• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.429-435
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• 2007

The risk of an outbreak of classical swine fever (CSF) was evaluated in relation to the vaccination and seroprevalence of antibodies. Blood samples were collected from 60 piggeries throughout Korea and information regarding CSF vaccination habits was also obtained via in-person interviews with pig farmers. The results of the survey indicated that 51 out of 60 farms were regularly performing CSF vaccinations in reproductive herds. Farmers preferred to vaccinate their reproductive pigs before weaning (41 farms) than on (9 farms) or after weaning (1 farm). In growing herds, however, double vaccinations as recommended were implemented for only 40 farms (66.7%) and vaccine schedules were identified as being frequently ignored. Moreover, many farms (18/40) were found to vaccinate earlier or later than the recommended time. According to antibody seroprevalence levels, only 36 farms (60%) were considered to be safe regarding potential risk for a CSF outbreak. Among the remaining pig farms, 6 were at low-risk (10%), 12 were at medium-risk (20%), and another 6 were at high-risk (10%). Antibody levels were found to be consistent with vaccination status obtained from personal interview surveys. Our findings demonstrate the importance of vaccinations regarding the prevention of a CSF outbreak, suggesting that vaccinations must be promoted toward pig raisers and practitioners.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2011

Oliver flounder population density affect Oliver flounder growth and mortality rate. In laboratory pilot experiment, Oliver flounder growth rate is inversely proportional to stocking density. But previous study has not proved external validity. This study is aimed to analyze the effect of stocking density on the Oliver flounder culture farms in Jeju Island. In order to do this, I selected 13 farms in Jeju island as a sample. In the study, various analytical methods including productivity analysis, regression analysis, statistical analysis were conducted for 13 Oliver flounder culture farms. The result of analysis can be summarized as follows. First, in case of the Oliver flounder culture farms, Bertalanffy equation is not applicable to the Oliver flounder growth. Second, the Oliver flounder stocking density, defined as the surface area of Oliver flounder per $m^2$ of water surface area, is preferred to density definition defined as the weight of Oliver flounder per $m^2$ of water surface area on the Oliver Flounder Culture Farms case. Third, growth rate and production weight on the Oliver flounder culture farms are inversely proportional to stocking density on spearman rank correlation test. When extensive comparable biological and culture condition data become available, analysis model can be easily modified to yield more accurate results.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1379-1386
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• 2018

Conventional underwater cameras used in fish farms can only shoot limited areas and are vulnerable to underwater contamination. There is also a problem with contaminated farms as surplus residues are deposited as a result of feed supply to farms' nets. This paper proposes underwater drones for underwater monitoring of fish farms and cleaning nets. If underwater drones are used for management of fish farms, underwater imaging, monitoring and cleaning of fish farms' nets can be possible. By using this technology, data can be collected by detecting changes in the environment of a fish farm and responding to changes that occur within a fish farm based on the data. In addition, the establishment of an integrated control system will enable to build efficient and stable smart farms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2013

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important disease viruses in cattle that can cause severe economical losses due to decreased fertility, abortion, diarrhea, and respiratory symptoms. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate prevalence of BVDV infection (Transiently infection, Persistently infection) in dairy cattle in Gyeongnam southern area, Korea and use this data as the basis for establishing an eradication program and policy. A total of 44 bulk-tank milk samples (farms) collected in milk collecting center were tested for BVDV antibody using an ELISA. As the result, out of a total of 44 bulk-tank milk samples (farms), 38 (86.4%) samples were BVDV antibody positive. Blood samples (17 farms, n=543) were collected from BVDV antibody positive farms in bulk-tank milk, tested for BVDV antigen with ELISA and PCR. BVDV infected farms were 47% (8/17) and BVDV infected head were 2.2% (12/543). Persistently infected cattle (PI) were detected at 6 (35.3%) farms out of 17 farms and a total of 6 (1.1%) out of 543 head of cattle were identified as PI. The seropositive of BVDV antibody at farms and head were 100% (17/17) and 49.45% (91/184), respectively. The seroprevalence of BVDV antibody in PI infected farms (67.35%) much higher than that of BVDV antibody in transiently infected cattle (TI) infected farms (45%) and uninfected farms (34.48%). For eradication of BVDV infection in cattle populations, First of all, we should remove PI and need vaccination.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.187-194
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the facilities, cultivation, postharvest management, and distribution status of 27 cut chrysanthemum farms in Korea. The 60% of farms have cultivated the cut chrysanthemum using soil fertigation system in the PE plastic house. In Jeonnam and Busan provinces, Standard type of chrysanthemum was cultivated mainly than spray type of chrysanthemumJeoas. Most farms have been producing the rooted cuttings by plug system using cuttings self-propagated or purchased from the company, but farms in Jeonnam have been planting cuttings directly on cultivation bed. And the 66.6% of cut chrysanthemum farms have been pretreating with dipping in hot water or tap water after harvesting. Precooling was not performed on 70.4% of the farms, and precooling farms have been mainly conducted at temperature of $2-4^{\circ}C$. After harvesting, 70.4% of the farms stored the cut flowers at $2-4^{\circ}C$ for more than 48 hours to control the distribution volume. Cut chrysanthemum was graded mainly by individuals before distribution, and some export farmers have been conducting the cooperative grading. In distribution, all farms have distributed the cut flowers to the domestic markets, and 44.4% of these farms have been also exporting. The 63.0% of farms distributed to domestic market have been trading with flower auction sites.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.93-96
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the actual state of management for tourism farms of Chuncheon City. Also, it was evaluated whether the selection of suitable place was done for the existing tourism farms with GIS. Especially, it was analyzed for the distance and time used by visitors of tourism farms. The directions for the efficient agricultural land uses and selection of suitable places were suggested for the tourism farms being opened in the future with these analyses.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.54-76
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• 1980

A survey was conducted to determine the status of health and productivity of poultry farms in Korea. Area included Was Kyunggido where exist nearly 50% of national poultry population. From this area, 41 layer and 34 broiler farms covering 21 Countries were selected randomly for the survey. When farms were divided in the operation size, 95.1% of layer and 82.3% of broiler farms were classified as business or industrial level while the rest were managed in a small scale as part time job. Generally layer farms had been established much earlier than broiler farms. Geographically 10.7% of layer farms were sited near the housing area such as field foreast and rice field. No farms were located near the seashore. The distance from one farm from the other was very close, being 80% of the farms within the distance of 1km and as many as 28% of the farms within loom. This concentrated poultry farming in a certain area created serious problems for the sanitation and preventive measures, especially in case of outbreak of infectious diseases. Average farm size was 5,016${\times}$3.3㎡ for layers and 1,037${\times}$3.3㎡ for broilers. 89.5% of layer ana 70.6% of broiler farms owned the land for farming while the rest were on lease. In 60% of layer farms welters were employed for farming while in the rest their own labour was used. Majority of farms were equipped poorly for taking necessary practice of hygiene and sanitation. The amount of disinfectant used by farms was considerably low. As many as 97.6% of lave. farms were practised with Newcastle(ND) and fowl pox(F$.$pox) vaccine, whereas only 43.6% and 5.1% of broiler farms were practised with ND and F$.$pox vaccine, respectively. In 17-32.7% of farms ND vaccine was used less than twice until 60 days of age and in only 14.6% of farms adult birds were vaccinated every 4months. Monthly expense for preventive measures was over 200,000W in 32% of farms. Only 4.9-2.7% of vaccine users were soaking advice from veterinarians before practising vaccination, 85% of the users trusted the efficacy of the vaccines. Selection of medicine was generally determined by the farm owner rather than by veterinarans on whom 33.3% of farms were dependant. When diseases outbroke, 49.3% of farms called for veterinary hospital and the rest were handled by their own veterinarians, salesmen or professionals. Approximately 70% of farms were satisfied with the diagnosis made by the veterinarians. Frequency of disease outbreaks varied according to the age and type of birds. The livabilities of layers during the period of brooding, rearing ana adultwere 90.5, 98.9 and 75.2%, respectively while the livalibility of broilers until marketing was 92.2%. In layers, average culling age, was 533.3 day and hen housed eggs were 232.7. Average feed conversion rates of layers and broilers were 3.30 and 2.48, respectively. Those figures were considerably higher than anticipated but still far lower than those in developed countries.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2016

India is largest producer of banana in the world producing 29.72 million tonnes from an area of 0.803 million ha with a productivity of 35.7 MT ha-1 and accounted for 15.48 and 27.01 per cent of the world's area and production respectively (www.nhb.gov.in). In India, Tamil Nadu leads other states both in terms of area and production followed by Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. In Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, Kurnool district had special reputation in the cultivation of banana in an area of 5765 hectares with an annual production of 2.01 lakh tonnes in the year 2012-13 and hence, it was purposively chosen for the study. On $23^{rd}$ November 2003, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has commenced a comprehensive project called 'Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project (APMIP)', first of its kind in the world so as to promote water use efficiency. APMIP is offering 100 per cent of subsidy in case of SC, ST and 90 per cent in case of other categories of farmers up to 5.0 acres of land. In case of acreage between 5-10 acres, 70 per cent subsidy and acreage above 10, 50 per cent of subsidy is given to the farmer beneficiaries. The sampling frame consists of Kurnool district, two mandals, four villages and 180 sample farmers comprising of 60 farmers each from Marginal (<1ha), Small (1-2ha) and Other (>2ha) categories. A well structured pre-tested schedule was employed to collect the requisite information pertaining to the performance of drip irrigation among the sample farmers and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was employed to analyze the performance of drip irrigation in banana farms. The performance of drip irrigation was assessed based on the parameters like: Land Development Works (LDW), Fertigation costs (FC), Volume of water supplied (VWS), Annual maintenance costs of drip irrigation (AMC), Economic Status of the farmer (ES), Crop Productivity (CP) etc. The first four parameters are considered as inputs and last two as outputs for DEA modelling purposes. The findings revealed that, the number of farms operating at CRS are more in number in other farms (46.66%) followed by marginal (45%) and small farms (28.33%). Similarly, regarding the number of farmers operating at VRS, the other farms are again more in number with 61.66 per cent followed by marginal (53.33%) and small farms (35%). With reference to scale efficiency, marginal farms dominate the scenario with 57 per cent followed by others (55%) and small farms (50%). At pooled level, 26.11 per cent of the farms are being operated at CRS with an average technical efficiency score of 0.6138 i.e., 47 out of 180 farms. Nearly 40 per cent of the farmers at pooled level are being operated at VRS with an average technical efficiency score of 0.7241. As regards to scale efficiency, nearly 52 per cent of the farmers (94 out of 180 farmers) at pooled level, either performed at the optimum scale or were close to the optimum scale (farms having scale efficiency values equal to or more than 0.90). Majority of the farms (39.44%) are operating at IRS and only 29 per cent of the farmers are operating at DRS. This signifies that, more resources should be provided to these farms operating at IRS and the same should be decreased towards the farms operating at DRS. Nearly 32 per cent of the farms are operating at CRS indicating efficient utilization of resources. Log linear regression model was used to analyze the major determinants of input use efficiency in banana farms. The input variables considered under DEA model were again considered as influential factors for the CRS obtained for the three categories of farmers. Volume of water supplied ($X_1$) and fertigation cost ($X_2$) are the major determinants of banana farms across all the farmer categories and even at pooled level. In view of their positive influence on the CRS, it is essential to strengthen modern irrigation infrastructure like drip irrigation and offer more fertilizer subsidies to the farmer to enhance the crop production on cost-effective basis in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, India. This study further suggests that, the present era of Information Technology will help the irrigation management in the context of generating new techniques, extension, adoption and information. It will also guide the farmers in irrigation scheduling and quantifying the irrigation water requirements in accordance with the water availability in a particular season. So, it is high time for the Government of India to pay adequate attention towards the applications of 'Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and its applications in irrigation water management' for facilitating the deployment of Decision Supports Systems (DSSs) at various levels of planning and management of water resources in the country.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.414-419
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• 2016

The aims of this study were to investigate microbial contamination levels and to survey sanitation management between Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and non-GAP farms of lettuce and cucumber. The samples (lettuce, cucumber, soil, agricultural water, gloves, and packing plastic bag) were tested to analyze sanitary indicator bacteria (total aerobic bacteria, coliforms and Escherichia coli) and major pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus). In the lettuce farms, the contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria and coliforms in GAP farms were little lower than non-GAP farms or similar. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in soil and agricultural water of GAP farms were detected at higher levels than non-GAP farms in soil and agricultural water. In the case of cucumber farms, levels of total bacteria and Bacillus cereus in soil and total bacteria and coliform in gloves of GAP farms were higher than those of non-GAP farms, and other bacteria contamination levels in collected samples were similar. These results indicate that agricultural products produced from GAP farm still exhibited potential microbial risks. According to the field survey, a sanitation management in GAP farms was insufficient. These results could be useful as basic data to suggestion of plan for preventing microbial contamination and to improvement of GAP certification.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the milk productivity and nutrient balance in organic dairy farms located at Gochang-gun of Korea with different feed sources. The total number of organic dairy farms was 12 in 2012, 13 in 2013, and 14 in 2014. The numbers of farms and dairy herds were increased each year. The average milk yields in 2012, 2013, and 2014 were 25.5, 24.6, and 24.4 kg/d, respectively. The average milk fat contents in 2012, 2013, and 2014 were 3.5%, 3.6%, and 3.7%, respectively. The average milk protein contents in 2012, 2013, and 2014 were 3.3%, 3.4%, and 3.4% in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. Although the average milk yield of organic dairy farms was 9 kg/cows/d less than the average milk yield of other dairy farms in Korea, milk fat and protein contents of organic dairy farms were higher than those of other dairy farms. Alfalfa hay, oat hay, corn silage, rye grass silage, Sudan grass silage, rice straw, and barley silage were commonly used as forage sources in organic dairy farms. The average silage intake (15.6 kg/cow/d) of organic dairy farms in 2013 was higher (P < 0.05), while the average hay intake (5.1 kg/cow/d) in 2014 was higher (P < 0.05) than that of other feed intake. Net energy for lactation ($NE_L$) and metabolizable protein (MP) were calculated in accordance with NRC (2001). Net energy for lactation intake was higher (P < 0.05) while MP intake was lower (P < 0.05) than NRC recommendation values in 2013 and 2014. These results indicate that domestic organic dairy farms should use feed considering energy and protein balance recommended by NRC.