• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

Objectives : Fagopyrum esculentum(FE) has been used for removal of inflammation of internal organs and treatment of sore and ulcer by heat toxin in Korean herbal medicines. In this study, To investigated the protective effect of FE on allergic response, we determined whether FE inhibits allergic response. Methods : The effect of FE was analyzed by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blot in RBL-2H3 cells. We investigated cell viability, ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase, as a marker of degranulation, cytokne, and intracellular ROS and MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling. Results : We found that FE suppressed ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release, the production of IL-4 and TNF-${\alpha}$ and intracellular ROS level in RBL-2H3 by the anti-DNP IgE plus DNP-HSA stimulation. FE also significantly inhibited cytokine mRNA expressions, such as IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ and GM-CSF in RBL-2H3. In addition, PF suppressed the phospholyation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p38 and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and NF-${\kappa}B$ signal transduction pathway. Conclusions : Our results indicate that FE protects against allergic response and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of degranulation and production of cytokines and ROS via the suppression MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ of signal transduction. Abbrevations : FE, Fagopyrum esculentum; RBL-2H3, rat basophilic leukemia cell line; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; $NF{\kappa}B$, nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$; $TNF{\alpha}$, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; GM-CSF, Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase; p38, p38 MAP kinase; $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, inhibitory-kappa B alpha.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

This research was conducted to investigate the possibilities of usage of germinated-buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum $M{\ddot{o}}ench$) by examining antioxidative, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of extracts from different germinated root length of buckwheat. Antioxidant activity $(RC_{50})$ was shown higher in extracts of non-germinated seed $(50.41\;{\mu}g/mL)$ and root length 10 mm $(80.57\;{\mu}g/mL)$, 2 mm $(93.77\;{\mu}g/mL)$, 5 mm $(107.09\;{\mu}g/mL)$ than BHT $(163.96\;{\mu}g/mL)$ as a synthetic antioxidant. In antimicrobial activity, non-germinated and germinated seeds were formed inhibitory zone against S. aureus $(4{\sim}10\;mm)$, P. aeruginosa $(2{\sim}9\;mm)$ at the concentrations of $10{\sim}40\;mg/mL$ but B. subtilis, E. coli and S. typhimurium were not apparent antimicrobial activity. Extracts of germinated seed also decreased their antimicrobial activity compared to non-germinated seed extract. In addition, the growth of Calu-6 was inhibited of both 5 mm root length germinated and non-germinated seeds $(800\;{\mu}g/mL)$ as 95.12% and 87.15%, respectively, but these did not show any influence on cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines. Extracts of 2 mm and 5 mm germinated seeds were also inhibited against Calu-6 and SNU-601 cell lines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1291-1296
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• 2006

This study was performed to determine the antimutagenic and anticancer effects of Fagopyrum esculentum Moenech noodles (FEMN) extracts using Ames test and cytotoxicity, respectively. FEMN made buckwheat wet noodles (BWN), buckwheat extruded noodles (BEN) and buckwheat dehydrated noodles (BDN) by 60% buckwheat flour and 70% buckwheat flour. The inhibitory effects of FEMN extracts on cell proliferation in A549, Hep3B, MCF-7, AGS and HeLa were investigated by SRB assay. The cytotoxic effects of FEMN against the cell lines with human lung carcinoma (A549), human gastric carcinoma (AGS), human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B), human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) were inhibited with the increase of the extract concentration. The treatment of 1.0 mg/mL FEMN of 60% BEN extracts showed strong cytotoxicities of 74.7%, 75.3% and 70.5% against AGS, A549 and HeLa, respectively. The inhibition rate of 70% BWN of FEMN extracts in the S. Typhimurium TA100 strain showed 41% against the mutagenesis induced by MNNG. The inhibition rate of 70% BEN of FEMN extracts in the S. Typhimurium TA98 strain showed 45% against the mutagenesis induced by 4NQO.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.734-741
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• 2009

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize extraction conditions for functional components of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). A central composite design was applied to investigate the effects of three independent variables, namelyextraction temperature (X1), extraction time (X2), and ethanol concentration (X3), on responses including extraction yield (Y1), total phenolic content in the extract (Y2), $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibition activity (Y3), and acetylcholine esterase (ACE) inhibition activity (Y4). Data were analyzed using an expert design strategy and statistical software. The maximum yield was 24.95% (w/w) at $55.75^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature, 8.75 hextraction time, and 15.65% (v/v) ethanol. The maximum total phenolic yield was 222.45 mg/100 g under the conditions of $28.11^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature, 8.65 h extraction time, and 81.72% (v/v) ethanol. The maximum $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibition activity was 85.38% at $9.62^{\circ}C$, 7.86 h, and 57.58% (v/v) ethanol. The maximum ACE inhibition activity was 86.91% under extraction conditions of $10.12^{\circ}C$, 4.86 h, and 44.44% (v/v) ethanol. Based on superimposition of a four-dimensional RSM with respect to levels of total phenolics, $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibition activity, and ACE inhibition activity, obtained under various extraction conditions, the optimum ranges of conditions were an extraction temperature of $0-70^{\circ}C$, an extraction time of 2-8 h, and an ethanol concentration of 30-80% (v/v).

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.195-196
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• 2007

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.107-113
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• 1979

The present study was carried out to estimate the comparative effects of hydroponic heavy metals (Al, Cd, Hg, and Pb) on ATP content in plant leaves grown with Hoagland solution under green house condition. The two plants, kidneybean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum M nch), showed similar inhibitory effect of heavy metals on ATP content in order of Hg, Cd, Pb, and Al. But the overall inhibitory effect was greater in kidneybean than in buckwheat. The affinity of heavy metals, in vitro, toward the enzyme (luciferin-luciferase) is in order of Hg, Al, Cd, and Pb, similar to that toward ATP. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of heavy metals on ATP hydrolysis is mainly due to the coordination of heavy metals with enzyme than ATP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2006

Direct thrombin inhibitor, which is effective to prevent or cure the thrombosis, has been investigated in worldwide. In this study, we tried to screen antithrombosis agent from edible or medicinal plant. A strong antithrombin activity was identified from methanol or $95\%$ ethanol extract of buckwheat seeds. The solvent fractionation of buckwheat extracts using hexane, ethylacetate, butanol revealed that the butanol fraction has a prominent antithrombin activity. Thrombin time (blood-clot formation time) exceeded to over $2,000\%$ by addition of the butanol fraction at concentration of $312.5{\mu}g/mL$, whereas thrombin time extended to $336\%$ by addition of aspirin at concentration of $1,500{\mu}g/mL$. The butanol fraction showed anthrone-positive and ninhydrine-negative reaction. The active components were heat-liable, acid-unstable non-proteinous macromolecules (>30 KD). In vivo analysis using ICR male mouse showed that the buckwheat extract was superior than the aspirin in pulmonary thrombosis, KCN-induced coma and death. Our results suggest that the buckwheat is a potential as an antithrombosis agent and medicinal food.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.268-272
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• 2006

Antibacterial, antifungal, and Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum) hydrolyzed by Viscozyme L and Alcalase 2.4 L were investigated. The Alcalase 2.4L-hydrolyzed buckwheat showed highest yield of 22.10-24.65%. F. esculentum hydrolysate treated with Viscozyme L from Salmonella typhimurium (clear zone: 3-4.7 mm) and Listeria monocytogenes (clear zone: 4-7.2 mm) showed highest antimicrobial activity among enzymes used. F. esculentum hydrolysate treated with Trichoderma reesei showed strongest antifungal activity among enzymes used (clear zone: 3.7-12 mm). Alcalase 2.4L-hydrolyzed F. esculentum and F. tataricum showed strong ACE inhibitory activities (61.19% and 94.48%, respectively).

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 1980

Kidneybean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum M nch) seedlings grown with Hoagland solution to a height of 7 to 10 cm in the earthen pot containing sand were used for experimental plants. One group of the experimental plants was irrigated with Hoagland solution composed of various Pb-concentratons of 0 to 1000ppm containing 30ppm, and the other group was irrigated with Hoagland solution composed of various P-concentrations of 0 to 1,000ppm containing 30ppm Pb for a month during June and July in 1979. By Pb-surplus over 100ppm, the margins of buckwheat were curled down and turned into yellow-brown chlorosis, but the leaves of kidneybean were become dark-green at an early stage, and then developed chlorosis, finally shedded earlier than the control. Pb-toxicity was similar to the symptoms of P-deficiency. The ratio, 3/1 of chlorophyll a/b at an early stage, was unaffected by Pb-surplus or P-deficiency, but at the later stage it was altered. ATP content with Pb-surplus of 100ppm was decreased by 69% in kidneybean leaves and by 38% in buckwheat leaves, and it with P-deficiency was decreased by 75% in kidneybean leaves and by 43% in buckwheat leaves. In the assay of ATP content of the leaves at intervals of three hours for one day of July in the year, the rhythms of ATP level were unaffected by light or temperature although the amplitude of the level was modified. The rhythms of Pb-surplus and P-deficiency plants were observed at the lower range of ATP content than that of control.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.22 no.1_2
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• pp.15-20
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• 1979

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of cadmium(Cd), mercury(Hg) and lead(Pb) on the respiration of the germinating seeds. Two kinds of seeds namely, mungbean (Paseolus radiatus L.) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M ench) were used for the plant materials. The concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb applied for the treatment were 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1,000ppm. The germination test was carried out in the dark at 27$^{\circ}C$. Regardless of the kinds of heavy metals, the respiration of the germinating seeds was greatly increased for 24hrs absorbing the heavy metals, and subsequently the respiration was increased average 0.69mg/g.hr.CO2 for mungbean and 0.7mg/g.hr.CO2 for buckwheat. In the lower concentrations of cadmium and lead than 10ppm the germinating rates, seedling concentraitons. The germinating rates, the seedling growth and the respiration were not increased in ay concentrations of mercury, but were decreased with increase of the mercury concenration. The inhibition of seeds respiration by mercury was 3 times higher than by cadmium, and 5 times higher than that by lead. The toxicity of three heavy metals on the respiration was showed from the highest to the lowest in the order of Hg, Cd, and Pb.