• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the exposure risk to tattoo components by analyzing skin absorption using the in vitro method. Tattoos are commonly used for cosmetic purposes, and the skin of not only the operator but of the people who are undergoing the cosmetic procedure is continuously exposed to hazardous chemicals. Methods: Skin permeation risk determination was conducted by the in vitro Franz diffusion cell method according to the ingredient types of tattoo dyes, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), non-volatile organic compounds and heavy metals, using hairless mouse full skin and human cadaver epidermis. Results: The major components with good skin penetration for each type of tattoo dye ingredient were clarified. Among the tatto dye ingredients, 1,2-Dichlorobenzene, Zn, Al, Pb and Ti showed good skin penetration. Most of the skin transmission rates were higher in hairless mouse full skin than in human cadaver epidermis. Conclusion: A possible exposure risk to hazardous substances in tattoo dyes was confirmed from this study. These results are expected to provide a positive contribution to the establishment of management regulations for tattoo dyes.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1004-1009
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• 2021

참당귀는 여러가지 약리효과를 가지며 한약재로 많이 사용된다. 특히, 참당귀 추출물 중 데커신 및 데커시놀 안젤레이트는 의약품 및 화장품 원료로써 사용될 수 있다. 이번 연구의 목적은 참당귀 추출물을 이용하여 제조된 제형의 국소 전달 가능성을 조사하는 것이다. 국소 전달 로션 제형은 유상으로 테포오즈 및 파라핀을 사용하였고 계면활성제 또는 용해보조제로써 데커신 및 데커시놀 안젤레이트에 높은 용해(0.82 mg/ml)를 가졌던 콜리포어를 사용하고 수상으로 카보머를 사용하였다. 제조된 로션을 프란츠셀에서 Strat-M^® 멤브레인을 이용하여 피부투과도를 측정하였다. 로션 제형의 데커신 및 데커시놀 안젤레이트의 24시간 투과도는 (248.08±19.72 ug/cm²)로 대조군 (119.18±19.23 ug/cm²) 보다 증가함을 확인하였다. 피부투과속도 Flux (ug/hr/cm²)와 침투 속도 Kp (cm/hr)값에서는 시험군은 17.20±1.23 ug/hr/cm²와 5.73±1.39 cm/hr^*10^-3로 대조군의 8.22±1.24 ug/hr/cm²과 2.74±0.51 cm/hr^*10^-3보다 약 2배 정도 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 제조된 로션 제형은 국소 적용 의약품 또는 화장품 제품으로의 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 공업화학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.222-227
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 마디풀 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획을 함유한 안정한 나노에멀젼을 제조하였고, 이 나노에멀젼의 피부 흡수 증진 효과를 평가하였다. 나노에멀젼은 균질기(homogenizer) 처리 후 고압유화기(microfluidizer)를 이용한 고에너지법으로 제조하였다. 마디풀 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획을 함유한 나노에멀젼의 입자 크기와 포집효율을 측정하였다. 평균 입자 크기는 238 nm이었으며 포집 효율은 98% 이상으로 나타났다. 나노에멀젼은 단분산의 입도 분포를 나타냈으며 고압 유화 과정을 거치지 않은 일반 에멀젼보다도 더 안정함을 보여주었다. Franz diffusion cell을 이용하여 마디풀 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획을 함유한 나노에멀젼의 피부 투과 실험을 수행하였다. 에틸아세테이트 분획 함유 나노에멀젼은 대조군인 1,3-butylene glycol 용액에서 보다 피부 흡수 및 투과량이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과들은 항산화 및 항노화 활성이 큰 마디풀 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획을 함유한 나노에멀젼이 안정성 및 피부 투과력이 우수함을 시사한다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.365-368
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• 2007

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the enhancement effect of low-frequency ultrasound on skin permeation. In vitro permeation experiments were performed using Franz modified diffusion cells with ketoprofen as model drug. The effect of various ultrasound factors-ultrasound application mode (continuous mode and discontinuous mode), ultrasound intensity (0.26 $W/cm^2$, and 0.29 $W/cm^2$) and duty cycle (3%, 16%, 50%, and 83%) were studied. The highest permeation was observed at 0.29 $W/cm^2$ intensity, 50% duty cycle, and discontinuous mode. The result suggested the feasibility of low frequency ultrasound application for the phonophoretic transdermal drug delivery system.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.38-44
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• 1998

The skin permeation and the skin primary irritation of two UV filters from caprylic capryl triglyceride (oil), oil in water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) emulsions, were evaluated. We selected octyl moth-oxycinnamate (OMC) broadly used in cosmetics and polymeric sunscreen agent (PSA, average MW: 2,000) synthesized by the coupling reaction of 2-ethylhexyl 4-hydroxycinnamate with poly vinylbenzyl chloride, as model UV filters. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz diffusion cells (effective diffusion area:1.766cm) and the excised skin of female hairless mouse aged 8 weeks were used. Oil or emulsion containing UV filters was applied in the donor compartment. The skin primary irritation was evaluated with fe-male guinea pigs (8-10 weeks,350-400 g). In oil and emulsions, the skin permeability and the skin primary irritation of PSA were lower than those of OMC. The skin permeability of UV filters was lower when they were in oil-in-water emulsion (OIW) than water-in-oil emulsion (W/O). We suggest that O/W system would be more useful when compared with W/O system, and PSA could be a good candidate for a future sunscreen agent for reducing the skin irritation.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 1999년도 IFSCC . ASCS 학술대회 발표 논문
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• pp.145-154
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• 1999

A novel retinol derivative, polyethoxylated retinamide (Medimin A) was synthesized, as an anti-aging agent. Collagen synthesis, skin permeation, stability, and toxicity of Medimin A were evaluated and compared with those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. In vitro collagen synthesis was evaluated by quantitative assay of [$^3H$]-proline incorporation into collagenase sensitive protein in fibroblast cultures. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz diffusion cells (effective diffusion area: $1, 766{\;}\textrm{cm}^2$) and the excised skin of female hairless mouse aged 8 weeks were used The stabilities of retlnoids were evaluated at two different temperature ($25{\;}^{\circ}C$ and $40{\;}^{\circ}C$) and under UV in solubilized state and in OW emulsion. To estimate the safety, acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, primary skin irritation, acute eye irritation and human patch test were performed The effect of Medimin A on collagen synthesis was similar to that of retinol. The skin permeability of Medimin A was higher than those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. The Medimin A was more stable than retinol and retinyl palmitate. Medimin A was nontoxic in various toxicological tests. These results suggest that Medimin A would be a good anti-aging agent for enhancing bioavailability and stability.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2009

In an effort to improve ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The results showed that the fermented red ginseng (FRG) had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG) and FRG were 35715.2 ${\mu}g$/mL and 34822.9 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. However, RFG had a higher content (14914.3 ${\mu}g$/mL) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, CK, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared to NFRG (5697.9 ${\mu}g$/mL). The skin permeability of RFG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cells. Particularly, after 5 hr, the skin permeability of RFG was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of NFRG. Using everted instestinal sacs of rats, RFG showed a high transport level (10.3 mg of polyphenols/g sac) compared to NFRG (6.67 of mg of polyphenols/g sac) after 1 hr. After oral administration of NFRG and FRG to rats, serum concentrations were determined by HPLC. Peak concentrations of Rk1, Rh1, Rc, and Rg5 were approximately 1.64, 2.35, 1.13, and 1.25-fold higher, respectively, for FRG than for NFRG. Furthermore, Rk1, Rh1, and Rg5 increased more rapidly in the blood by the oral administration of FRG versus NFRG. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared to NFRG as indicated by skin permeation, intestinal permeability, and ginsenoside levels in the blood. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.360-368
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• 2013

Objectives: Phthalates are used in a large variety of products including as coatings of pharmaceutical tablets, film formers, stabilizers, dispersants, emulsifying agents, and suspending agents. They have been the subject of great public concern in recent years. The extensive uses of this material have attracted attention and issues regarding its safety have been raised. Methods: In this study, three types of phthalate skin permeation were studied using matrixes such as ointments, creams and lotions in vitro. The absorption of phthalate diesters [Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Di-n-propyl phthalate (DPP) and Di-n-pentyl phthalate (DNPP)] using film former has been measured in vitro through rat skin. Epidermal membranes were set up in Franz diffusion cells and their permeability to PBS measured in order to establish the integrity of the skin before the phthalates were applied to the epidermal surface. Results: Absorption rates for each phthalate ester were determined and permeability assessment made to quantify any irreversible alterations in barrier function due to contact with the esters. Types of phthalate in vitro experimental results quickly appeared in the following order DMP > DPP ${\geq}$ DNPP. Conclusions: In the experimental results, lotion> cream> ointment, and the permeation rate of lotion with a great amount of moisture was the fastest. Skin permeation rate is generally influenced by the chemical characteristics of a given chemical, such as molecular weight and lipophilicity. As the esters became more lipophilic and less hydrophilic, the rate of absorption decreased.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.267-272
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• 2005

본 연구는 화장품에서 사용되는 다양한 자극원에 대한 자극완화제로서의 세라마이드를 구성성분으로 하는 나노리포좀의 잠재적 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 세라마이드는 인체로부터 수분 손실을 막고, 외부의 물리적, 화학적, 그리고 미생물에 의한 손상으로부터 신체를 보호함으로써 인간의 생리작용에 있어 중요한 부분을 담당하는 것으로 알려진 표피 투과 장벽의 주요한 구조적 구성 성분이다. 본 연구 결과에 의하면 피부 장벽 기능 강화와 자극완화 효과가 제형 내에 단순히 분산된 세라마이드보다 세라마이드를 구성성분으로 하는 나노리포좀을 함유하는 경우 보다 우수하게 나타났다. 그리고, 자극원으로서 제형 내 함유되어 있는 젖산의 피부 투과도에 있어서 세라마이드를 구성성분으로 하는 나노리포좀의 영향을 평가하기 위해 무모 생쥐에서 얻어낸 피부 막으로 horizontal franz diffusion cells을 이용한 in vitro 피부 투과 시험을 수행해 보았다. 시험 결과, 세라마이드로 구성되 나노리포좀의 항자극 효과는 자극원의 피부 투과도를 감소시키는 것으로 확인하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서는 새로운 자극완화 시스템의 개발이 가능하였고 이러한 세라마이드를 구성성분으로 하는 나노리포좀을 화장품에 적용 가능하였다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.108-114
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• 1997

The skin permeation study has two meanings in cosmetics. One is how to promote the skin permeation of active meterials for improving their bioavailabilities and the other is how to decrease it of irritants for reducing their skin side effects. In this study, we selected methyl paraben, one of the preservatives, as a model irritant and tried to reduce the skin irritation by the decrease of skin permeation. Furthermore, the relationship between skin permeation and skin primary irritation was discussed. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz type diffusion cells and the excised skin of female hairless mouse from 8 weeks old were used. The donor compartment was charged with oil only or O/W emulsion containing 0.3% MP. We selected 19 oils, including esters, triglycerides, plant oils, hydrocarbons, and alchols, which are broadly used in cosmetics. We evaluated with female guinea pig. The skin permeahility of MP from the oils showed following order: ester oils > triglycerides > plant oils > hydrocarbons > alcohols. We considered that this result was based on the different effect of each oil on the barrier function of stratum corneum. In O/W emulsion containing each oil, the skin permeability of MP decreased as the oil/water partition coefficient of MP increased. The skin primary irritation increased as the skin permeability of MP increased. In conclusion, we suggest that the skin irritation could be reduced by the decrease of skin permeability of MP, which may be obtained by the good selection of oils in cosmetic preparations.