• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2008

Genetic diversity and population genetic structure within or among three stream populations (Gab, Baekgok and Ji streams) of Korean endangered natural monument fish, Iksookimia choii, were assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). AFLP analysis using three primer combinations generated 104 to 106 AFLP bands, and percent polymorphic bands were similar in those three populations ranging 21.5 to 24.5%. Heterozygosity and genetic diversity within or among populations were quite low for all of these populations with average values ranging from 0.067 to 0.084 and from 0.076 to 0.087, respectively. Analyses of pairwise distance and genetic similarity among three populations of I. choii also revealed the similar results with very low genetic differentiation one another. Although pairwise Fst values were very low, our data clearly indicated distinct genetic differentiation among the three populations. This is the first report concerning the genetic diversity and differentiation of this species, and provides basic genetic information that should facilitate attempts to conserve this species.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.151-163
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• 2008

1. Objective This study was done to identify the anti-stress effect of Hyeongbangdojeok-san (HDS), Yanggyeoksanhwa-tang(YST) in Soyangin. 2. Methods Experimental animals were composed of YST, HDS+stress groups which were administered each by 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and the Saline+stress group. On the 1st day, making the rats forced swim and on the 2nd day, applying Forced swimming test to the rats. After FST, the levels of Corticosterone in the blood were measured. For the study of learning retardation, memory ability and anxiety reaction, experimental animals were composed of YST, HDS+restraint stress groups which were administered each by 400mg/kg, no stress group and the Saline+restraint stress group. Restraint stress were applied 2 hours a day for 3 weeks. On the last day of the 3rd week, Elevated Plus Maze(EPM) was applied to the groups and Morris Water Maze(MWM) was applied to the groups for 7 days. 3. Results 1. As the results of measuring FST which reflects depression, the YST+stress group and the HDS+stress group showed significant effect in comparison with the Saline+stress group. The levels of Corticosterone in the blood were decreased only in the 400mg/kg YST+stress group. 2. As the results of measuring how long EPM which reflects anxiety reaction stayed in the open arm, there was the trend which can suppress anxiety reaction in the HDS+restraint stress group bur no statistical significance. But there was any suppression of anxiety reaction in the YST+restraint stress group. 3. According to the result of MWM, the saline+restraint stress group showed the learning retardation which means increased time arriving at goal compared to the normal group at the second and third day of measurement. On the contrary, a learning retardation was significantly decreased in the YST+restraint stress group at the third day of measurement. 4. Among the Probe trial test a memory loss occurred in the saline+restraint stress group, but memory ability was significantly increased in the YST+restraint stress group. 4. Conclusion: As the results above, Soyangin Yanggyeoksanhwa-tang has significant influence to the antidepression effect, the learning retardation, the anxiety reaction and also in the Hormone level. Hyeongbangdojeok-san has significant influence to the antidepression effect, in the Hormone level, bur not to the learning retardation and anxiety reaction. prefer to drink cold water, and who are suffering from chronic gastritis.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2019

Mutation breeding is the useful tool to improve agronomic traits in various crop species. Soybean is most important crop and is rich in protein and oil contents. Despite of the importance as economic value and various genetic resource of soybean, there have been limited studies of genetic relationship among mutant resources through radiation breeding. In this study, the agronomical phenotype for selecting various genetic resources was evaluated in 528 soybean mutant lines. As a result, 210 soybean mutants with their original cultivars were selected with various traits. We named 210 selected lines as Mutant Diversity Pool (MDP). The genetic diversity and the relationship of the MDP were investigated using TRAP and TE-TRAP markers. In TRAP analysis, sixteen primer combination (PC)s were used and a total of 551 fragments were amplified. The highest (84.00%) and the lowest (32.35%) polymorphism levels were showed in PC MIR157B+Ga5 and B14G14B+Ga3, respectively. The mean of PIC values was 0.15 ranging from 0.07 in B14G14B+Sa12 to 0.23 in MIR157B+Sa4. Phylogenetic and population structure analysis indicated that the 210 MDP lines dispersed to four groups among the wild types and their mutants. The highest genetic diversity among populations was observed between lines Paldal and 523-7 (Fst=0.409), whereas the lowest genetic diversity was between population KAS360-22 and 94seori (Fst=0.065). AMOVA showed 11.583 (21.0%) and 43.532 (79.0%) variations in inter and intra mutant population, respectively. Overall, the genetic similarity of each intra mutant populations was closer than that of inter mutant population. A total of 408 fragments were amplified in the 210 MDP using twelve PCs of TE-TRAP markers that were obtained from a combination of three TIR sequence of transposable elements (MITE-stowaway; M-s, MITE-tourist; M-t, PONG). The highest (77.42%) and the lowest (56.00%) polymorphism levels were showed in PONG+Sa4 and PONG+Sa12, respectively. The mean of PIC values was 0.15 ranging from 0.09 in M-s+Sa4 and M-s+Ga5 to 0.21 in M-t+Ga5. AMOVA of M-s showed 2.209 (20%) and 8.957 (80%) variations in inter and intra mutant population, respectively. AMOVA of M-t showed 2.766 (18%) and 12.385 (82%) variations in inter and intra mutant population, respectively. AMOVA of PONG showed 3.151 (29%) and 7.646 (71%) variations in inter and intra mutant population, respectively. According to our study, the PONG had higher inter mutant population and lower intra mutant population. This mean was that for aspect of radiation sensitivity, M-s and M-t showed higher mobility than that of PONG. Our results suggest that the TRAP and the TE-TRAP markers may be useful for assessing the genetic diversity and relationship among soybean MDP and help to improve our knowledge of soybean mutation/radiation breeding.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2019

Objectives: As a general emotion, everyone can temporarily experience depression, but depressive disorder is a disease that excessively affects daily life. Among the various causes of depression, the deficiency of monoamine-based neurotransmitters such as serotonin and epinephrine are considered significant. Thus, antidepressants that target monoamines are used frequently. However, side effects such as nausea, vomiting, insomnia, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction are observed. Thus, it is necessary to develop a new therapeutic agent with fewer side effects. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant effect of JG02, used to treat depression by normalizing the flow of qi (氣) in Korean medicine. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were selected and randomly divided into six groups: normal, control, amitriptyline, and JG02 (50, 125, 250 mg/kg), respectively. Except for normal, depression was induced by applying restraint stress at the same time for six hours daily for 14 consecutive days. Saline, amitriptyline or JG02 samples were orally administered two hours before applying the stress. After that, a forced swimming test and an open field test were performed. Additionally, serum corticosterone, serotonin mRNA, BDNF mRNA, and protein in the hippocampal region were measured and compared. Results: JG02 decreased immobility time rate in the FST and increased the zone transition number and travel distance in the OFT. Also, JG02 inhibited the release of serum corticosterone, and increased serotonin, BDNF gene expression, and BDNF protein in the hippocampus. Conclusions: In this study, JG02 showed significant antidepressant effects on the chronic restraint stress mice model. When further research is performed based on JG02, the development of a new antidepressant is considered highly possible.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.995-1003
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• 2021

Chromatin remodeling regulates gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Aberrations in histone modification have been associated with depression-like behaviors in animal models. Additionally, growing evidence also indicates that epigenetic modification is associated with depression. p11 (S100A10) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression both in human and rodent models. In the present study, we investigated alterations in histone acetylation and methylation at the promoter of the p11 gene in the hippocampus of mice subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CUS daily for 3 weeks. Depression-like behaviors were measured with the forced swimming test (FST). The levels of hippocampal p11 expression were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. The levels of acetylated and methylated histone H3 at the promoter of p11 were measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by real-time PCR. CUS-exposed mice displayed depression-like behaviors with prolonged immobility in FST. CUS led to significant decreases in the expression of p11 at both protein and mRNA levels. Meanwhile, there was a decrease in histone H3 acetylation (Ac-H3) and H3-K4 trimethylation (H3K4met3) and an increase in H3-K27 trimethylation (H3K27met3) at the p11 promoter. These results indicate that chronic stress causes the epigenetic suppression of p11 expression in the hippocampus.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.666-674
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• 2022

Background: Ginsenosides and their metabolites have antidepressant-like effects, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We previously identified 14-3-3 ζ as one of the target proteins of 20 (S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), a fully deglycosylated ginsenoside metabolite. Methods: Corticosterone (CORT) was administered repeatedly to induce the depression model, and PPD was given concurrently. The tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST) were used for behavioral evaluation. All mice were sacrificed. Golgi-cox staining, GSK 3β activity assay, and Western blot analysis were performed. In vitro, the kinetic binding analysis with the Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) was used to determine the molecular interactions. Results: TST and FST both revealed that PPD reversed CORT-induced behavioral deficits. PPD also ameliorated the CORT-induced expression alterations of hippocampal Ser9 phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-Ser9 GSK 3β), Ser133 phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-Ser133 CREB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, PPD attenuated the CORT-induced increase in GSK 3β activity and decrease in dendritic spine density in the hippocampus. In vitro, 14-3-3 ζ protein specifically bound to p-Ser9 GSK 3β polypeptide. PPD promoted the binding and subsequently decreased GSK 3β activity. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated the antidepressant-like effects of PPD on the CORT-induced mouse depression model and indicated a possible target-based mechanism. The combination of PPD with the 14-3-3 ζ protein may promote the binding of 14-3-3 ζ to p-GSK 3β (Ser9) and enhance the inhibition of Ser9 phosphorylation on GSK 3β kinase activity, thereby activating the plasticity-related CREBeBDNF signaling pathway.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.280-320
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• 2023

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the antidepressant effects of capsaicin in chronic depressive rats and elucidate the mechanism underlying its effects. Methods: Male Wistar rats (280~320 g, 8 weeks of age) were subjected to depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stresses. The rats were exposed to 8 kinds of stresses for 8 weeks. In the last 2 weeks, fluoxetine or capsaicin was injected subcutaneously. The dose of fluoxetine was 10 mg/kg (body weight), while the doses of capsaicin consisted of low (1 mg/kg), middle (5 mg/kg), and high (10 mg/kg). The forced swim test (FST) was conducted to evaluate the immobility time of rats. The immobility time indicates despair, one of symptoms of depression. The change of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the dorsal raphe was investigated using immunohistochemistry. In the hippocampus cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and 3, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression was measured. Results: The immobility time in the FST was significantly lower (p < .05) in the low-dose (M = 32.40 ± 13.41 seconds) and middle-dose (M = 28.48 ± 19.57 seconds) groups than in the non-treated depressive rats (M = 90.19 ± 45.34 seconds). The amount of TPH in the dorsal raphe was significantly higher (p < .05) in the middle-dose (M = 249.17 ± 35.02) and high-dose (M = 251.0 ± 56.85) groups than in the non-treated depressive rats (M = 159.78 ± 41.16). However, GR expression in the hippocampus CA1 and CA3 did not show significant differences between the non-treated depressive rats and the capsaicin-injected rats. Conclusion: This study suggests that capsaicin produces an antidepressant-like effect on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in rats via the serotonin biosynthesis pathway.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.447-452
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• 2010

A series of 5-alkoxy-tetrazolo[1,5-a]quinolines were synthesized to evaluate their anticonvulsant and antidepressant effects. Anticonvulsant effects and neurotoxicity of the compounds when injected intraperitoneally to mice were determined by a maximal electroshock (MES) test and a rotarod test, respectively. Only three of the synthesized compounds (4a, 4b, 4c) displayed anticonvulsant activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg. Most of the compounds significantly reduced immobility times during the forced swimming test (FST) at a dose of 100 mg/kg, indicative of antidepressant activity. Among the compounds, 5-(2-fluorobenzyloxy)tetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoline (4k) reduced immobility time by 66.85% at 30 mg/kg compared with the same dose of Fluoxetine, which reduced immobility time by 52.30%. According to the results of the 5-Hydroxytryptophan induced head-twitch test and yohimbine toxicity potentiation test, the noradrenergic system seems not to be involved in the antidepressant-like effect of compound 4k while the serotonergic system seems a little to be involved.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

Objectives : The goal of this study was to investigate the antidepressant effects of Mixture of Lycii Radicis Cortex and Moutan Cortex on the change of HPA-Axis and Catecholamic system. Methods : We were performed the Forced Swimming Test. The expressions of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and c-Fos at paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at ventral tegmental area (VTA) and locus coeruleus (LC) were evaluated by immunohistochemical method. Results : The duration of immobility in the Forced Swimming Test was significantly decreased in A100, A400(p<0.05~p<0.01). CRF expressions at PVN was significantly decreased in A400(p<0.05).No other group showed significant difference in expression of c-Fos at PVN comparing with control group. TH expressions at VTA was significantly decreased in A100 and A400, respectively(p<0.001). TH expressions at LC was significantly decreased in A100(p<0.01). Conclusions : According to the above results, Mixture of Lycii Radicis Cortex and Moutan Cortex has antidepressant effects via the reduction of CRF expression and the Catecholamine System activity.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.191-202
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-depressive effects of BanHaHuBakTang-kami (BHHBT) on an animal model of depression induced by chronic immobility stress. Methods: Mice were treated daily with immobilization stress for 2 hours over a period of 21 days. To examine the effect of BHHBT, we performed behavioral, biochemical and histological analysis to measure immobility time (FST), brain neurotransmitter concentration (HPLC, ELISA), hippocampal damage (H&E staining) and CRF-R1 expression (immunohistochemistry). Results: BHHBT has reduced the immobility time of immobilization stress exposed mice in the forced swimming test. BHHBT has increased the amount of serotonin in the brain. BHHBT has increased the expression level of serotonin in the brain. BHHBT 540 mg/kg were sufficient to prevent tissue damage in the hippocampus region. BHHBT has reduced the expression level of CRF receptors in the hippocampus region. Conclusions: These results suggest that BHHBT may have anti-depressive effects on mice treated with immobilization stress by reducing immobility, increasing brain serotonin concentration and reducing CRF-R1 expression in the hippocampus region.