• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2016

Gwangyang traffic safety designated area is composed of 3 fairways (Deep water fairway, inbound fairway, and outbound fairway). However, inbound vessels can't use this passage because of Samyeo rock and artificial fishing banks in inbound route. The problem with the rocks and artificial fishing banks has been raised by ship navigators and authorities of the port. This research is about the safety evaluation and management plan of the passage, and we conducted maritime traffic simulation using a model based on a ship operator risks. As a result, assuming that future marine traffic volume is the same as the present, and if the ship operators use 3 fairways and not two, it showed risk reduction of 46.4 % (vessels over 50,000 DWT using DW route) and 57.1 % (vessels over 10,000 DWT using DW route). Also, in a traffic volume condition which is the same as the present, to induce vessels over 50,000 DWT to use DW route is effective in mitigating of risks. Meanwhile, in a condition which increased the traffic volume by 150 %, it is more effective to induce vessels to use DW route. This research is the result of analysis using the model based on ship operator risks, and not cost-effectiveness analysis on the removal of Samyeo rock and artifical fishing banks. This research is expected to be used on setting up the sea route and management plan (particularly, restriction on passing DW route).

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Occurrence of earthworms for turfgrass growing seasons and effect of earthworms by some plant extracts and plant oils in golf courses were investigated at the three locations golf courses in Korea 2005 to 2006. There were no differences in monthly occurrence of earthworm except Anseong Benest Golf Club, namely, Anseong Benest Golf Club was highly occurred in July in 2006. Density of earthworm was not different between fairway and rough in Dongrae Benest Golf Club (opened in 1971) while density was higher in rough than fairway in Anseong Benest Golf Club (opened in 1999) and Gapyeong Benest Golf Club (opened in 2000). In case of Gapyeong Benest Golf Club, earthworm density was higher in old courses than recently opened courses. Effect of plant extracts such as mustard oil, wintergreen oil, Quisqualis indica, Daphne genkwa, Pharbitis nil, Zingiber officinale, Xanthium strumarium, and Camellia sinensis on earthworm, mustard oil, wintergreen oil and tea saponin were highly toxic to earthworm, Eisenia andrei. In the pot experiment, 100% of Eisenia andrei was dead at the treatment of 500-fold of aquatic solution of tea saponin (12.4% a.i.).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.535-542
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• 2014

This research concluded that the area is most sensitively affected by the maritime traffic congestion rather than other factors including the ship's speed and fairway width. We performed a literature review for the area used in Japan, Denmark, and Shanghai ports, and analyzed by comparing with the area in Jinhae, Korea through the observation survey of marine traffic. The result of sensitivity analysis concluded that the congestion is affected by amount of 10% by changing 1 knot of the ship's speed, 18% of 100m of the fairway width, and 34%~43% of 1L of ship's length. By applying the result into the current audit system using $8L{\times}3.2L$, $6L{\times}1.6L$, we found that there is big difference with $3.5L{\times}1.5L$ in Japan, $5.9L{\times}2.2L$ in Shanghai, $4L{\times}5B$ in Denmark, and $3L{\times}2L$ in Jinhae, Korea. For this reason, further studies should be carried out in near future to the area mostly affected by congestion.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.158-165
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• 2020

Buoys are a necessary component for the safety of vessel traffic. However, if the buoy becomes inoperable from damage and loss, it can have significant impact on vessel traffic safety as well as unexpected budget spending. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of accidental contact by applying the marine traffic assessment index that can reflect the traffic flow in the sea area. First, Busan Port No. 5 fairway, with a high number of buoys and many contact accidents, was set as the sea area for assessment. to investigate the status of accidental contact and evaluate risk of contact accidents based on the IALA Waterway Risk Assessment Programme (IWRAP MkII) and Potential Assessment of Risk Model (PARK Model). As a result, buoys are near the P recautionary Area wherein the traffic flow was complicated by the Masan port vessel and Busan new port vessel, and buoys are near the entrance of the Gadeok waterway, wherein vessels show a pattern of navigation across the fairway and buoys are near the breakwater in the inner fairway were considered as high risk for contact accidents. This study can be used as basic data for establishing an integrated model to evaluate the risk of buoy contact accidents.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.71-71
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• 2017

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 1994

Dictyostelid cellular slime molds were quantitatively isolated from three golf courses in Kyonggi province. The samples were collected in tee, fairway, rough and out of bounds at each golf courses. Dictyostelium muoroides was found at rough of Seo-Seoul C.C and D. minutum at out of hounds of New Korea C.C Compared with other forests, species diversity and species richness appeared to be low. The properties of soils were investigated in three golf courses. This results were very low in water content, organic matter compared with artificial Korean lawngrsss turf in Seoul National University.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.359-364
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• 2004

When sea going vessel approaches her destination port, marine traffic density is increased, especially, the marine traffic is concentrated in the entrance channel and the fairway in the inner harbour is more narrow. Therefore, special navigational rules for preventing collision at sea is needed in the inner harbour. Hence there are the rules in The Public Order in Open Port Act in Korea But, in the case of conflict of navigational rule concerned, it is possible to be raised a question that which rule shall be applied preferentially. Also, it is necessary to understand the exact meaning of the navigational rules in The Public Order in Open Port Act. Because the misunderstanding of the rule is caused the collision Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the exact meaning of the navigational rule concerned in the view of legal basis and suggest the principles for a proper application of it.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2008

Ship-handling simulation system has been used for maritime traffic safety assessment for harbor and fairway. There exist various environmental conditions under which ship may navigate along a fairway or in harbor. Due to the time and budget limitations, however, ship-handling simulations are usually carried out for very limited number of environmental conditions. In this paper, statistical method for effective and systematic determination of real time simulation conditions is suggested and applied to the maritime traffic safety assessment problems. In the empirical study, the principal component analysis method and the concept of empirical cumulative distribution function are suggested to estimate synthetic navigational difficulty and to select simulation conditions which would impose high difficulty on shiphandling.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2011

Daesan Harbor is developing under the Industrial Complex or Petrochemistry Development Plan making the port the main hub-port in the West coast. Because of this development. the traffic volume is expected to increase to 9,1.95 incoming vessels by 2020, an increase of 167% compared to 2008 figure. This study thoroughly analyzes and evaluates a systematic and comprehensive use of the fairway in the Daesan Harbor. It establishes a future oriented and safe marine transportation environment upon appropriate examination of the total fairways and sailing assistance facilities.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 1994

The relationships between microbial activity and physico-KDICical characteristics of soils were investigated in three golf courses of Kwanak, Gold and Korea Country Clubs, with different open years. The soil samples were collected in tee, fairway and rough. There were ranges of 4.80-5.55 in pH, $25.55-98.50{\mu}S$ / cm in conductivity, 10.96-16.73% in moisture content, 0.18-0.36g / g in water holding capacity, 3.68-5.39% in organic matter, and 0.10-0.25% in total nitrogen. Dehydrogenase activity(DHA) as an index of soil microbial activity was determined. DHA values of soil were $69.83-314.43{\mu}$g / g in three courses and showed the order of Kwanak>Gold>Korea Country Club with open year. This indicates that DHA was affected by several fertilizer treatments rather than herbicide and pesticide treatments. DHA was significantly different with golf clubs as well as golf courses and positively correlated with water holding capacity and total nitrogen.