• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.28-36
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• 2017

In this work, the effects of fire curtain and forced smoke ventilation on smoke spread to auditorium in the stage fire of theater were investigated using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). For the stage of 31 m (Width)${\times}$34 m (Depth)${\times}$32 m (Height) in dimension, the fast growth fire condition with 10 MW of heat release rate was applied. The forced smoke ventilation was set based on the National Fire Safety Code (NFSC) and previous research. The gap distances between the fire curtain and proscenium wall was established to be 0 m and 0.5 m. When the fire curtain was attached completely to the proscenium wall without any gap, no smoke spread from the stage to the auditorium occurred, independent of forced smoke ventilation. When the gap distance between the fire curtain and proscenium wall was 0.5 m, the smoke layer in the stage descended to the lower height from the bottom than the case without the fire curtain, which was because the smoke spread to auditorium was impeded by the fire curtain. Under the same fire curtain condition, the case with the forced smoke ventilation led to decreasing the mass flow rate of outflow through the gap between the fire curtain and proscenium wall, as compared to the case without the forced smoke ventilation. Based on this study, it was confirmed that the fire curtain and forced smoke ventilation were the effective tools to hold down the smoke spread to the auditorium in the stage fire of theater.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.31-37
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• 2012

In this study, the fire risk of the curtain wall structure was compared with a general structure among the double envelope structure using a fire simulation program. To this end, a fire-story building curtain wall was modeled as virtual using the PyroSim based on a fire simulation program (FDS). And then, the fires occurred in the model, divided by curtain wall non-applied model and applied model, in the same structure and place. To identify the fire characteristics, smoke behavior characteristics, viewing distance, and volume fractions of CO and $CO_2$ were comparative analyzed. As a result, it was identified that the curtain wall applied model quickly filled with smoke from the top floor to under the floor compared to the curtain wall non-applied model. From this study, the fire risk of curtain wall structure was evaluated in detail using the fire simulations.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.104-111
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• 2011

Aluminum has been widely used as frame materials in the curtain walls. Recently, use of steel as a curtain wall frame is being considered due to its higher strength and thermal resistance than aluminum. In this study, fire tests on the basis of EN 13830 were performed with aluminum and steel-aluminum hybrid curtain walls. From the tests, fire resistance integrity, thermal insulation, and radiation properties were evaluated for both systems and compared. According to the test results, the steel-aluminum hybrid curtain wall showed better fire-performance than the typical aluminum curtain wall for the fire resistance integrity and radiation properties. Although, the fire resistance performance for the insulation property was 6 min for both the two frames, the collapses were occurred at 36 min for the steel-aluminum hybrid curtain wall and at 13 min for the aluminum hybrid curtain wall.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.269-274
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• 2016

This paper aims to suggest the water curtain installation guideline for prevention of fire spread. The water curtain systems play a role in preventing fire spread which is caused by fire flames and radiation heat release from a fire source. The radiation attenuation ratio is affected by the water droplet size, vertical distance from the nozzle and flow rate. This study suggests the water curtain installation guideline as follows : (1) Investigation of a reference store array (2) Calculation of the number of drencher heads (3) Review of the relationship between droplet size and attenuation factor depending on the height of the drencher head (4) Review of a drencher head array and spray overlapping. The reference traditional market in which a fire compartment is installed using a water curtain can be predicted to have a radiation attenuation ratio of 50%.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.7-14
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• 2018

This study investigated numerically the influences of fire curtain and natural smoke vent area on smoke movement in the stage fire of a theater using FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator). The dimension of the theater stage was 31 m in width, 34 m in depth, and 32 m in height. The area ratios between the natural smoke vent and stage were approximately 10%, 8%, 5%, and 1%. The gap distance between the fire curtain and proscenium wall was 0.5 m. The fire curtain and natural smoke vent area were observed to affect significantly the behavior of smoke movement to the auditorium and the mass flow rates of inflow and outflow through the natural smoke vent and proscenium opening. In addition, under the same natural smoke vent area, the pressure in the stage with a fire curtain was lower than that without a fire curtain.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.214-215
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• 2014

Technologies on energy saving and materials used in curtain walls have progressed with increase of high-rise and large buildings. This study is explain fire resistance performance of the curtain walls. And focused on bond strength of light-weight inorganic ceramic board in high temperature for fire resistant curtain-wall system. From the result, curtain-wall system high fire resistant using the light-weight inorganic ceramic board.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.31-40
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• 2016

Recently, a curtain wall system was applied to skyscrapers to prevent fire spreading along the vertical direction due to stack effect and outside air flow when a fire breaks out in skyscraper. Conventional sprinklers cannot prevent the spread of fire to the upstairs areas, which increases the loss of life and property. In this study, a water curtain nozzle that creates wider water coverage on the surface of glass and can prevent the spread of fire to the upstairs areas was developed. The spray pattern of the water curtain nozzle was compared with that of a sprinkler to determine performance of the water curtain nozzle. A fire experiment was constructed on the second floor to verify performance of the water curtain nozzle in preventing the spread of fire to the upstairs areas. The fire and watering experiment proved that the water curtain nozzle prevented more effectively the spread of fire than the conventional sprinkler. The position of first crack and critical temperature of fracture were also analyzed using numerical analysis.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.51-59
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• 2018

Although a fire curtain plays an important role in preventing smoke from spreading to the auditorium in a theater fire, there has been insufficient research on fire curtains. In this study, to check the accuracy of numerical simulation, for previous experiments using a reduced scale model, a numerical simulation was carried out, and the results were compared with previous experimental data. The fire curtain effect was then predicted numerically. A Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was used, and the natural exhaust vent sizes were set to ~10%, ~5%, and ~1% of the stage floor area. The smoke movement was visualized, and the mass flow rates and temperatures were measured and analyzed. In addition, the law of similarity was used to examine the influence of a fire curtain in a real scale theater fire. Without the fire curtain, the present numerical simulation results were in agreement with the previous experimental data within reasonable accuracy. Meanwhile, the fire curtain affects the mass flow rates through the natural exhaust vent and proscenium opening, as well as the start time of soot outflow to the auditorium. Overall, the present results can be used to develop a fire curtain system.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 2012

In this study fire control characteristics for inflammable materials of water curtain system are experimentally analyzed. Heat release rate for pinewood and gasoline was calculated using Room Corner Tester (RCT) and fire test apparatus for water curtain system is manufactured. Nozzles (180 degree of injection angle, 8.2 mm of orifice diameter) are installed at the nearby ceiling of place at 5 m distance from fire originate and temperature profile as well as transmission are obtained from the fire experiment of pinewood and gasoline in the water curtain system. Based on the results, parameters of engineering importance for fire control characteristics of water curtain system such as generation of high temperature smoke and thermal phenomena of fluid flow by injection nozzle are identified.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.41-49
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• 2019

In the present experimental study, based on a real-scale theater, a 1/14 reduced-scale model was constructed, and the effects of natural vent and fire curtain in fire of a theater stage were investigated. The case without fire curtain under the opened natural vent showed lower temperatures in the stage, whereas the case with fire curtain under the opened natural vent showed lower temperatures in the auditorium. On the other hand, through analyzing the starting time of the temperature rise at the point near the proscenium opening in the auditorium, it was found that the opened natural vent condition can delay the starting time of smoke spread from the stage to the auditorium and suppress the temperature rise in the auditorium. Under the present experimental conditions, the fire curtain installation did not affect significantly the velocity and mass flow rate of the outflow through the natural vent of the stage, which might be due to openings in the stage. The present results can be used to examine the effects of natural vent and fire curtain in a real-scale fire of a theater and to check the accuracy of the numerical simulation code.