• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.593-599
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• 2003

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the microleakage of class V composite resin restorations utilizing the different curing lights, to assess the flowable resin, $Filtek^{TM}Flow$(3M Dental Products, USA) and composite resin, $Filtek^{TM}Z250$(3M Dental Products, USA) which need 20s curing time for halogen light could replace $Z100^{TM}$ Restorative(3M Dental Products, USA) for the microleakage, and to evaluate the effect of adhesive resin on marginal microleakage. Light curing units used in this study were conventional halogen light, XL3000(3M Dental Products, USA) and plasma arc light, Flipo(Lokki, France). Class V cavities were prepared and each cavity was filled with each composite resin. After being filled, the teeth were stored in distilled water, polished, thermocycled and soaked in 1% methylene blue solution. Following results were obtained from evaluation of the sectioned surface. 1. There was no statistically significant difference in microleakage of $Filtek^{TM}Flow$ and $Filk^{TM}Z250$ between two kinds of curing units(p>0.05). 2. Flowable resin, $Filtek^{TM}Flow$ showed more microleakage than Z100 and $Filtek^{TM}Z250$ regardless of curing units(p<0.05). 3. Adhesive resin reduced the microleakage of composite resin in both halogen light and plasma arc light(p<0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.440-447
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• 2009

This study was performed to compare the wear resistance of sealant and flowable resins for analyzing the effect of flowable resin as a sealant in preventive resin restorations. Specimens were made and Vicker's hardness number and surface roughness were measured. SEM observations of the polished and abraded surfaces were established. Kruskal-Wallis rank test and Mann-Whitney U test at the significant level of ${\alpha}$=0.05 were used. The following results were obtained: 1. The microhardness was decreased among groups in following order: Z350 (3M ESPE, U.S.A), Estelite (Tokuyama Dental, Japan) and Ultraseal (Ultradent, U.S.A). There were significant differences in all groups (p<0.0001). 2. The surface roughness was decreased among groups in following order: Ultraseal XT plus, Palfique Estelite LV and Filtek Z350 flowable. However, there is no statistically significant differences in roughness among Estellite, Z350 and Ultraseal at the significance level of ${\alpha}$=0.05, with p=0.116 3. SEM observation of the unworn and worn surfaces revealed the qualitative differences in the wear appearance among groups. The results in this study indicate that flowable resin is better than sealant in aspect of physical properties.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.394-402
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• 2002

2급 복합레진 수복 와동의 치은 변연이 상아질 상에 있을 때 유동성 레진 이장의 유무와 두께가 미세누출에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 본 실험을 시행하였다. 60개의 발거된 대구치의 근, 원심면에 각각 협설측 3mm, 치은벽 깊이 1mm의 2급 와동을 형성하고 치은 변연은 법랑-백아 경계에서 약 1mm 하방에 위치 시켰다. 모든 와동을 32% 인산으로 15초 처리 및 30초 수세 후 Prime & Bond$^{\circledR}$ NT 상아질 접착제를 적용하였고, Tetric Ceram(TC), Tetric Flow(TF)를 이용하여 다음의 6가지 군으로 나누어 수복하였다. (1) TC로 수평 적층 충전, (2) TC로 수직 적층 충전, (3) 0.5-1mm두께로 TF 이장 후 TC로 수평적층 충전, (4) 0.5-1mm 두께로 TF 이장 후 TC로 수직 적층 충전, (5) 2-3mm 두께로 TF 이장 후 TC로 수평적층 충전, (6) 2-3mm두께로 TF이장 후 TC로 수직 적층 충전. 충전된 시편을 37$^{\circ}C$ 100% humidity에서 24시간 보관하고 5$^{\circ}C$와 55$^{\circ}C$에서 500회의 열순환을 실시하여 치은 변연의 0.5mm 외부에 nail varnish를 도포 하여 2% methylene blue 용액에 12시간 침잠시켰다. 시편을 아크릴릭 레진에 매몰하여 수복물의 중앙에서 종절단 한 후 입체현미경하에서 색소의 침투도를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 유동성 레진의 이장을 시행한 군과 하지 않은 군간에 미세누출은 유의차를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05) 유동성 레진의 두께에 따른 미세누출의 차이는 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05) 경사면 충전법을 시행한 군에서는 유동성 레진을 이장한 군들이 이장하지 않은 군보다 유의하게 많은 누출을 보였다(p<0.05). 수평적층 충전법을 시행한 군에서는 유동성 레진 이장이 미세누출에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05).

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.243-248
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• 2000

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relative radiopacities of cavity lining materials (Resin-modified Glass Ionomer cement, Compomer and Plowable resin) for posterior composite resin restoration. Material & Methods: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC, Vitrebond/sup TM/), Compomers (Dyract /sup (R)/ Compoglass, F2,000, Dyract/sup (R)/ flow Compoglass Flow) and Flowable resins (Tetric/sup (R)/ flow, Aeliteflo/sup TM/ Revolution/sup TM/) were used. Five specimens of 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick were fabricated with each material. Human molars were horizontally sectioned 2 mm thick to include both enamel and dentin. The radiopacities of enamel, dentin, cavity lining materials, aluminum step wedge were obtainded from conventional radiograph and NIH image program. Results: All the tested lining materials showed levels of radiopacity the same as or greater than that of dentin. All compomer tested (Dyract, Compoglass, F2,000, Dyract flow, Compoglass Flow) and Vitrebond/sup TM/, Tetric/sup (R)/ flow were more radiopaque than enamel. The radiopacities of Fuji II LC and Revolution/sup TM/ were between enamel and dentin and resin-modified glass ionomer cement, Compomer and Tetric/sup (R)/ flow were greater than those of Revolution/sup TM/, Aeliteflo/sup TM/ or dentin. The level of radiopacity of the tested materials was variable; those with low radiopacity should be avoided in class II restorations, where a clear determination of recurrent caries by the examining clinician could be compromised. Conclusion: Clinician should be able to distinguish these cavity lining materials radiographically from recurrent decay, voids, gaps, or other defects that lead to clinical failure. Utilization of materials ranked more radiopaque than enamel would enable clinicians to distinguish the lining material from tooth structure.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.623-623
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• 2003

I. Objectives The aim of this was to evaluate the use possibility of light curing flowable composite resins as a luting agent for translucent fiber posts. II. Materials and Methods 20 single-rooted maxillary central incisors were selected and crown was sectioned below the cemento-enamel junction to obtain a 13 mm ling root. Root canals were filed, cleaned, and shaped to ＃40 with K-file. Prepared canals were filled with gutta percha and AH26 root canal sealer by lateral condensation method. Teeth were than divided into 4 groups of 5 specimens each. In group 1 and 2, the canal space of each root was enlarged with ＃3 DT Light post preparation drill (Bisco, USA) to a depth of 9mm from the cervical.(omitted)

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.184-193
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• 2016

Purpose: To evaluate marginal leakage of bulk fill flowable composite resin filling with different curing time by using microcomputed tomography technology. Materials and Methods: 30 previously extracted human molars were randomly divided into 6 groups based upon restorative system and different curing time. Class II cavities (vertical slot cavities) were prepared. An individual metallic matrix was used to build up the proximal wall. The SonicFill or SureFil SDR flow was inserted into the preparation by using 1 bulk increment, followed by light polymerization for different curing times. The different exposure times were 20, 40, and 60 seconds. All specimens were submitted to 5,000 thermal cycles for artificial aging. Micro-CT scanning was performed by using SkyScan 1272. One evaluator assessed microleakage of silver nitrated solution at the resin-dentin interface. The 3D image of each leakage around the restoration was reconstructed with CT-Analyser V.1.14.4. The leakage was analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Significant differences were observed between the light curing times, but no significant differences were found between the bulk fill composite resins. Increasing in the photoactivation time resulted in greater microleakage in all the experimental groups. Those subjected to 60 seconds of light curing showed higher microleakage means than those exposed for 20 seconds and 40 seconds. Conclusion: Increasing the photoactivation time is factor that may increase marginal microlekage of the bulk fill composite resins. Further, micro-CT can nondestructively detect leakage around the resin composite restoration in three dimensions.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.619-619
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• 2003

This study was intended to evaluate the influence of different base materials on the marginal integrity of posterior direct composite resin restorations. Large conventional butt-joint MOD cavity preparations, with margins in enamel and dentin, were prepared in vitro in 24 extracted human mandibular molars and randomly divided into four equal groups. One of three base materials(RMGI, compomer, flowable resin) was placed on the pulpal floors, of the teeth of the groups. One group of teeth, which served as the control group, was not given any base mterial.(중략)

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.330-338
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• 2013

In order to explore microleakage in class V cavity based on different kinds of several dentin adhesive and composite resin, 2 kinds of composite resin was restored and exposed after applying 4 kinds of dentin adhesives. Deposited in methylene blue solution for 4 hours and cut in parallel with tooth longitudinal axis. By observing dye penetration level of enamel and dentin margins of each restored resin following conclusion was obtained. 1. In composite resin Filtek Z350XT Universal (3M/ESPE Dental Products, USA) in enamel margin, Easy Bond (3M/ESPE Dental Products) showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Single Bond 2 (3M/ESPE Dental Products), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (3M/ESPE Dental Products) and Cearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Medical Inc., Japan). In case of Filtek Z350XT Flowable (3M/ESPE Dental Products), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Single Bond 2, Clearfil SE Bond and Easy Bond. 2. In case of Filtek Z350XT Universal in dentin margin, Easy Bond showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond. In case of Filtek Z350XT Flowable, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and Single Bond showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Clearfil SE Bond and Easy Bond. 3. In all the groups excepting S-U group (Single Bond 2+Filtek Z350XT Universal), enamel margin showed more higher microleakage than that of dentin margin. 4. There was a difference between enamel and dentin margin among each group but it was not significant statistically (p>0.05). When summarizing this result, it is considered that composite resin and dentin adhesive could be applied selectively and particularly in case of applying 1-step self-etching dentin adhesive, this method would be advantageous for manipulation convenience and shortening of operation time.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.52-58
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• 2010

This study investigated the engineering properties of waste tire powder-bottom ash added composite soil, which was developed to recycle dredged soil, bottom ash, and waste tire powder. Test specimens were prepared using 5 different percentages of waste tire powder content(0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by weight of the dry dredged soil), three different percentages of bottom ash content (0%, 50%, and 100% by weight of the dry dredged soil), and three different particle sizes of waste tire powder (0.1~2 mm, 0.9~5 mm, and 2~10 mm). Several series of unconfined compression tests, direct shear tests, and flow tests were conducted. The experimental results indicated that the waste tire powder content, particle size of waste tire powder, and bottom ash content influenced the strength and stress-strain behavior of the composite soil. The flow value increased with an increase in water content, but decreased with an increase in waste tire powder content.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2014

Objectives: Recurrent caries was partly ascribed to lack of antibacterial properties in composite resin. Silver and zinc nanoparticles are considered to be broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of composite resins containing 1% silver and zinc-oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Materials and Methods: Ninety discoid tablets containing 0%, 1% nano-silver and 1% nano zinc-oxide particles were prepared from flowable composite resin (n = 30). The antibacterial properties of composite resin discs were evaluated by direct contact test. Diluted solutions of Streptococcus mutans (PTCC 1683) and Lactobacillus (PTCC 1643) were prepared. 0.01 mL of each bacterial species was separately placed on the discs. The discs were transferred to liquid culture media and were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 8 hr. 0.01 mL of each solution was cultured on blood agar and the colonies were counted. Data was analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: Composites containing nano zinc-oxide particles or silver nanoparticles exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The effect of zinc-oxide on Streptococcus mutans was significantly higher than that of silver (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus between composites containing silver nanoparticles and those containing zinc-oxide nanoparticles. Conclusions: Composite resins containing silver or zinc-oxide nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus.