• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2008

The objective of the study which utilised population based data was to determine the respiratory condition of elementary school children in Gangneung. From October 9th to December 14th, 2006, Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT) including Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratoy Volume in I Second $(FEV_1)$ were conducted on the target group of children using a spirometer. The prevalence of asthmatic symptoms was 29.8% among boys and 39.6% among girls. By using logistic regression, we found that family history of allergic rhinitis (OR=3.90, CI=1.05-14.51), experience of allergic conjunctivitis (OR=4.67, CI=1.54-14.16) and atopic dermatitis (OR=2.86, CI=1.17-7.05) significantly increased the asthmatic symptoms. Also, a family history of asthma and food allergy were associated with asthmatic symptoms. In relation to housing and environmental risk factors, residences under the ground (OR=3.59, CI=1.35-9.51) and big-size dolls (OR=2.71, CI=0.86-8.53) significantly increased the prevalence of asthmatic symptoms. For PFT, above four families, exposure of passive smoking and pets significantly reduced FVC in both groups (p<0.05). In girls, a big-size doll was significantly associated with decreased lung function (FVC and $FEV_1$). In boys, using bed significantly reduced $FEV_1$. Also, the risk of asthmatic symptoms was found to increase when the house has been built for 5 years or more, the house is close to a road $({\leq}100m)$, a gas/Kerosene heater or carpet is utilized within the house. However, their differences were not significant. It is concluded that genetic factor such as a family history of respiratory disease, allergic symptoms and housing risk factor are related to asthmatic symptoms. These results were worth noting because the findings will help address risk factors related respiratory symptoms especially in relation to housing and environment.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.109-122
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to find a mother's influence on her children regarding environmental preservation. The questions of this study are how a mother's background variables influence on their own behaviors, how the children's background variables influences on their own behaviors, how a mother's background variables influence on their children behaviors. This is used self-writing questionaires the 538 subjects are 4th, 5th and 6th grade children and their mothers living in Kwangiu, in June, 1998. The data are analyzed by Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Pearson's correlation, Regression analysis, Path analysis, Coronbach'$\alpha$ coefficent, and Factor analysis. These are the major resets of this study. 1) In case of mothers, the background variables for them to be influenced the environmental presentation behaviors show the frequency of contact for environmental information, average income, family cohesions, the level of communication, egoistic orientation, and age. 2) In Children, the background variables which are influenced on their environmental presentation behaviors represent the frequency of contact for environmental information, family cohesion, biospheric orientation, and the grade level of children. This is, the children who have the more chance of environmental information contact, the higher family cohesion, the higher biospheric orientation, and the lower grade level show the more environmental preservation behaviors. 3) The children who grow seeing their mothers'environmental behaviors such as sorted disposal, recycle behavior, and purchasing behaviors also show the more same behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.175-197
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• 1999

The effects of environmental factors on adolescent's socializaion were examined. Data were drawn from 1,412 adolescents. A hypothesized model was tested the links among housing, family conflicts, parent-adolescent relationship, family stress, prier relations, mass media, school atmosphere, consumption, consumer socialization, and adolescent's socialization. Adolescent's internal socialization was directly related to father-adolescent relationship, mother-adolescent relationship, family stress, housing, peer relations, school atmosphere, consumer socialization. The external socialization was directly rebated to father-adolescent relationship, mother-adolescent relationship, housing, peer relations, school atmosphere, and consumer socialization. Mass media wits the most important factor which could be predicated the adolescent's socialization . The findings are consistent with a growing body of literature showing that the environmental factors are related to the adolescent's socialization.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.155-166
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• 2002

This study was performed to figure out the level of anxiety and relating factors of ICU patients as the hospitalization in ICU grows more recently. Data collection was conducted from July 1st to August 31st, 2001. The subjects of this study were consisted of 101 ICU patients who were selected according to the criteria in S hospital, C city. The instruments of the research were consisted of 14 questions of general characteristics, 20 items of STAI, VAS, 24 questions for the anxiety relating factors. And data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and pearson correlation for group difference and correlation with SPSS Win 10.0 program. The followings were the results of the study: 1. In the anxiety level, mean score on STAI was 53.7(item mean $2.69{\pm}.83$), and mean score on VAS was 5.23. It means that the anxiety level of ICU patients was moderate. 2. Among the relating factors of anxiety, the most highest scores were 'by seeing other patient's emergency situation' and 'by seeing other patient's death' figured 3.85 and 3.79 each. And the lowest marks were 'by the unkind behavior of doctors and nurses'(2.13) and 'nurses' or doctors' indifferent actions'(2.21). And the anxiety according to the environmental factor was the highest (3.17) and the anxiety regarding to the human relationship was the lowest (2.53). 3. In the anxiety level STAI according to the general characteristics, the patients who didn't have to take care of their family showed more anxiety than who had to take care of their family(t=-2.38, p=.02). And the variables that shows a significant difference on VAS was sex and women's anxiety was higher than men's level (t=-2.56, p=.01). 4. When the physical anxiety level was compared, the patients who had to take care of their family showed more anxiety than the people who didn't have to take care of their family(t=-1.95, p=.05). In the level of anxiety relating the human relationship, the patients who had religion showed more anxiety than patients who didn't(t=2.43 p=.02). And the married patients(t=2.43, p=.01) and more educated people(F=3.77, p=.01) showed more anxiety. Even though environmental anxiety was the highest factor, it was not significant with general characteristics. 5. The anxiety and relating factors showed positive significant relationship, and physical anxiety factor showed the strongest relation with STAI(r=.21, p<.01). And VAS level showed stronger relation with every factor of the anxiety than STAI. When the VAS level became higher, the anxiety relating to physical factor(r=.72, p<.01), human relationship(r=.63, P<.01), and environment became higher. According to the above result, the environmental anxiety was the highest level than other factors in ICU patient and thus the environmental nursing intervention becomes very important in ICU. Also nurses in ICU have to support the patients who showed higher level of anxiety in this study and try to develop the nursing intervention to relieve the anxiety of patients. And it is recommended that VAS is convenient and practical instrument for measuring the anxiety level in ICU patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.273-284
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• 1989

The aim of this investigation was to delineate concepts contributing to the Exercise of Self-Care Agency (E.S.C.A.) Scale developed by Kearney & Fleischer (1979) and to test its construct validity and its predictors. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. By means of principal factor analysis and maximal likelihood factor analysis upon data generated from 280 undergraduate students, the factors of Concern about Health Knowledge, self-Concept, Information - Seeking Behavior, Decision -making and Responsibility, Self-esteem, and Passivity emerged. The total percent of variance explained by the 6 factors was 75.1% 2. To assess factor independence and instrument homogeneity, correlations among the 6 factors were computed. The correlations ranged from .24 to .46 indicating that the factors and the items were not too similar or redundant. 3. Test-retest reliability of the total scale is r＝.70. Cronbach's $\alpha$ coefficient for internal consistency of the total scale is .86 and that of the factors ranged from .750 to .661 (only factor 6 .497). 4. In additional analysis of the Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale in relationship to Multiple Health Locus of Control, Family Environmental Scale, and Cornell Medical Index using stepwise multiple regression, the Internal Health Locus of Control Score predicted 21.8%(F＝53.34, p＝.0001), Family Environmental Score 8.3%(F＝22.59, P＝.0001), Modified Cornell Medical Index Score 5.4%(F＝15.74, P＝.0001) of the score of the E.S.C.A.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1069-1073
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• 2008

Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. The purpose of this study was to develop an alternative method to characterize indoor environmental factors by multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Using a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source strength factor (source strength divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Subsequently, the ventilation rate and $NO_2$ generation rate were estimated. Mean of ventilation rate was 1.41 ACH in houses, assuming a residential N02 deposition constant of 0.94 $hr^{-1}$. Mean generation rate of $NO_2$ was 16.5 ppbv/hr. According to house characterization, inside smoking and family number were higher $NO_2$ generation rates, and apartment was higher than single-family house. In conclusion, indoor environmental factors were effectively characterized by this method using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.118-133
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• 1998

The residents, living in multi-family housing, prefer to have healthy and natural outdoor environmental for better human and environment quality. Thus, providing the high qulity of amenity has become a popular word in site planning and housing developments field. However, the scope and definition of amenity have not yet clearly identified and it becomes and issue in planning and development field. The purpose of this study isto examine and to evaluate the amenity and its implicationi for site planning so that analysis methods such as to interview and survey with residents were carried out. The results of this study are summarized below; The amenity of residential environment means total environmental quality to the residents in a broad sense. Abundent green environment would be very important factor to increase the amenity of residential environment so that the expansion of green field would improve the quality of multifamily housing. The expansion of green environment and biotope was the most important factor to increase the symbiosis system between residents and outdoor environment. And the amenity should be conformed to the certain standand of environmental quality and the high quality of amenity would be increased significantly in the future for residental developments. Thus, it should be accomplished by preparing practical methods in means of discriminative strategy products planning principle.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.147-162
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• 1990

The purpose of this review is to establish a groundwork for building a more comprehensive conceptual framework within which various aspects of sibling relations and factor related to sibling behaviors con be explained and integrated. Descriptions of the trends and shifts in sibling studies are made in terms of their themes, variables, basic perceptions and general approaches, and analyzes of current state of sibling researches are made with relation to the conceptual aspects of the studies, namely, their standpoints on the issues of sibling variations, the sources of variations, and basic units of analysis, their reliance or emphasis on different methods, and their interests in the mediation processes. It is recognized that research variables have been successively differentiated and used in diversified manners and family ecology and systems theory viewpoints have been incorporated into the understanding of sibling relations. A triad in its full meaning, rather than a dyad or a partial trial, is proposed as a unit of analysis in order for the researchers to be able to examine and describe the true interactional aspects of family relations involving sibling relations. The concepts of coexistence and interaction are proposed as key concepts os that the inconsistencies in findings, differing viewpoints, contradicting conceptions , and contrasting approaches can be interpreted and integrated into a unified system of theories on siblings. The coexistence of similarities and differences in reality. the inevitability of interaction between individual variables and environmental variables and between within-family environmental factors and our-of-family environmental factors, and the need for the joint use of intrafamilial and extrafamilial approach are acknowledged. Attention is also drawn to the mechanism characteristics and the directionality of the mediating processes of mediating variables between a variable and its effects.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.957-967
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to find the sub-factors of consumer consciousness toward well-being and to identify the variables influencing their well-being oriented consumer behaviors in the area of dietary life of married women. 579 married women were surveyed by internet portal site azoomma.com. The collected data were treated with the SPSS Windows 12.0 program and analyzed in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, oneway ANOVA, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The findings were summarized as follow: 1. Consumer consciousness toward well-being has four sub-factors; pro-environmental attitude, personal and family health, means of business, and consciousness regarding others. 2. In the multiple regression analysis, concerns of information, price level, consciousness of personal and family health, health status, educational level explained the purchasing behavior about 25.7%. On the other hand, health status, pro-environmental attitude, consciousness of personal and family health, consciousness regarding others, and concerns of information explanined the using behaviors about 17.0%. Pro-environmental attitude, health status, consciousness of personal and family health, consciousness regarding others, and status of employment were effective variables, and explained the disposal behavior about 19.5%.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.509-519
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• 2016

Objectives: Adulterated food education in adolescence period is very important because dietary management related to food safety is not made in a short period. This study aimed to identify dietary lifestyle factors which drive adulterated food management among middle and high school students. Methods: Data was collected from 270 middle and high school students in Daegu using a self-administered questionnaire in March and April of 2015. Data was analyzed using frequency analysis, one-way analysis of variance, ${\chi}^2$-test, factor analysis, reliability analysis, regression analysis, and cluster analysis. Results: The results of factor analysis indicated that adulterated food management awareness was classified into necessity, difficulty, and food purchasing anxiety. The adulterated food management capability was sub-grouped into environmental grasp, food identification, cooking hygiene, and situation management. The adulterated food management efficacy composed of management confidence, action intention, and knowledge. Dietary lifestyle comprised of gustation, family, and health factors after factor analysis, and it consisted of all seeking group, gustation seeking group, family seeking group, health seeking group, and family and health seeking group after cluster analysis. The gustation, family and health factors were significantly affected the factors of awareness, capability and efficacy of adulterated food management (p < 0.05). The frequency of health conditions, helping with meal preparation, and the times of eating out were significantly different according to seeking groups of dietary lifestyle (p < 0.01). The scores of awareness, capability and efficacy of adulterated food management of family and health seeking group were significantly higher than the other seeking groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study suggests that adulterated food management education programs should account for gustation, family and health factors of dietary lifestyle to be effective for adolescents.