• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2002.10b
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• pp.962-968
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• 2002

In this study we reported the Smoke Density, the Toxicity, the Flame Spread Characteristics and the Oxygen Index of the FRP composite interior panels for raicars. Also investigated the test codes of the concerning items of other countries. We made some samples to the variance of resin types, surface finishing methods and panel shapes. It's not the really used ones but may help us effectively to guess the fire safety characteristics of railcars.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.48-52
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• 2013

This study was carried out, using toxicity test apparatus, to analyze toxic gases of heat insulation material and adhesives of composite panels used for the architectural surface material when a fire occurs. The findings of this study show that CO, $CO_2$, HCOH, $CH_2CHCN$ and $NO_x$ were detected from styrofoam, reinforced styrofoam, polyurethane foam and glass fiber, but in the case of the polyurethane foam, HCl and HCN were detected as well. All the architectural adhesives released CO, $CO_2$ and $NO_x$, but HCHO was only detected from the adhesives for styrofoam, wood, tile, windows and doors; $CH_2CHCN$ was only from those for wood and stone; $C_6H_5OH$ was only from those for wood. The toxicity index was also measured for architectural surface material and adhesives. Polyurethane foam showed the highest index, 11.7, and glass fiber was followed as 6.8. Reinforced styrofoam showed 5.7 and styrofoam revealed the least 4.9. In the case of architectural adhesives, the highest ranking was those for stone 7.4, windows and doors 6.1, wood 5.3, tile 3.8, and styrofoam 3.7 were followed, respectively.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.322-334
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• 2020

Background: Spontaneous combustion of coal is one of the factors which causes direct or indirect gas and dust explosion, mine fire, the release of toxic gases, loss of reserve, and loss of miners' life. To avoid these incidents, the prediction of spontaneous combustion is essential. The safety of miner's in the mining field can be assured if the prediction of a coal fire is carried out at an early stage. Method: Adularya Underground Coal Mine which is fully mechanized with longwall mining method was selected as a case study area. The data collected for 2017, by sensors from ten gas monitoring stations were used for the simulation and prediction of a coal fire. In this study, the fuzzy logic model is used because of the uncertainties, nonlinearity, and imprecise variables in the data. For coal fire prediction, CO, O₂, N₂, and temperature were used as input variables whereas fire intensity was considered as the output variable.The simulation of the model is carried out using the Mamdani inference system and run by the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox in MATLAB. Results: The results showed that the fuzzy logic system is more reliable in predicting fire intensity with respect to uncertainties and nonlinearities of the data. It also indicates that the 1409 and 610/2B gas station points have a greater chance of causing spontaneous combustion and therefore require a precautional measure. Conclusion: The fuzzy logic model shows higher probability in predicting fire intensity with the simultaneous application of many variables compared with Graham's index.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2021

Domestic industrial accidents continue to increase, with 2,142 deaths in 2018, up by 185 (9.5%) from 1,957 deaths in 2017. Industrial accidents that cause loss of human lives pose a serious risk to businesses because of the strengthening of safety regulations and the changing public perception of social responsibility. Accordingly, to prevent industrial accidents, companies regularly conduct onsite safety activities and conduct education and training to raise awareness among employees. However, many such corporate activities are not conducted voluntarily and practically by employees but mostly by formal implementation. To discontinue this customary and passive behavior of employees and establish a mature safety culture, strengthening the execution power of safety management at the site is of paramount importance, and to this end, we aim to utilize the safety practice index (SPI). In this study, the SPI calculated on the basis of the results of the 2018 and 2019 risk management and safety activities of a site was compared with the reported safety accidents. The results confirmed that the SPI index can be used as a valid indicator for safety activities for accident prevention, such as strengthening leadership and safety policies to grade and manage safety management levels for a certain period of time or by a department or to convert weaknesses into strengths.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 2014

In this study, we have investigated the maximum smoke density and the initial stage smoke density in order to see the characteristics of smoke release of the architectural surface materials and the architectural adhesives, using smoke density chamber. As a result of the study, polyurethane foam showed the highest smoke density index, 206.55 within 10 min. In the case of the other samples, reinforced styrofoam was followed as 39.90, general styrofoam 33.73, and glass fiber 5.40, respectively. In the intial stage of a fire, it is forecasted actually to give hardship at the clear visibility. In the case of architectural adhesives, the highest ranking was those for windows and doors 509.64, stone 275.63, wood 232.25, tile 18.65, and styrofoam 6.44 were followed, respectively. This result is an early research to show characteristics of smoke release through experiment. However, it is meaningful that this study can be used as a basic for further study on architectural fire hazard prediction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2013

In the chemical process industries, accidents have a high potential and large effects on catastrophic results. Therefore the safety management for accident prevention plays a crucial role to guarantee the process safety. For these reasons, many systematic methods for safety management system have been widely employed in the fields of chemical processes. PSM (Process safety management) is one of most representative methods. The audit system, which is one of PSM system components, evaluates the performance of PMS system. However, most existing safety audit systems are not systematic and these are performed based on knowledges and experiences of various specialist. Moreover, the safety audit is only performed based on each independent technical component. So, the results of safety audit are not a quantitative index but only a series of commentaries. Finally, it is very difficult to obtain the comparison with other plants or industries. In this study, the novel systematic method and index-based accident database of auditing safety management systems for quantitative assessment are proposed. First, the elements of safety audit replace technical methods to categories of accident database. The F-N curve of each category for accident database is employed to derive the index for quantitative assessment. The Accidental Factor Risk Index (AFRI) is suggested for evaluating the effect of each element in accident database and safety audit system. The safety audit can be modified according to the proposed index.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.109-116
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• 2021

The explosion of a chemical tanker ship during cargo transshipment via double-banking at Ulsan Port, resulted in major damage including fires involving nearby ships. As a follow-up measure to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents, the 'Safety Management of Dangerous Goods in Port' was established, and the designation of a transshipment pier for dangerous goods is required given the risk of explosion and the impact on major facilities in the port. This study evaluated the Fire & Explosion Index of major transshipment cargoes in Ulsan Port to design a transshipment pier based on the Explosion Risk Assessment. Based on the results of Fire & Explosion Index evaluation of styrene monomer and benzene, severe explosion risk was confirmed, and the exposure radius was calculated. Based on the results of the exposure radius, the risk range for each major pier was calculated, and 12 terminals were proposed as transshipment pier candidates considering port facilities, surrounding dangerous facilities, and residential aspects. Since the results of the study suggest transshipment piers based on the risk radius alone, maritime traffic safety, pier and mooring facilities, safety facilities and accessibility for emergency response should be considered comprehensively to designate actual transshipment piers.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2015

Fire in the risk management subject belongs to high risk disaster which accompanies personnel and materiel loss. So, management of disaster and safety is required to include fire prevention activities, fire risk prediction and investment of safety management expense. Combustion toxicity is required by gas toxicity test (KS F 2271), to minimize human damage. In this study, gas toxicity test were experimented with regard to urethane sample (Depth 5~25 mm) to obtain basic data. Fire effluent exposing to experimental animal were analyzed by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Combustion toxicity index Lethal Fractional Effective Dose ($L_{FED}$) of ISO 13344 was calculated. According to the result of calculating Lethal Concentration 50% ($LC_{50}$) based on $L_{FED}$, $LC_{50}$ of urethane sample containing certain level of fire load is confirmed as $118{\sim}129g/m^3$. Through this study, applicability of this method was confirmed for fire risk assessment. This method can provide information to predict human damage by toxicity combustion gas for securing safety.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.79-84
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• 2012

Combustion characteristics of outdoor advertisement materials were evaluated for fire risk assessment about fire expanding. At this study, the flame retardancy and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was measured by UL 94 and ASTM D 2863 respectively. At the result of flame retardancy, foamex was V-0 grade and those of others were out of grade. LOI measurement showed that the LOI of foamex was highest in the samples. The cone calorimeter test was done by ISO 5660-1 to find the combustion characteristics. The cone calorimeter test showed that the outdoor advertisement materials were not good to prevent of fire expanding. The time to ignition (TTI) of flex was the fastest and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) as well as the total heat release (THR) of acrylic panel was higher than those of others.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2014

The high predictive performance of fire detector models is essentially needed to assure the reliability of fire and evacuation modeling in the process of Performance-Based fire safety Design (PBD). The main objective of the present study is to measure input information in order to predictive the accurate activation time of fixed temperature heat detectors adopted in Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) as a representative fire model. To end this, Fire Detector Evaluator (FDE) which could be measured the device properties of detector was used, and the spot-type fixed temperature heat detectors of two thermistor types and one bimetal type were considered as research objectors. Activation temperature and Response Time Index (RTI) of detectors required for the fire modeling were measured, and then the RTI was measured for ceiling jet flow and vertical jet flow in consideration of the install location of detectors. The results of fire modeling using measured device properties were compared and validated with the experimental results of full-scale compartment fires. It was confirmed that, in result, the numerically predicted activation time of detector showed reasonable agreement with the measured activation time.