• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.59-72
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• 1997

The first purpose of this study was to give the basic imformations about patent education for fathers. The second purpose was to develop the parenting skills by examining role frequencies of fathers. The third purpose was to reduce the parenting difficulties of father in daily life. The contents of the study was 1. the expectaion and practice of father's role 2. frequencies and difficulties in performing role for daily life 3. socioeconomic factors to affect father's role 4. the correlation between frequencies and difficulties in performing role 5. the correlation among role areas and life satisfaction in father's role The subjects were 520 fathers from 11 cities of Korea. The instruments used for their study were questionnaire composed of socioeconmic factors, the recognition of father's role, child rearing, day-to-day guidance, academic guidance, leisure and hobby, commuication and emotion, economic support etc. The data were analyized using t-test, F-test(LSD), Pearson's correlation by SPSS $PC^+$ program. The main results of the study were as follows: 1. Fathers recognized that desirable fathers are attentive to their children and guide them in the right way. 2. Among father's role frequencies, the communication and emotion was highest and child rearing and academic guidance were the lowest. Among father's role difficulties, economic support was the highest, and dat-to day guidance was the lowest. 3. The socio-economic factors to affect fathering and role difficulties were mother's job, father's home town, age, income, academic career etc. 4. The correlation between father's role frequencies and difficulties was very high. 5. For father's role frequencies and difficulties, each factor was parenting correlated to life satisfaction.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2017

Father participation in child rearing is gaining its importance in the field of child development. Previous literature consistently suggests the importance of parental efficacy and educational support on children's school life. However, studies which that focus exclusively on the role of the father's role are highly limited. Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that parental efficacy would directly and indirectly affect children's school life via parental educational support at home. We aimed to expand on the previous literature by exploring the relations within fathers. Participants were 662 fathers whose children attended elementary, middle, and high school. We measured parental efficacy, educational support at home, and their children's school life were measured. Descriptive statistics were first conducted to investigate the general features of participants as well as the correlations between study variables. The research model was analyzed using structural equation modeling in AMOS 20.0. Results proved the direct effect of father's parental efficacy on father's educational support at home as well as children's school life. Fathers' educational support at home mediated the effect of parental efficacy on children's school life. Our results suggests that fathers who perceive themselves as efficient parents provides a higher level of educational support at home for their children; consequently, children of those fathers in turn adjust better in school and achieve higher grades. Also, the father's parental efficacy also indirectly exerts positive effects on children's school life via heightened educational support at home. An importance of paternal participation and support in child rearing and education was highly suggested. Relevant policy issues regarding paternal educational support were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.4
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• pp.23-35
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• 1983

The purpose of this study is to systematize the theory of the father-child relationship by analyzing the father's role and father-child interaction. The results of this study are as followings: (1) The oedipal period 3 to 5 years is a critical in development of the father-child relationship. Father absence is assumed in infancy but it is denying because the father participates in Child- rearing activity. (2) The Father's role is symbolized instrumental role traditionally and culturally but it is appropriate that we think the father's role to be androgynous concepts. Instrumental role as well as expressive role is expected to father's role. (3) The role of the father is supplementary mother's role. The father provides economic, emotional support and helps the balanced child- rearing. This indirect role of the father is very important. (4) The father influences child development, and his role is to be sex-role model to contrieve personality internalize moral development. But it is needed more empirical study to clarify father's effects on child development. (5) The amount of time that fathers spend with their children is less than mothers, but it is not assumed that difference of this amount of time do not differently influence to the children. (6) There are much similarity that difference between father-child interaction and mother- child interaction. Qualitative difference in interaction is response style. A responsive style of the father is physical intellectual instructive but mother's is verbal. (7) The effects of the father to a child must be analyzed on dyadic dimension and triadic dimension of family network. In triadic dimension, father influences mother- child relationship, mother to response sensitively, husband-wife relation.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1127-1140
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of father's socio-demographic variables and father's literacy beliefs on father's literacy interaction. Participants were 204 fathers who have children in 3 to 5 years of age. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The findings are summarized as follows: (1) Father's education level was generally correlated with 'father role efficiency', 'open interaction', 'picture-book reading interaction' (2) Monthly income of the household was related 'father role efficiency', 'positive feelings on reading books'. (3) 'Literacy ability development from books', 'father role efficiency', 'positive feeling on reading books' were correlated 'open interaction' and 'picture book reading'. But, 'literacy ability development from books', 'father role efficiency', 'positive feeling on reading books' were negatively correlated 'direct interaction'. (4) The most influential factor on father's 'open interaction', 'direct interaction' was 'literacy ability development from books'. The most influential factor on father's 'picture-book reading' was 'positive feeling on reading books'. These findings highlight that 'literacy ability development from books' and 'positive feeling on reading books' may play critical roles in father's literacy interaction. So, it is very important that adequate training and support on father's literacy beliefs for father's high quality literacy interaction.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.131-146
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• 2009

Purpose: The purposes of this descriptive survey study were to describe levels of father involvement in child-rearing and maternal depression. Method: Data were collected from 277 mothers who had one to three years old infant at 8 day care centers and 2 public health centers in S and B city. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire that included the father involvement in child-rearing scale and maternal depression(BDI). Results: The mean score for father involvement in child-rearing was $44.60{\pm}12.06$. For father involvement in child-rearing, there were significant differences according to chid birth order, father's education, mother's job, income, marriage satisfaction, support for child-rearing. The mean for maternal depression was $10.24{\pm}7.70$. For maternal depression, there were significant differences according to mother's religion, parent's education, father's job, income, marriage satisfaction, support for child-rearing. There is significant difference in the maternal depression according to the father involvement in child-rearing. Conclusion: Father involvement in child-rearing and maternal depression influence child development. It is essential to assess father's participation in child-rearing and maternal depression, to develop knowledge about role of father for child health.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2004

The purpose of the present study is to study how the understanding of growing of child to be related with recognizing the role of parents and activity of bringing up, and at the same time verifying a part of father through reviewing difference view with mother's. Object of investigation were 396 members of parents who have babies in infancy (177 members of fathers and 219 members of mothers. ). The result of this research shows that father has stronger confidence than mother in the role of parents relatively, but he does not understand as much as mother does in growing of child, and is not active enough in bringing up, keeps less intimate relationship with his child and does not affect on his child than mother does. And father who has more understanding on growing of child has also more positive activity in bringing up child. We can get one conclusion from this research, now a days it is seriously required for a father to participate more corporately in bringing up his child, we should do support more effort to let father gets better and right understanding in growing of child and building-up more effective and positive relation with his child.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.167-180
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• 2014

This study aimed to identify the moderating effect of the father's support on the relationship between the mother's parenting guilt and her parenting behavior. For the goal, the present study 1) analysed the differences in the mother's parenting guilt as the general variables of the mother and child, and 2) examined the main effects and interaction effects between the mother's parenting guilt and her spouse's support on the mother's parenting behavior. The participants of the study were 350 mothers whose infants and toddlers were attending a day-care centers in Gwangju and Jeollanamdo. The summary of this study is as follows. First, the mothers younger than 29 years old reported more parenting guilt than the mothers aged 35 to 39. Also, the working mothers felt more parenting guilt than the unemployed mothers. Second, when the main effect and interaction effects among the mother's parenting guilt, parenting behaviors, and the father's parenting support are analysed, the interaction effects were statistically significant with only rejection control parenting behaviors. The result means that even if the mother feels a lot of parenting guilt, if the father's parenting support is high, her rejection control parenting behaviors tend to appear less. The present study suggests that the father's parenting support plays an important role in the reduction of the mother's negative parenting behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.86-101
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• 1996

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there were differences between the Paternal child rearing Involvement and the Parental Satisfaction according to child's sex, father's age and the birth order of child. The subjects surveyed were 271 fathers 132 in their thiries and 139 in their forties who live in Kwang-ju. And the children considered are 128 boys and 143 girls. Among them, first-born children are 143 members, second-born are 103, and third-born are 25. Factor analysis, frequencies, mean, standard deviation, Cronbach's α, one way-ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and step-wise regression are used for data-analysis. The main results were as follows : (1) There were some significant differences in the Paternal child rearing Involvement according to the child's sex, while there was no difference as related the father's age and the birth-order of child. (2) The were some significant differences in the father's Parental Satisfaction which is involved child's sex and the father's age, but there was no difference as to the birth-order of child. (3) There were some significant differences between the Paternal Child rearing Involvement and the Parental Satisfaction, and between its subfactor and the Parental Satisfaction, too. (4) The result of the step-wise regression, which analyses the Paternal child rearing Involvement and the background variables as to father's Parental Satisfaction, shows the Parent-child relationship variable (accounted for about32% of the general variation), spouse support, support of children, general satisfaction, and parent's role conflict at intensity in order. Of the above mentioned five fields, house-activities were the first factor in determining this order. And the personal interaction plays an important role in fulfilling general satisfaction and the support of children. The leisure-action factor was the second explanatory factor in establishing the parent-child relationship. Finally father's age was the fourth explanatory factor in assessing the parent-child relationship variable considering the background variables.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.61-76
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• 2018

The demand and supply of programs of parenthood programs for fathers are increasing with changes in the image of male parents. Under this backdrop, a necessary requirement is to analyze the current status of father programs that are spearheaded by governments and the satisfaction with them to determine if they actually meet the needs of fathers. This study conducted such an examination for the fatherhood programs that were provided as a mandatory public service by the Healthy Family & Multicultural Family Support Center in 2017. To this end, the research analyzed performance and satisfaction data on 776 projects, including 1293 programs that were required for provision in 101 integrated centers nationwide. The results showed that satisfaction with fatherhood programs differed according to the project area, the location of a center, the period of implementation, the methods of proceeding, the participation unit (whether an entire family or an individual family member), the number of participants, and the number of sessions. Overall, the level of satisfaction was higher in "fathers meetings" (under the community domain) than "support for the father role" (under the family relationship domain). In relation to implementation period, satisfaction with the programs was high in the 4th quarter of implementation. Satisfaction with the programs was also higher for culturally based initiatives than education-oriented programs. Satisfaction was higher when the participation unit was the family than when such unit was the individual. The smaller the number of participants, the higher the satisfaction level. Finally, the number of sessions was deemed satisfactory when it was completed in more than four sessions. This study is meaningful in that it provides the basis of effective use of the government budget by analyzing the status and satisfaction of the fatherhood programs, which have been implemented since the integration of the Healthy Families & Multicultural Family Support Center.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 1999

Little is known about the relationship between fathers and their preadolescent children in Korea or about variations in fathering by SES and sex role orientation. The purpose of this exploratory research was to examine variation in contemporary Korean fathering (e.g., warmth of fathering, frequency of father involvement, and task share of father involvement) and its influence on children's sex role development. One hundred and twenty-nine fathers, mothers, and their 11-13-year-old children completed standardized survey questionnaires addressing their childrearing practices, parental role involvement, spousal support, and sex role orientations. Data were analyzed using MANOVAs, t-test, correlational analyses, and multiple regression analyses. Mothers reported more warmth in parenting than did fathers. Regardless of sex of child middle class fathers reported more warmth than lower class fathers and lower frequency of task share than lower class fathers. Regardless of SES, fathers with working wives reported higher levels of task share of involvement relative to their spouse. Fathers who were more frequently involved with their children tended to receive greater support from their wives for paternal involvement. There were no differences in parenting by sex of child nor was fathering associated with children's sex role orientation. Girls' femininity was related to fathers' masculinity. SES, maternal support, fathers' femininity, parents' education level, and maternal work status had predictive ability for the ecological view that fathering is a dynamic process predicted by personal characteristics as well as contextual factors.