• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.230-239
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• 2013

The major species of fungus gnats which caused the severe damage in shiitake farm were identified as a Bradysia difformis, B. alpicola, and Camtomyia cortocalis on oak log beds cultivation. The B. difformis occurred early in the middle of March while B. alpicola and C. cortocalis appeared since the beginning of May. The occurrence rate for adults of B. difformis showed highly at the end of July (11.9~1,774.2 in dong-myeon and 0.4~2,583.3 in pungse-myeon) in 2012 and mid-June (10.7~4,650 in dong-myeon and 36.8~4740 in pungse-myeon) in 2013. The counting numbers on the traps for B. alpicola reached highest peak in the middle of June (2.1~63.2 in dong-myeon and 1.0~21.7 in pungse-myeon) and the end of May (0.8~163.7 in dong-myeon and 0.5~280.5 in pungse-myeon) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The number of C. cortocalis showed high record in the middle of May in 2012 (0.6~4.7) and in the middle of June (2.1~17.3) in 2013 in dong-myeon whereas showed the peaks in the middle of May (0.6~4.7) in 2012 and in the late of May (1.3~17.6) in 2013 in pungse-myeon. The fruiting bodies of shiitake mushroom by fungus gnats were severely damaged from mid-June to late-July and the damage rate were 0.625.5% (2012) and 0.7~30.5% (2013) in dong-myeon and 1.5%~21.6% (2012) and 1.9~36.8%(2012) in pungse-myeon. To investigate the control effect for fungus gnats by Hypoaspis aculeifer, H. aculeifer (30 mixutre of nymph and adult per $m^2$) were treated to oak log beds shiitake cultivation for six times (May 2 and 28, June 25, July 10 and 25 and August 28). The occurrence rate of adults and damage rate of fruiting bodies of 3 major species reduced 79.3% (adult numbers) and 74.8% (fruiting bodies) in dong-myeon and 64.1% (adult numbers) and 65.5% (fruiting bodies) in pungse-myeon, respectively, compared to non-treatment. Accordingly, H. aculeifer effectively controlled the fungus gnats on shiitake mushroom and can be used as good control agent.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal medium and optimal dextrose concentration of 12 entomopathogenic fungi. The colonies of Cordyceps gracilioides, C. sp.(J23), Paecilomyces farinosus(J5), P tenuipes, Paecilomyces sp.(J4), Beauveria bassiana and B. brongniartii on SLA(silkworm larva agar) medium are similar to those on PDA(Potato dextrose agar) medium. On the contrary, the colonies of 5 fungi are very various according to its medium. The optimal medium for 1 1 fungi was SLA-A medium, which was better than PDA medium with regard to the mycelial growth. The optimal concentration on mycelial growth was superior to 6% for 6 fungi. When silkworm larvae was injected with P. tenuipes on SLA medium for fruiting body production. Infection rate, fruiting body formation rate, synnemata number and synnemata length were 91.3 $\pm$ 1.5%, 88.6 $\pm$ 2.3%, 56.6 $\pm$ 3.2 and 33.4 $\pm$ 2.88 ㎜ respectively. In economical analysis, the prototype medium can reduce 61.9% of production cost per 1 liter compared with PDA medium.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.96-106
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• 2014

The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the somatic hybrids of dikaryon-monokaryon (di-mono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing superior strains from Pleurotus ostreatus strains with 48 intraspecific hybrids of 12 combinations between six P. ostreatus strains and one P. florida strain. The results on the experiments of hybridization rate, nuclear DNA patterns, and colors and morphology of fruit-bodies, are presented. In di-mono crosses, somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains showed 100% of crossability as seen in those between P. ostreatus and P. florida strains indicating that the nuclei of a dikaryon is inferred to be migrated to a recipient. 87.5% of the somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the donor dikaryons, and 12.5% of the somatic hybrids presented DNA patterns of both parents. In 16.6% of di-mono crosses between P. ostreatus and P. florida, the nuclear DNA patterns of all hybrids showed the same or similar patterns compared to the donor dikaryons. 70.9% of the hybrids between P. ostreatus and P. ostreatus were similar to the donor dikaryons and 12.5% of them presented the DNA patterns of both parents. 79.2% of fruiting body morphology of the hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the dikaryons and 20.8% of them were similar to both parents. Interestingly, the morphology of all dikaryons were dissimilar each other. All hybrid strains between dikaryon P. florida and monokaryon P. ostreatus showed the fruiting body of which colors were similar to those of the dikaryon, while the hybrids between dikaryon P. ostreatus and monokaryon P. florida were showed the combined colors of both parents. Therefore, the fruiting body color of P. florida tends to be generally dominant. In conclusion, the present study provides a way to find out and suggest superior hybrid strains using the nuclear DNA patterns of hybrids between Pleurotus strains as well as the characteristics of their fruiting bodies. The advantages of the di-mono crossing are needs to be fully utilized in mushroom breeding because it is an ideal way to develop the superior strains of Pleurotus.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.203-207
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• 2018

'Daebak', a new cultivar of Grifola frondosa, was bred by mating two monokaryotic strains isolated from 'F14309' and 'GMGF44062' at the Mushroom Research Institute, Gyonggi-Do ARES in 2017. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of 'Daebak' was $25^{\circ}C$ on PDA medium. In bottle cultivation, the culture period of 'Daebak' was 57 days, which was 2 days shorter than that of 'Cham' (control). The pinheading rate of 'Daebak' was 98.4%, which was 24.8% higher than that of 'Cham' and its CV (Coefficient of variation) was 0.6%, 5.3% lower than that of 'Cham'. Regarding the growth characteristics of 'Daebak', the diameter and thickness of the pileus were 27.7 mm and 1.73 mm, respectively, and the diameter and height of the fruiting bodies cluster were 132 mm and 87.2 mm, respectively. The pileus was thinner but the fruiting bodies cluster was larger than that of 'Cham'. Fruiting bodies weighed 139 g per 1,100 ml bottle of 'Daebak', which was 28% higher than that for 'Cham', with a CV of 2.5%, which was 6.2% lower than that of 'Cham'. The yield per 10,000 bottles (used for cultivation) of 'Daebak' was 1,376 kg, 70% higher than that of 'Cham', with a CV of 3.0% that was 11.5% lower than that of 'Cham'. With respect to physical characteristics, the strength and brittleness of the fruiting body of 'Daebak' was less than that of 'Cham'. When considering the period available for sale, the shelf life of 'Daebak' was 42 days, which was 6 days longer than that of 'Cham'.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigated optimum mixing ratio of Korean natural Juglans mandshurica using as functional plants. Total nitrogen and carbon source of J. mandshurica was 0.21% and 46.0%, respectively and C/N ratio was 219. Total nitrogen source and pH of substrate mixed with J. mandshurica was 2.3~2.9 and 5.0, respectively. The contents of CaO, MgO and $Na_2O$ at J. mandshurica media were higher at harvest media than inoculation media. Mycelial growth was the fastest at J. mandshurica 20%, and slower by increase of J. mandshurica substrate. Yields of fruiting body show the highest to 163 g/850 mL of medium which are addition 10% of J. mandshurica sawdust, and diameter and thick of pileus were the highest, too. The L value of pileus and stipes were increased by increase of J. mandshurica substrate, but there was no significant difference in the a-value and the b-value. The contents of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ of fruiting body were increased at J. mandshurica substrate, but there was no significant difference in contents of CaO, MgO and $Na_2O$. The contents of Cu of fruiting body was decreased by increase of J. mandshurica substrate, but Fe, Mn and Zn were increased.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.1 s.81
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• pp.82-90
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• 2007

In an attempt to establish the appropriate ventilation device for the bottle culture of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii), we investigated carbon dioxide concentration and fruiting body formation according to the various ventilation systems within the mushroom house. In addition to, the efficiency of air circulation and growth rate as well as the appearance of physiologically abnormal phenotypes during their growth stage were also evaluated. four different ventilation devices, parallel-pressure type, positive-pressure type, negative-pressure type, and positive- and negative-pressure type were applied in this study. The positive-and negative-pressure type showed the highest efficiency of air circulation as $CO_2$ concentration was 800 ppm and the level of air current was relatively low compared to the other types (the $CO_2$ concentration of parallel-pressure type was 1,400 ppm). Moreover, the stipe length, the cap diameter, yield, and general quality grown in positive- and negative type ventilation device were also better than in the other three devices though it took slightly longer period for harvesting (18.4 days) than the others (17.6, 17.9 and 18.3 days). The appearance of physiologically abnormal phenotypes such as fruiting body lump, soft rot, and brown rot were significantly decreased in positive-and negative type compared to other types, while the appearance rates were not much different for other symptoms of bacterial ooze, stipe limb and stipe bumpy. In summary, we propose that the optimal ventilation system for the bottle culture of king oyster mushroom is positive- and negative type, and this device is expected to increase the total quality as well as yield all year around.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.46-48
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• 1963

1. In this experiment, the effect of the fertilizer of which the chief ingredients are the silicate, the manganeize and the iron, was examined by applying to the rice variety Norm ＃6, in three different vote as 377 gr, 754 gr and 1131 gr per 0.22 a. 2. In the rearing of the rice plant, the effects of the fertilizer was not so significant in the plant height or division. 3. The rice blast and the leaf spot was decreased by appling this fertiliger and the lager dose, the less significantly. 4. The fruiting-rate, yield, and the perfect unpolished-rice weight were increased by appling this fertilizer, and the whole unpolished rice weight and the perfect unpolished rice weight was inproportion to the amount of the fertilizer.

• Mycobiology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2016

Lenzites betulinus, known as gilled polypore belongs to Basidiomycota was isolated from fruiting body on broadleaf dead trees. It was found that the mycelia of white rot fungus Lenzites betulinus IUM 5468 produced ethanol from various sugars, including glucose, mannose, galactose, and cellobiose with a yield of 0.38, 0.26, 0.07, and 0.26 g of ethanol per gram of sugar consumed, respectively. This fungus relatively exhibited a good ethanol production from xylose at 0.26 g of ethanol per gram of sugar consumed. However, the ethanol conversion rate of arabinose was relatively low (at 0.07 g of ethanol per gram sugar). L. betulinus was capable of producing ethanol directly from rice straw and corn stalks at 0.22 g and 0.16 g of ethanol per gram of substrates, respectively, when this fungus was cultured in a basal medium containing 20 g/L rice straw or corn stalks. These results indicate that L. betulinus can produce ethanol efficiently from glucose, mannose, and cellobiose and produce ethanol very poorly from galactose and arabinose. Therefore, it is suggested that this fungus can ferment ethanol from various sugars and hydrolyze cellulosic materials to sugars and convert them to ethanol simultaneously.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2000

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of several stimulatory trements of flower and seed growth on the reproductive and vegetative growth of Tilia amurensis RUBP. The effects of mounded planting, girdling, root-pruning, bending and foliar fertilizer application on the fifteen to forty yead-old tress growing in the experimental plantation at the Konkuk University and the National forest at the Daegwanryung were measured. The following results were obtained: (1) The number and the longitydinal growth of internode were reduced by the treatments. The xylem growth of the longitudited more greatly than the bark growth by all the treatments. (2)The increasong rate of the brand angle as compared to that of the control was 2.11% in the girdling treatment, 31.61% in the mounded planting treatment, and 22.14% in root-pruning treatment. (3) The foliar application of fertilizer(N, P, K, and B) before flowering increased leaf and stem growth, that one after pollen fertilization increased the fruit growth. (4)The foliar application of fertilizer before flowering increased the xylem growth while that after pollen fertilization increased the bark growth. (5)The stimulatory effects of root pruning and branch bending on the flowering and seed growth were shown relatively less than that of mounded planting. The effect of the moinded planting on the yield of the seeds has remained continuously every year since planting the trees.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2018

Improper disposal of herb residues in China has caused severe problems to the surrounding environment and human safety. Three herb residues, i.e., compound Kushen injection residues (CKI) and part one and part two of Qizhitongluo Capsule residues (QC1 and QC2, respectively), were used for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. The effect of the supplementation of corncobs (CC) with different herb residues on yield, nutritional composition, and antioxidant activity of P. ostreatus was investigated. Compared to the control, the higher mycelial growth rate was observed on substrates CC +30% CKI and CC +30% QC1, while the higher yield was obtained from substrates CC +30% QC2 and CC +30% CKI. Moreover, chemical analysis of fruit bodies revealed that the addition of herb residues to CC significantly increased proteins, amino acids, ashes, minerals (Na and Ca), and total phenolic contents but significantly reduced carbohydrates and $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radicals. In addition, no heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and As) were detected in the fruiting bodies harvested from different substrate combinations. These results demonstrated that mixtures of CC with herb residues might be utilized as a novel, practical, and easily available substrate for the cultivation of P. ostreatus, which is beneficial for the effective management of herb residues.