• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.3-23
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• 2017

With the globalization of the world economy, international trade networks are expanding beyond geographical proximity, and the expansion of such trade networks is playing a role in promoting globalization. Korea has established itself as a strong FTA for the past 13 years, starting with the Korea-Chile FTA. Successful establishment of a short-term FTA network has shown positive economic effects such as increased trade volume with partner countries and market share in overseas markets. Other countries are also turning to the paradigm of economic development through the formation of a regional economic integration and a bilateral trade agreement network, and it is time to investigate new opportunities through understanding the entire RTA and FTA network. In this study, we analyzed the status of RTA and FTA from the 1960s to 2010s, analyzed network structure and centrality through SNA(social network analysis). The results of the study show that the structure of the FTA network is gradually expanding, and the FTA network, which has been expanding to the center of the early European countries, is changing toward the Asian countries such as Korea, China and Japan. As a result of the analysis of the degree of centrality, Korea was ranked as the top in all the degree of centrality(Degree, Betweenness, Closeness and Eigenvector) indicators for a short period of time and it means that Korea's FTA strategy was evaluated as very successful. This study examines the FTA among the global RTAs, assesses the structure of the FTAs and evaluates Korea's FTA strategies and the FTA network from a network perspective.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.131-141
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• 2004

The FTA(Free Trade Agreements) are loading the world trade liberalization. Entering into FTA with Chile on 1 Apr 2004, Korea is trying to tie with Singapore and Japan in FTA. It also has a long-term plan for free-trading with China, USA, ASEAN, Canada and India. The portion of the dairy products imported from Chile, Japan and Singapore is under 1% of total dairy product imports. However, in the long run the conclusion of FTA with dairy product exporting countries such as USA, Australia, New Zealand and Netherlands will give a big impact on the dairy industry with abrupt increment in dairy product imports. Especially, whole and skim milk powder imports which are imported on the high tariff rate expect to increase. Furthermore mixed milk powder(Food preparations of goods and other whey powders) imports which domestic price is higher than world market also will dramatically increase. The milk powder stocks have increased since 2002. That made the government carry out some policies. Those include slaughtering milking cow(2002) and terminating the dairy farm enterprise and decreasing in milk production(2003). Also the case of artificial insemination by a Hanwoo fertilized egg has increased with the rise of Hanwoo farm price in 2003. By those reason, it is forecasted that the downward trend in the number of cow will be continued in 2004. It is also forecasted that the raw milk production in 2004 will decrease 4.4% compared to last year due to decreasing in the number of milking cow and raw milk collecting quota.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.26-31
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to explore the emergence of Chinese economy and the possibility of economic cooperation between the East Asian countries, which will facilitate the solution to structural problems in the economy and industries of these countries. This study presents that China will remain essential to the East Asian economy and changes are anticipated in its economic growth rate, growth strategy and risks. How to respond to them will be the critical movement that will determine the future course of the East Asian economy. To solve this question, firstly each government of East Asian countries needs to come up with strategies that will leverage China for their industrial upgrade and economic development even when the risks facing China are realized. Second, each government of East Asian countries should make a wise approach towards a free trade agreement between EATR and China.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-33
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• 2014

아세안은 한중일과의 무역을 통한 경제적 연계의 심화현상과 최근 글로벌 위기로 인한 경기침체를 고려하여 새로운 경제성장추진을 위해 동북아의 한중일 삼국과의 무역자유화를 적극 추진하고 있다. 이미 ASEAN-중국, ASEAN-일본, ASEAN-한국 양자간 자유무역협정(FTA)이 발효되어 실행되고 있으며, 이들 3개 양자협정을 아우르는 A+3FTA(ASEAN+중국+일본+한국) 논의도 진행중이다. 이에 본 연구는 이들 4개 자유무역협정의 경제적 효과를 분석하여 과연 A+3FTA가 아세안은 물론 동아시아 역내에서 보다 바람직한 통상정책인지를 평가한다. 본 논문의 정성적 평가는 기존의 경제통합의 경제적 효과를 결정하는 이론에 근거하여 참여국의 제반 경제적 현황(경제규모, 소득수준, 경제개발수준, 거래비용, 무역 및 산업구조, 관세율 등)을 통계적으로 비교 분석한다. 한편 정량적 평가는 무역의 경제적 파급효과 분석에 널리 이용되고 있는 연산가능한 일반균형모형(CGE)분석방법을 적용한다. 정태적 효과의 분석을 위해서 GTAP 모형을 이용하며, 이와 더불어 동태적으로 투자를 통한 자본축적을 반영하는 자본축적 CGE 모형분석을 병행한다. 분석결과 후생 및 생산확대 측면에서 아세안의 경우 일본과의 양자간 FTA가 한국이나 중국과의 FTA에 비해 보다 긍정적인 후생증진을 가져올 것으로 기대되며, 아세안과 한중일 모두에게 A+3FTA가 동아시아 역내에서 보다 바람직한 자유무역협정이 될 것으로 평가된다.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.227-253
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• 2022

Despite the proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs), many exporting firms are still confronted with several challenges in utilizing the FTA preferential tariffs. Based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, this study empirically examines the factors affecting the utilization of FTA schemes by exporting firms. To clarify the key factors influencing FTA utilization, this study develops a conceptual model from the perspective of the adoption of information technology innovations. Eight factors derived from the TOE framework are proposed to explore the determinants of FTA utilization in export. Partial least squares structural equation modeling is employed to analyze the data collected from 162 exporting small- and medium-sized enterprises in the South Korean textile industry. The findings reveal that compatibility and trading partner influence are positively associated with FTA utilization, while complexity is negatively related. Factors of organizational context do not show any relationship with FTA utilization. This study is the first to theoretically analyze and empirically test the determinants of FTA utilization from the perspective of technological innovation adoptions. By examining the relative importance of TOE factors in the utilization of FTA schemes, this study expects to advance a holistic understanding on the perceived factors that could potentially affect the utilization of FTA schemes.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.103-124
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• 2012

Because the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (Korea-U.S. FTA) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have an overlapping contracting party, the United States, their provisions have much in common. The investment chapters of these agreements, especially, show many similarities, and thanks to these similarities, it is likely that the Korea-U.S. FTA arbitration tribunal for investor-state disputes regarding the environment will put great weight on the NAFTA tribunals' interpretations of those similar provisions. Since the NAFTA tribunals have already handled many environment-related arbitration cases, their interpretations will help heighten the predictability of environment-related Korea-U.S. FTA arbitration cases. This paper analyzes the environment-related NAFTA cases in which the tribunal has issued an award, which are the Metalclad case, S.D. Myers case, Waste Management case, Methanex case, Glamis Gold case, and Chemtura case. According to this analysis, the most controversial NAFTA provisions have been Article 1102 (national treatment), Article 1105 (minimum treatment standard, fair and equitable treatment), and Article 1110 (expropriation). The NAFTA tribunals applied the requirement of these articles in a strict manner, reducing the possibility of finding a violation. After the aforementioned analysis, this paper proceeds to compare the national treatment, minimum treatment standard (fair and equitable treatment), and expropriation provisions of the Korea-U.S. FTA and NAFTA and to predict the impact that the environment-related awards under NAFTA can have on environment-related Korea-U.S. FTA cases. It is expected that the NAFTA interpretations of the national treatment and minimum treatment provisions are likely be used as they are, but not the interpretations of expropriation, because of the differences in the expropriation provisions of the two agreements.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-174
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• 1997

This paper's main objective is to present an assessment of the impact of NAFTA on the economic structure of the Mexican northem borderlands. The NAFTA is the strategy of a free trade agreement with the United States and Canada, first mentioned by Salinas in June 1990 and established since January 1994. Mexican govemment permitted factories called maquiladoras at the northem borderlands for the first time in 1965. in the early 1980s Mexico was in a deep economic crisis and the international environment was adverse to Mexico. Mexico began to move toward an open economy and abandoned the import-substitution industrialization model that characterized Mexico since the 1930s. Through the new economic reform, the market system was preferred to the regulation; the private ownership, to the public ownership; and the competition, to the protection. The most phenomenal urbanization in northem Mexico has occurred around the major crossing points along the Mexico-U.S. border. The rapid urbanization in northern Mexico has been much due to the industrialization, brought about bv the maquiladora programs and, recently, by the NAFTA.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 2007

The 3 Northeast Asian countries of Korea, Japan and China have been stricter to each other than to other countries of out-region in air liberalization. The prominent reason of this intra-regional protective policy in air transportation seems to be the difference in competitive strength of their national flag carriers. As the 3 countries realize the importance of their mutual cooperation in the region, since China grows to be one of the leading economies in the world and the intra-regional trade and visitors increase tremendously, they are now taking the policy of intra-regional air liberalization more vigorously than before. Especially air cargo liberalization is easier than air passenger liberalization because they realize that the development of open economy is based on free flow of logistics regardless of the competitiveness of their national flag carriers. As Korea is the leading country in the region to promote air liberalization, this paper reviews the importance and growing trend of air cargo, analyzes current air liberalization policy between Korea, Japan and China and the initial effects of open sky in the routes of Shandung-Korea, and suggests the new policies of air liberalization to promote free flow of air logistics.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.567-588
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• 2016

Korea-China FTA and Korea-U.S. FTA are the most significant FTA in volume and economic effect for Korea's perspective. Developed countries have dealt with environmental issues one of the main issues in FTA negotiation, while developing countries have been reluctant to it. Both Korea-China FTA and Korea-U.S. FTA have separate environment chapter respectively. A separate environment chapter was firstly introduced in Korea-U.S. for Korea's perspective. Both environment chapters provide high level of environment protection, recognition of multilateral environmental agreements, enforcement of environmental laws, and environmental cooperation. Both environment chapters require that each party make effort to improve environmental laws and measures. Korea-China FTA provides establishment a "Committee on Environment and Trade", and Korea-U.S. FTA provides establishment a "Environment Council" to oversee the implementation of environment clauses. Korea-China FTA and Korea-U.S. FTA have very similar provisions on environment and trade, and are expected to contribute to enhancing environment protection. However, a lot of provisions are somewhat declaratory rather than mandatory. Therefore, further environmental cooperation is encouraged to achieve the goals and objectives of the environment clauses and FTA.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.179-203
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• 2011

Currently, the most common form of regional economic integration is FTA (Free Trade Area), which is formed by two countries or more as either a bilateral or multilateral agreement. A proposed FTA between Korea and China recently has been re-focused after China concluded its ECFA (Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement) with Taiwan in June 2010. By May 2010, China was the No.1 export partner to Korea (as a Chinese No.2 import partner). Also, Korea and Taiwan trade structure to China is similar and competitive at the same time. So, China-Taiwan ECFA has a significant effect on the trade between China and Korea. As a result, it will hurt Korean industrial production and trade with China. Therefore, the progress and expected issue of a FT A between Korea and China which is prompting will be analyzed. In this situation, the final purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact on a Korea-China FTA Negotiation from the China-Taiwan ECFA.