• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 1999

Aceclofenac is an non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug which has been used in the treatment of rheumatoidal rthritis and osteo-arthritis. In order to decrease the gastric ulcerogenic effects and contol the plasma level of aceclofenac, we have developed the transdermal delivery system of aceclofenac plaster, which were formulated employing matrix polymers of acrylates and penetration-enhancers such as $Lauroglycol^{\circledR}$, $Transcutol^{\circledR}$, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Using Franz diffusion cells mounted with a rat skin, transdermal penetration characteristics of the formulations were evaluated by the HPLC assay of aceclofenac and diclofenac, an active metabolite, in the receptor compartment of pH 7.2 phosphate buffered solution. Skin penetration was increased when the content of aceclofenac increased, showing the flux $(J,\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ of 0.37 and 2.50 for 2% and 6.75% of the content, respectively. The flux$(J,\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ from plasters made of $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2074, $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2510 and $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2097 were 2.50, 2.77 and 4.39, respectively. $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2074 showed the lowest penetration due to the carboxylic acid group in the polymer, which might form a strong hydrogen bonding with a secondary amine of aceclofenac. Although both $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2510 and $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2097 are amine-resistant adhesives, $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 872510 showed lower penetration than $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2097 because of the hydroxyl group in $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2510, which might form a weak hydrogen bonding with aceclofenac. These results reveal that the functional group in acrylic polymers would greatly affect the release of aceclofenac from the matrix, which is the rate-limiting step in the penetration of aceclofenac through rat skins. The penetration of aceclofenac from plasters using different penetration-enhancers increased in the following order: Transcutol < linoleic acid < oleic acid. And the flux from the plasters containing oleic acid as a penetrationenhancer was 2.22 times greater than that of creams, which suggest that a newly deveolped aceclofenac plaster could be used in the treatment of rheumatoidal arthritis and osteo-arthritis as an advanced transdermal delivery system.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권12호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2013

Purpose - A pre-study on service quality-based customer value is conducted with the path structure (perceived value of service quality→customer satisfaction→behavior intention) based on the hierarchical model of service quality including interaction and outcome quality, physical environment quality and the SERVQUAL model of process quality, namely, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles. In addition, customer value in the service industry is studied by dividing into the two-way structure of utilitarian and emotional values. This study classifies customer values of family restaurants through the customer value model based on the 4×4 matrix needs system of Jeon and Kim (2009). It illustrates the path structure of customer value→customer satisfaction→behavior intention targeting college students in order to generalize the customer value system of family restaurants. Research design, data, and methodology - This study established seven hypotheses based on the relationship between each type of customer value (food quality, convenience, social, emotional, interior quality, service encounter, and purchasing) and customer satisfaction, and the relationship between customer satisfaction and behavior intention. The study data were collected from students in the Department of Business and Tourism at Kimpo University. In all, 294 survey papers were returned of the 300 distributed: 253 pieces were used in the final analysis excluding 41 with insufficient and less effective answers. For statistical analysis, the statistics software package SPSS 15.0 was used. Results - The results of the analysis are as follows: first, the customer values of family restaurants are classified by seven customer values: goods quality value, emotional value, convenience value, social value, purchasing value, service encounter value, and inner quality value. Second, emotional value, purchasing value, service encounter value, and inner quality value had positive impact on customer satisfaction. In particular, purchasing value through being included in functional value was not classified in the previous study; however, this study could classify and generalize this value in a new way. Finally, customer satisfaction had a positive impact on behavior intention. This showed that college students had behavior intention - repurchase intention and word-of-mouth - because they could be content with the food items on the menu and the service provided by employees. Conclusions - The main points based on the above-mentioned results are as follows. This study with college students as study subjects could be classified into four dimensions, namely, generic value, usage value, purchasing value, and physical value and seven sub-dimensions on customer values of family restaurants based on a 4×4 matrix needs system. Then, to confirm its generalization, the path structure of customer value→customer satisfaction→behavior intention was verified. While existing pre-studies used simplified values by classifying restaurant values largely as utilitarian value and hedonic value, this study classified various forms of customer value, and that customer value especially could be expanded by adding purchasing value. As a result, it is shown that marketers need to diversify their customer services because this study proved that customer values can be classified in various ways based on customer needs.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.118-126
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• 2006

In oral and maxillofacial surgery, bone graft is very important procedure for functional and esthetic reconstruction. So, many researcher studied about bone graft material like autogenous bone, allograft bone and artificial bone materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quantity of bone generation induced by $Grafton^{(R)}$ graft, human allogenic demineralized bone matrix. Total 24 sites of artificial bony defects prepared using trephin bur(diameter 8 mm) on parietal bone of six adult New Zealand White rabbits. Experimental group had six defect sites which grafted $Grafton^{(R)}$(0.1 cc). Active control group had nine defect sites, into which fresh autogenous bone harvested from own parietal bone was grafted and passive control group had nine defect sites without bone graft. After six weeks postoperatively, the rabbits were sacrificed. The defects and surrounding tissue were harvested and decalcified in 10% EDTA, 10% foamic-acid. Specimens were stained with H&E. New bone area percentage in whole defect area was measured by IMT(VT) image analysis program. Quantity of bone by $Grafton^{(R)}$ graft was smaller than that of autograft and larger than that of empty defects. In histologic view $Grafton^{(R)}$ graft site and autograft site showed similar healing progress but it was observed that newly formed bone in active control group was more mature. In empty defect, quantity and thickness of new bone formation was smaller than in $Grafton^{(R)}$-grafted defect. $Grafton^{(R)}$ is supposed to be a useful bone graft material instead of autogenous bone if proper maintenance for graft material stability and enough healing time were obtained.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.444-450
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 새로운 주름개선 소재로서 phytoestrogen의 일종인 lignans를 각각 함유하는 연교추출물을 추출 분리하여 노화와 관련된 생리활성 효과를 확인하였다. Arctigenin과 matairesinol을 각각 함유하는 연교추출물은 처리농도가 증가함에 따라 농도 의존적으로 DPPH와 superoxide radical에 대한 소거효과를 나타내었다. DPPH radical 소거효과에서 arctigenin-rich와 matairesinol-rich는 각각 $IC_{50}$ 값이 $5.747{\mu}g/ml,\;4.450\;{\mu}g/ml$를 나타내었으며, superoxide radical 소거효과에서는 각각 1.634 mg/m1, 542.428 mg/ml로 양성 대조군으로 사용한 BHT보다 우수한 항산화 효과를 보였다. Type I collagen 합성효과도 arctigenin 및 matairesinol을 각각 함유한 연교추출물 그리고 양성 대조군 vitamin C를 $100\;{\mu}g/ml$을 처리하였을 때 각각 10.5, 26.4, 15.7%의 합성율을 보임으로써 vitamin C와 유사하거나 우수한 효과를 나타내었다. 또한, UVA에 의해 발현이 증가되는 MMP-1의 발현저해 효과는 matairesinol을 함유한 연교추출물의 경우 oleanolic acid와 유사한 저해 효과를 보였다. Matairesinol을 함유한 연교추출물을 함유한 크림의 피부 주름개선 효과를 평가하기 위하여, 눈가 주름 부위의 제품 도포 후 피부 주름의 변화와 피부거침 개선 효과를 평가하였다. 연교추출물을 함유한 크림을 약 12주간 도포하였을 경우, 깊은 주름과 총 주름수의 감소효과를 관찰할 수 있었으며, 연교추출물 2%를 적용한 인체 안전성시험에서 무자극으로 판명 되 었다. 본 연구를 통하여 lignans를 각각 함유하는 연교추출물은 항산화 효과와 생체 단백질의 30%를 구성하는 collagen의 합성효과 및 UVA에 의한 MMP-1의 발현저해 효과를 보였다. 인체에 무자극성으로 제품에 적용시 관찰되는 피부 주름개선 효과는 lignans를 각각 함유한 연교추출물을 새로운 주름개선을 위한 천연소재로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 유산균 발효에 의한 인삼열매 추출물의 여러 가지 생리활성을 평가하였다. 고성능액체크로마토그래피를 수행하여 인삼열매 추출물과 유산균 발효 인삼열매 추출물의 ginsenoside Re, Rc 및 Rb1의 함량분석 결과 유산균 발효에 의해 ginsenoside Re, Rc 및 Rb1의 함량이 모두 증가하였다. 인삼열매 추출물과 유산균 발효 인삼열매 추출물의 DPPH free radical 소거활성과 SOD 유사활성 측정결과 1.00 %의 농도에서 유산균 발효 인삼열매 추출물은 각각 86.34, 76.82 %의 DPPH free radical 소거활성과 SOD 유사활성을 나타내었고, 인삼열매 추출물은 각각 49.78, 40.80 %의 DPPH free radical 소거활성과 SOD 유사활성을 나타내어 유산균 발효에 의해 항산화 활성이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 유산균 발효 인삼열매 추출물 0.50 %의 농도로 처리한 피부 섬유아세포에서 procollagen type I (COL1A1)은 828.13 % 증가하였으며, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1은 87.88 %, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$는 99.92 %감소하는 효과를 보여주었다. 이처럼 항산화, 주름, 항염에 효능을 보이는 유산균 발효에 의한 인삼열매 추출물은 기능성 화장품 소재로 개발될 수 있는 가능성이 있다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2009

Schizandra chinensis (S. chinensis) exhibits a harmless, 'adaptogen-type' effect leading to improvements in mental performance and learning efficacy in brain. Activated microglia contributes to neuronal injury by releasing neurotoxic products, which make it important to regulate microglial activation to prevent further cytological as well as functional brain damage. However, the effect of S. chinensis on microglial activation has not been examined yet. We have investigated the effects of four compounds (Gomisin A, Gomisin N, Schizandrin and Schizandrol A) from S. chinensis on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation. In this study, BV2 microglial cells were activated with LPS and the microglial activation was assessed by up-regulation of activation markers such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The results showed that all four compounds significantly reduced the intracellular level of ROS, the release of NO and MMP-9 as well as LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. These results strongly suggested that S. chinensis may be useful to modulate inflammation-mediated brain damage by regulating microglial activation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 한국에서 육종한 신육성품종 그린볼 사과 껍질 추출물(GBE)이 피부 광노화 인자조절에 대한 억제효과를 확인하였다. 피부에서 광노화 인자 조절에 대한 억제 효과를 확인하기 위해 CCD986sk fibrobalst cell에 UVB로 광노화를 유도시킨 후 세포에 GBE를 처리하였다. 광노화 인자 조절 효과를 측정한 결과 GBE가 COL1A2, MMP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1 단백질 발현량에서 UVB에 의해 자극된 MMP-1, MMP-9 단백질 합성을 억제하였으며, COL1A2, TIMP-1 단백질의 경우 발현량이 유의적으로 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. Photoaging-related factors인 COL1A2, MMP-1, MMP-9, HAS2, TGF-β, TIMP-1의 mRNA 발현량을 측정한 결과 GBE에 의해 MMP-1, MMP-9 단백질 발현을 효과적으로 억제하였으며, MMPs와 type procollagen 발현에 관여하는 조절인자인 TIMP-1과 TGF-β의 발현량이 증가함에 따라 COL1A2의 생성량이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 피부를 구성하는 구조 단백질 중 하나인 hyaluronic acid 생성에 관여하는 HAS2의 발현량 증가도 확인하였다. 따라서 GBE는 광노화의 인자 억제 조절에 대한 우수한 효능을 가졌으며, 피부 노화를 예방하는 기능성 소재로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.507-516
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• 1995

근전도 신호(electromyogram)의 시변 비정상(time varying nonstationary) 특성은 신호의 정확한 모델링 및 인식에 제약 조건으로 받아들여 졌다. 특히, 최근 들어 장애자들을 위한 보철제어분야에서 근전도 신호를 이용한 기능적 전기 자극을 위한 FES(funcitonal electrical stimulation) 시스템에 있어 근전도 신호의 파라메터 인식은 중요한 요소로서 작용한다. 그러나, 근전도 신호는 자세의 변화 및 근육 피로도 등의 요인에 의해서 시변 비정상 특성을 띠고 있기 때문에 시간에 따라 변하는 인식 파라메터를 정확하게 인식할 수 있는 새로운 알고리즘의 개발과 실시간 처리가 가능한 컴퓨터 하드웨어의 설계가 요구된다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 시평면의 근전도 신호를 이산 여현 변환(discrete cosine transform)을 이용하여 변환 평면으로 옮긴 다음 상태 방정식(state space equation)을 써서 변환 평면상에서의 AR(autoregressive) 모델을 세우고 주어진 근전도 신호에 대해 모델 파라메터를 추정하였으며, 제안한 알고리즘은 실시간 처리를 위하여 2개의 독립적인 중앙 연산 처리 장치를 갖춘 INMOS사의 IMS T-805 병렬 처리 컴퓨터를 이용하여 동시 다발적인 연산을 수행함으로서 알고리즘의 연산 효율을 높였다. 제안된 알고리즘의 타당성을 검증하기 위해 모델의 추정 오차에 영향을 미치는 입력 자기상관 행렬(input correlation matrix)의 condition number의 변화 및 평균자승오차(mean square error)를 구하여 기존의 SLS(sequential least square) 알고리즘과 비교하였다.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2002

Background and Objectives : Sulfur dioxide gas is one of the major airborne Pollutants noxious to human in industrialized countries. The most vulnerable areas in the human respiratory system were the trachea and main bronchi and a gradient of decreasing damage was observed in the peripheral tracheobronchial tree. Induced functional alteration was increased mucosal permeability, and morphological changes were epithelial sloughing, intracellular edema, mitochondrial swelling, widened intercellular spaces, and ciliary cytoplamic extrusions. The laminins are a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins localized in the basement membrane. Their primary role is cell-matrix attachment, but many additional biologic activities, including Promoting cell growth and migration, tumor growth and metastasis, wound repair, and graft survival, have been demonstrated. Materials and Methods : Histologic changes and expression of laminin in tracheal mucosa sacrificed at 1 day, 2 day, 3 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks after continued SO2 exposure of 250 ppm for 30 minutes a day(to 7week) were studied in rats. In this study, mild immune reaction for laminin was noted at the apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells and basement membrane one day after a 7 week $SO_2$ exposure. The cilia and nucleoi of epithelial cells were normal and no immune reaction was noted in Goblet cells. The lamina propria of the tracheal tissue was infiltrated by monocytes and lymphocytes. Results : At 24 hours after exposure, all tracheal cells except Goblet cells revealed a mild immune reaction for laminin. No immune reactions were noted in the basement membrane. At 72 hours after exposure, mild or moderate immune reactions for laminin was seen in the tracheal cell cytoplasm. Irregular faint immune reaction for laminin was noted in the basement membrane. At 1 week after exposure, strong immune reaction for laminin was detected over all tracheal cells, and the basement membrane was seen clearly. At 2~3 weeks after exposure, strong immune reaction for laminin was seen in all tracheal epithelial cells except Goblet cells and a mild immune reaction was partly revealed in the basement membrane. Conclusion : Our study suggests that 502 produces histologic damage on the tracheal mucosa. Longer duration after exposure of $SO_2$ makes more progressive healing on the tracheal mucosa and increased immunoreactivity for laminin.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.313-322
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 예로부터 민간에서 사용되어진 약초인 토인삼 추출물의 피부보호 효과를 측정하기위해 항산화, 자외선에 의해 유도된 matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) 발현저해효과, 자외선에 대한 세포보호효과, 노화세포를 이용한 senescence-associated ${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal) 활성을 사람 섬유아세포(HDF)를 이용하여 확인하였다. 그 결과, 토인삼 추출물의 free radical과 superoxide radical 소거효과는 처리농도가 증가함에 따라 농도 의존적으로 나타났으며, 토인삼 잎, 줄기 추출물(LSE) 500 ${\mu}g/mL$에서 98.45%와 97.01%의 DPPH와 superoxide radical을 소거하여 우수한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. 토인삼 잎, 줄기 추출물(LSE)의 MMP-1의 발현 저해효과는 섬유아세포에서 UVA조사 실험에서 우수하게 나타났으며, UVB 조사에 의한 세포보호 효과도 우수하게 나타났다. 또한 노화세포를 이용한 SA-${\beta}$-gal활성은 토인삼 잎, 줄기 추출물(LSE)을 처리하였을 시 염색된 세포의 수가 감소하여 세포내 senescence를 억제하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과들을 종합해 보면, 토인삼의 지상부분인 잎, 줄기 추출물(LSE)은 항노화 및 항산화제로서의 우수한 특성으로 피부손상에 의한 산화적 스트레스에 대응하는 새로운 기능성 소재로서의 가능성을 가지는 것으로 평가된다.