• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.397-402
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• 2009

Objective : In this study, the authors assessed the ability of rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMDMSCs), in the presence of a growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4) and hydroxyapatite, to act as a scaffold for posterolateral spinal fusion in a rat model. Methods : Using a rat posterolateral spine fusion model. the experimental study comprised 3 groups. Group 1 was composed of 6 animals that were implanted with 0.08 gram hydroxyapatite only. Group 2 was composed of 6 animals that were implanted with 0.08 gram hydroxyapatite containing $1{\times}10^6/60{\mu}L$ rat of BMDMSCs. Group 3 was composed of 6 animals that were implanted with 0.08 gram hydroxyapatite containing $1{\times}10^6/60{\mu}L$ of rat BMDMSCs and FGF-4 $1{\mu}G$ to induce the bony differentiation of the BMDMSCs. Rats were assessed using radiographs obtained at 4, 6, and 8 weeks postoperatively. After sacrifice, spines were explanted and assessed by manual palpation, high-resolution microcomputerized tomography, and histological analysis. Results : Radiographic, high-resolution microcomputerized tomographic, and manual palpation revealed spinal fusion in five rats (83%) in Group 2 at 8 weeks. However, in Group 1, three (60%) rats developed fusion at L4-L5 by radiography and two (40%) by manual palpation in radiographic examination. In addition, in Group 3, bone fusion was observed in only 50% of rats by manual palpation and radiographic examination at this time. Conclusion : The present study demonstrates that 0.08 gram of hydroxyapatite with $1{\times}10^6/60{\mu}L$ rat of BMDMSCs induced bone fusion. FGF4, added to differentiate primitive $1{\times}10^6/60{\mu}L$ rat of BMDMSCs did not induce fusion. Based on histologic data, FGF-4 appears to induce fibrotic change rather than differentiation to bone by $1{\times}10^6/60{\mu}L$ rat of BMDMSCs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.347-355
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• 2022

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening disorder worldwide. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was shown to display a high level in the plasma of patients with AAA; however, its detailed functions underlying AAA pathogenesis are unclear. An in vitro AAA model was established in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) by angiotensin II (Ang-II) stimulation. Cell counting kit-8, wound healing, and Transwell assays were utilized for measuring cell proliferation and migration. RT-qPCR was used for detecting mRNA expression of FGF21 and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Western blotting was utilized for assessing protein levels of FGF21, ATF4, and markers for the contractile phenotype of HASMCs. ChIP and luciferase reporter assays were implemented for identifying the binding relation between AFT4 and FGF21 promoters. FGF21 and ATF4 were both upregulated in Ang-II-treated HASMCs. Knocking down FGF21 attenuated Ang-II-induced proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch of HASMCs. ATF4 activated FGF21 transcription by binding to its promoter. FGF21 overexpression reversed AFT4 silencing-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch. ATF4 transcriptionally upregulates FGF21 to promote the proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch of Ang-II-treated HASMCs.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

This study was designed to localize the distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) in the developing rat condylar region and to elucidate the associated function of bFGF in the condyle development. The condyles of temporomandibular joint of Sprague-Dawley rats (27g of weight) were used. The tissues were examined with electron microscope and immunohistochemical method. The results were as follows: 1. The developing condylar region are divided in to 5 zones apparently: proliferative, maturation, hypertrophic, calcifying, and ossification zones. 2. The cells in the proliferative zone are condensed and have under-developed cell organells in the cytoplasm. This zone shows a strong immunoreactivity of bFGF. 3. The cells in the maturation zone are typical chondroblasts showing well-developed cell organells and round nucleus. The cartilaginous matrix does not show the immunoreactivity of bFGF, while the chondroblasts show the immunoreactivity. 4. The cells in the hypertrophic zone show hypertrophic change having the degenerated cell organelles and small nucleus. There are no immunoreactivity of bFGF in this zone except the nucleus and endoplasmic region showing mild immunoreactivity. 5, The cells in the calcifying zone show hypertrophic change and cell organelles are disappeared. The cells are surrounded by the calcified cartilaginous matrix. There are no immunoreactivity of bFGF in this zone except the endoplasmic region showing mild immunoreactivity. 6. In the zone of bone formation, chondroblasts are disappeared. Newly differentiated osteoblasts secreting osteoid around the calcified cartilaginous matrix. The bone marrow shows the immunoreactivity of bFGF, while the bone matrix does not show the immunoreactivity of bFGF.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.380-388
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• 2018

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple nervous system cell types. During embryonic development, the concentrations of soluble biological molecules have a critical role in controlling cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. In an effort to find optimal culture conditions for the generation of desired cell types in vitro, we used a microfluidic chip-generated growth factor gradient system. In the current study, NSCs in the microfluidic device remained healthy during the entire period of cell culture, and proliferated and differentiated in response to the concentration gradient of growth factors (epithermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor). We also showed that overexpression of ASCL1 in NSCs increased neuronal differentiation depending on the concentration gradient of growth factors generated in the microfluidic gradient chip. The microfluidic system allowed us to study concentration-dependent effects of growth factors within a single device, while a traditional system requires multiple independent cultures using fixed growth factor concentrations. Our study suggests that the microfluidic gradient-generating chip is a powerful tool for determining the optimal culture conditions.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.841-858
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• 1996

Epidermal growth factor(EGF) is one of polypeptide growth factors. EGF has been reported as a biological mediator which regulates activities of wound healing process including the cell proliferation, migration and metabolism. The purposes of this study is to evaluate the effects of EGF on the human periodontal ligament cells and human gingival fibroblast cells that promote regeneration of periodntal tissue. The mitogenic effects of epidermal growth factor on human periodontal ligament cells and human gingival fibroblasts were evaluated by determining the incorporation of 5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine into DNA of the cells in a dose dependent manner. The prepared cells were the primary cultured gingival fibroblast and periodontal ligament cells from humans, the fourth or sixth subpassages were used in the experiments. Cells were seeded in DMEM containing 10% FBS. 1, 10, 50, 100, $200{\eta}g/ml$ and epidermal growth factor were added to the quiescent cells for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. They were labeled with $10\{mu}l/200{\mu}l$ 5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine for the last 6 hours of each culture. The results of the five determinants were presented as mean and S.D.. The results were as follows : The DNA synthetic activity of human gingival fibroblasts were increased dose dependently by epidermal growth factor at 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. The mitogenic effects were similar at the 24 and 48 hours of epidermal growth factor, but the DNA synthetic activity of human gingival fibroblasts generally decreased at 72 hours. The DNA synthetic activity of human periodontal ligament cells were increased dose dependently by epidermal growth factor at 24 hours but the DNA synthetic activity decreased at $200{\eta}g/ml$ of each hour. Generally the maximum mitogenic effects were observed at the 48 hours application of epidermal growth factor. The DNA synthetic activity of human periodontal ligament cells generally decreased lower at 24, 72 hours than at 48 hours the application of epidermal growth factor. In the comparison of DNA synthetic activity between human gingival fibroblasts and human periodontal ligament cells, human periodontal ligament cells had slightly higher proliferation activity than human gingival fibroblasts for a longer time at the high dosage of the epidermal growth factor. In conclusion, epidermal growth factor have important roles in the stimulation of DNA synthesis in human periodontal ligament cells and human gingival fibroblasts, and thus may be useful for clinical applications in periodontal regenerative procedures.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.335-340
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• 2015

Here, we investigated the role of zerumbone, a natural cyclic sesquiterpene of Zingiber zerumbet Smith, on angiogenesis using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Zerumbone inhibited HUVECs proliferation, migration and tubule formation, as well as angiogenic activity by rat aorta explants. In particular, zerumbone inhibited phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, which are key regulators of endothelial cell function and angiogenesis. In vivo matrigel plug assay in mice demonstrated significant decrease in vascularization and hemoglobin content in the plugs from zerumbone-treated mice, compared with control mice. Overall, these results suggest that zerumbone inhibits various attributes of angiogenesis, which might contribute to its reported antitumor effects.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.179-184
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• 2006

[ $\underline{Purpose}$ ]: To explore the effect of recombinant human EGF on the proliferation and survival of human fibroblast cell lines following irradiation. $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: Fibroblast was originated human skin and primary cultured. The trypan blue stain assay and MTT assay were used to study the proliferative effects of EGF on human fibroblast cell lines in vitro. An incubation of fibroblasts with rhEGF for 24 hours immediately after irradiation was counted everyday. Cell cycle distributions were analyzed by FACS analysis. $\underline{Results}$: Number of fibroblast was significantly more increased rhEGF (1.0 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1,000 nM) treated cell than control after 8 Gy irradiation. Most effective dose of rhEGF was at 160 nM. These survival differences were maintained at 1 week later. Proportion of S phase was significantly increased on rhEGF treated cells. $\underline{Conclusion}$: rhEGF cause increased fibroblast proliferation following irradiation. We expect that rhEGF was effective for radiation induced wound healing.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.381-387
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate volumetric and histologic changes in edentulous alveolar ridge areas after ridge preservation using basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (bFGF-2) in combination with collagenated biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). Methods: The experiments were performed in 6 adult male beagle dogs. The following 3 groups were created: 1) ridge preservation with bFGF-2 and collagenated BCP (experimental group), 2) ridge preservation with collagenated BCP (positive control group), and 3) a negative control group in which no ridge preservation procedure was performed. Volumetric change analysis was performed using an optical scanner and casts. Histological observations were made using light microscopy. Results: After the initial swelling subsided, the magnitude of the volumetric change in the experimental group and positive control group was smaller than in the negative control group. In the experimental group, a distinct trend was observed for the resorption of residual bone and collagen fibers at 4 weeks and for more mature bone and faster healing at 12 weeks. Conclusions: Based on the findings of the present study, bFGF-2 may be considered for use as a therapeutic molecule in ridge preservation procedures.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.253-263
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• 2002

Purpose : In order to understand in vivo radiation damage modifying of bFGF on jejunal mucosa, bone marrow and the effect of bFGF on the growth of transplanted mouse sarcoma 180 tumor in mice. Materials and Methods : Mice were treated with $6\;{\mu}g$ of bFGF at 24 hours and 4 hours before exposing to 600 cGy, 800 cGy and 1,000 cGy total body irradiation (TBI), and then exposed to 3,000 cGy local radiation therapy on the tumor bearing thigh. Survival and tumor growth curve were plotted in radiation alone group and combined group of bFGF and irradiation (RT). Histologic examination was performed in another experimental group. Experimental groups consisted of normal control, tumor control, RT (radiation therapy) alone, $6\;{\mu}g$ bFGF alone, combined group of $3\;{\mu}g$ bFGF and irradiation (RT), combined group of $6\;{\mu}g$ bFGF and irradiation (RT). Histologic examination was peformed with H-E staining in marrow, jejunal mucosa, lung and sarcoma 180 bearing tumor. Radiation induced apoptosis was determined in each group with the DNA terminal transferase nick-end labeling method ($ApopTag^{\circledR}$ S7100-kit, Intergen Co.) Results : The results were as follows 1) $6\;{\mu}g$ bFGF given before TBI significantly improved the survival of lethally irradiated mice. bFGF would protect against lethal bone marrow syndrome. 2) $6\;{\mu}g$ bFGF treated group showed a significant higher crypt depth and microvilli length than RT alone group (p<0.05). 3) The bone marrow of bFGF treated group showed less hypocellularity than radiation alone group on day 7 and 14 after TBI (p<0.05), and this protective effect was more evident in $6\;{\mu}g$ bFGF treated group than that of $3\;{\mu}g$ bFGF treated group. 4) bFGF protected against early radiation induced apoptosis in intestinal crypt cell but might have had no antiapoptotic effect in bone marrow stem cell and pulmonary endothelial cells. 5) There was no significant differences in tumor growth rate between tumor control and bFGF alone groups (p>0.05). 6) There were no significant differences in histopathologic findings of lung and mouse sarcoma 180 tumor between radiation alone group and bFGF treated group. Conclusions : Our results suggest that bFGF protects small bowel and bone marrow from acute radiation damage without promoting the inoculated tumor growth in C3H mice. Improved recovery of early responding normal tissue and reduced number of radiation induced apoptosis may be possible mechanism of radioprotective effect of bFGF.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2016

Achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia are the two most common forms of short-limb dwarfism. They are autosomal dominant diseases that are characterized by a rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, large head with frontal bossing, hypoplasia of the mid-face, genu varum and trident hands. Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR3) gene, which is located on chromosome 4p16.3, have been reported to cause achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia. More than 98% of achondroplasia cases are caused by the G380R mutation (c.1138G>A or c.1138G>C). In contrast, the N540K mutation (c.1620C>A) is detected in 60-65% of hypochondroplasia cases. Tests for common mutations are often unable to detect the mutation in patients with a clinical diagnosis of hypochondroplasia. In this study, we presented a case of familial hypochondroplasia with a rare mutation in FGFR3 identified by next generation sequencing.