λE, 현열 H, 그리고 지열 G로 분할되는 것(Rn=λE+H+G)을 의미한다. 유역에서 물과 에너지의 분배 과정은 E로 연결되어 있으며 이 두 과정을 포괄적으로 이해하는 것은 기후 및 지표환경의 변화를 예측하고 대비하는데 중요하다. 이 연구에서는 미국 전역의 400여개 유역에 대한 정보를 제공하는 Model Parameter Estimation Project(MOPEX) 데이터를 이용하여 유역의 기후 조건에 따라 물과 에너지의 분배가 어떻게 달라지는지 Budyko 평면에서 분석했다. 장기간에 대해 ΔS와 G는 무시할 수 있다는 가정하에 건조한 유역일수록 P, Q, 그리고 E 모두 작게 나타나는데 P와 Q의 감소폭이 훨씬 크기 때문에 E의 P에 대한 비는 크게 나타났다. 또한 건조한 유역일수록 E는 작고 Rn이 크기 때문에 H가 크게 나타났으며 H가 큰 유역일 수록 유역의 최대 기온과 최저 기온의 차이가 크게 나타났다. 이러한 변화는 동일한 유역내에서 물과 에너지 분배의 시간적 변화로도 나타나고 있다.

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ON THE EXISTENCE OF SOLUTIONS OF EXTENDED GENERALIZED VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES IN BANACH SPACES

  • He, Xin-Feng;Wang, Xian;He, Zhen
    • East Asian mathematical journal
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.527-532
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    • 2009
  • In this paper, we study the following extended generalized variational inequality problem, introduced by Noor (for short, EGVI) : Given a closed convex subset K in q-uniformly smooth Banach space B, three nonlinear mappings T : $K\;{\rightarrow}\;B^*$, g : $K\;{\rightarrow}\;K$, h : $K\;{\rightarrow}\;K$ and a vector ${\xi}\;{\in}\;B^*$, find $x\;{\in}\;K$, $h(x)\;{\in}\;K$ such that $\xi$, g(y)-h(x)> $\geq$ 0, for all $y\;{\in}\;K$, $g(y)\;{\in}\;K$. [see [2]: M. Aslam Noor, Extended general variational inequalities, Appl. Math. Lett. 22 (2009) 182-186.] By using sunny nonexpansive retraction $Q_K$ and the well-known Banach's fixed point principle, we prove existence results for solutions of (EGVI). Our results extend some recent results from the literature.

질산우라늄용액의 구성원소별 원자수밀도 (Atom Number Densities for Uranyl Nitrate Solution)

  • Seung Gy Ro;Duck Kee Min;Jung-Kyoon Chon
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.103-109
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    • 1982
  • 여러가지 질산우라늄용액에 대한 우라늄의 용존농도, 질산의 노르말농도 및 용액의 밀도등을 측정하여 얻은 결과를 최소자승법으로 분석한 후 우라늄의 용존농도와 질산의 노르말농도만을 알므로서 질산우라늄용액속에 들어있는 물의 함량을 결정할 수 있는 실험식, Q=1-0.3628C-0.0327H$^{+}$,을 유도하였다. 여기서 Q, C 및 H$^{+}$는 각각 물함량(g/cc), 우라늄의 용존농도(g/cc)및 질산의 노르말농도를 뜻한다. 그리고 이 유도식을 써서 임의 우라늄용액에 대한 구성원소별 원자수밀도와 핵임계도를 산출하고 그 결과를 우라늄의 용존농도, 질산의 노르말농도 및 용액의 밀도를 근거로 하여 얻은 값과 비교해 보았다. 그 결과 유도식은 우라늄의 용존농도 0.004~0.2959g/cc 및 질산의 노르말농도 1.00~5.06사이에서 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 보였다.

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사질토 지반에서 고강도 H-형강 말뚝의 수평거동 (Response of H-Pile under Lateral Load in Cohesionless Soils)

  • 박영호;정현식;이영생;정종홍
    • 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국지반공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.237-244
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    • 2000
  • Piles are often subjected to both axial and lateral loads. The nonlinear subgrade reaction method is widely used for the design of laterally loaded piles and in this approach the soil reaction is replaced with a series of independent nonlinear Winkler springs. In this study, Laterally loaded high strength H-piles were analyzed using a finite difference solution, and three p-y curve models with different k values(the coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, [FL$\^$-3/]) were evaluated using data obtained from various field tests, and another analysis method using Q$\sub$g/ - y$\sub$g/ curve was developed. The results of this analysis were compared with the measured values to assess their applicability.

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Relative Bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10 in Emulsion and Liposome Formulations

  • Choi, Chee-Ho;Kim, Si-Hun;Shanmugam, Srinivasan;Baskaran, Rengarajan;Park, Jeong-Sook;Yong, Chul-Soon;Choi, Han-Gon;Yoo, Bong-Kyu;Han, Kun
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.99-105
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate relative bioavailability of the coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in emulsion and three liposome formulations after a single oral administration (60 mg/kg) into rats. Emulsion formulation of CoQ10 was prepared by conventional method using Phospholipon 85G as an emulsifier, and three liposome formulations (neutral, anionic, and cationic) of CoQ10 were prepared by traditional lipid film hydration technique using Phospholipon 85G, cholesterol, and charge carrier lipids (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane chloride salt for cationic liposome and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate monosodium salt for anionic liposome). Mean particle size of all CoQ10-loaded liposome was less than a micron, and size distribution of the liposome population was homogeneous. Bioavailability of CoQ10 in emulsion was 1.5 to 2.6-fold greater than liposome formulations in terms of $AUC_{0-24\;h}$. $T_{max}$ was 3 h when administered as emulsion while it was greater than 6 h in liposome formulations. Notably, it was approximately 8 h in cationic liposome. $C_{max}$ was highest in emulsion and was significantly decreased when administered as liposome. Charged liposome showed even lower $C_{max}$ than neutral liposome, especially in cationic liposome. In conclusion, therefore, it is suggested that clinicians and patients consider bioavailability issue a primary concern when choosing a CoQ10 product, especially when very high plasma level is required such as in the treatment of heart failure and Parkinson's disease.

$Q_{10}$ 함유 광합성세균의 반응특성 (Reaction Characterization of a Photosynthetic Bacterium Containing $Q_{10}$)

  • 정수경;김중균
    • 한국해양바이오학회지
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    • 제2권3호
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    • pp.198-200
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    • 2007
  • Cultivation of a $Q_{10}$-producing photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroids, was carried out in a 1-L flask to characterize its cellular growth reaction. The result of experiment showed that dissolve oxygen in the broth was depleted within 7 h. ORP decreased with decrease of DO, and recovered somewhat with increase of pH. The growth of R. spahaeroids reached at late-log phase in 140 h of reaction. The final pH and dry-cell weight were 7.62 and 2.2 mg/mL, respectively. The $Q_{10}$ content in the final broth was 2.35 mg/g dry cell weight, which was higher than that obtained in tube culture.

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ON ABSOLUTE VALUES OF 𝓠K FUNCTIONS

  • Bao, Guanlong;Lou, Zengjian;Qian, Ruishen;Wulan, Hasi
    • 대한수학회보
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    • 제53권2호
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    • pp.561-568
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    • 2016
  • In this paper, the effect of absolute values on the behavior of functions f in the spaces $\mathcal{Q}_K$ is investigated. It is clear that $g{\in}\mathcal{Q}_K({\partial}{\mathbb{D}}){\Rightarrow}{\mid}g{\mid}{\in}\mathcal{Q}_K({\partial}{\mathbb{D}})$, but the converse is not always true. For f in the Hardy space $H^2$, we give a condition involving the modulus of the function only, such that the condition together with ${\mid}f{\mid}{\in}\mathcal{Q}_K({\partial}{\mathbb{D}})$ is equivalent to $f{\in}\mathcal{Q}_K$. As an application, a new criterion for inner-outer factorisation of $\mathcal{Q}_K$ spaces is given. These results are also new for $Q_p$ spaces.

The Line n-sigraph of a Symmetric n-sigraph-V

  • Reddy, P. Siva Kota;Nagaraja, K.M.;Geetha, M.C.
    • Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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    • 제54권1호
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    • pp.95-101
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    • 2014
  • An n-tuple ($a_1,a_2,{\ldots},a_n$) is symmetric, if $a_k$ = $a_{n-k+1}$, $1{\leq}k{\leq}n$. Let $H_n$ = {$(a_1,a_2,{\ldots},a_n)$ ; $a_k$ ${\in}$ {+,-}, $a_k$ = $a_{n-k+1}$, $1{\leq}k{\leq}n$} be the set of all symmetric n-tuples. A symmetric n-sigraph (symmetric n-marked graph) is an ordered pair $S_n$ = (G,${\sigma}$) ($S_n$ = (G,${\mu}$)), where G = (V,E) is a graph called the underlying graph of $S_n$ and ${\sigma}$:E ${\rightarrow}H_n({\mu}:V{\rightarrow}H_n)$ is a function. The restricted super line graph of index r of a graph G, denoted by $\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r$(G). The vertices of $\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r$(G) are the r-subsets of E(G) and two vertices P = ${p_1,p_2,{\ldots},p_r}$ and Q = ${q_1,q_2,{\ldots},q_r}$ are adjacent if there exists exactly one pair of edges, say $p_i$ and $q_j$, where $1{\leq}i$, $j{\leq}r$, that are adjacent edges in G. Analogously, one can define the restricted super line symmetric n-sigraph of index r of a symmetric n-sigraph $S_n$ = (G,${\sigma}$) as a symmetric n-sigraph $\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r$($S_n$) = ($\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r(G)$, ${\sigma}$'), where $\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r(G)$ is the underlying graph of $\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r(S_n)$, where for any edge PQ in $\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r(S_n)$, ${\sigma}^{\prime}(PQ)$=${\sigma}(P){\sigma}(Q)$. It is shown that for any symmetric n-sigraph $S_n$, its $\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r(S_n)$ is i-balanced and we offer a structural characterization of super line symmetric n-sigraphs of index r. Further, we characterize symmetric n-sigraphs $S_n$ for which $\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r(S_n)$~$\mathcal{L}_r(S_n)$ and $$\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r(S_n){\sim_=}\mathcal{L}_r(S_n)$$, where ~ and $$\sim_=$$ denotes switching equivalence and isomorphism and $\mathcal{R}\mathcal{L}_r(S_n)$ and $\mathcal{L}_r(S_n)$ are denotes the restricted super line symmetric n-sigraph of index r and super line symmetric n-sigraph of index r of $S_n$ respectively.