• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.362-367
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• 2008

In order to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on effective in vitro micropropagation, apical meristems of Pulsatilla cernua var. koreana were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium with 2,4-D, NAA, TDZ and BA. Media containing 2,4-D and kinetin, 2,4-D and TDZ, NAA and TDZ were not effective on callus induction. However, embryogenic or organogenic callus was obtained on media containing NAA and BA. Especially, on MS medium with 0.5mg/L NAA and 1.0mg/L BA was optimal for a high frequency (62%) of shoot or shoot bud obtained from callus. Callus proliferation, shoot multiplication and elongation were significantly increased by adding 10% coconut water on MS media with 0.5mg/L NAA and 1.0mg/L BA. Repeated subculturing of in vitro grown shoots resulted in propagation rate of 12.9 shoots per explant every 30 days. Root formation from the adventitious shoots was not easily achieved. However, roots were only produced through callus on MS medium with 2.0mg/L NAA alone or 0.5mg/L NAA and 1.0mg/L BA. These roots were used materials for callus and shoot production repetitively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.408-412
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• 2008

This research was designed to investigate the antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf. Total phenol content was obtained from guava leaf extract of 19.0 (g/100g, D.W.). The crude extract exhibited significantly antioxidant activities (IC50value $102.5{\mu}g/ml$, free radical scavenging; $49.4{\mu}g/ml$, SOD like activity). The crude extract of guava leaf was fractionated into four partition layers; hexane (G-H), ethyl acetate (G-E), butanol (G-B) and water (G-W) layer. The extracts of G-E, G-B, G-W showed high radical scavenging activities of over 50% at $100{\mu}g/ml$. SOD like activities of G-E, G-B, G-W were revealed, as 81.8%, 84.7%, 65.3% at $100{\mu}g/ml$, while those of G-H did not showed the effectively. The crude extract of guava leaf showed high tyrosinase inhibitory effect as 60.8% at 1mg/ml, the measurement of G-E, G-B, G-W were 65.2%, 62.8%, 51.6% and that of G-H was not effective. These results indicate that useful bioactive substances exist in the guava leaf extracts, especially G-E, G-B. And the guava leaf has the potential of being developed into health related products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.827-832
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• 2005

Bacillus subtilis JM3 protease from naturally fermented anchovy sauce was partially purified in 40-60% ammonium sulfate fraction. To accelerate fermentation of anchovy sauce, 2 and 4% crude B. subtilis JM3 proteases were added to 6 month-ripened anchovy sauce, and their hydrolysis degrees and amino-nitrogen contents were investigated at different storage times. Low molecular weight (LMW) peptide was purified by ultrafiltration ana gel permeation chromatography from anchovy sauce manufactured with B, subtilis JM3 protease. Anchovy sauces with 2 and 4% proteases increased hydrolysis rate by 27 and 32%, respectively. Amino-nitrogen contents of anchovy sauces fermented with 2 and 4% proteases were twofold higher than that of control. Control showed five peptide peaks on Bio-Rad P2 gel permeation chromatography spectrum, whereas anchovy sauces with 2 and 4% B. subtilis JM3 proteases showed six and seven peaks, respectively. ACE inhibitory activity was highest in peak 6 (43.75%) of anchovy sauce with 2% protease, followed by peak 5 (34.82%) of control. DPPH radical-scavenging effect was higher than 50% in all samples. Cytotoxicity was highest in peak 3 (44.12%) of control, fellowed by peak 5 (42.04%) of anchovy sauce with 4% protease.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.726-732
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• 2003

The crude extracts from Rhus javanica Linne showed comparatively strong antioxidative activity in test oils. Antioxidative components were isolated and identified by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, UV, and NMR. These antioxidative components were added to several oils to compare antioxidative activity with several commercial antioxidants, such as BHA, BHT, and tocopherol. After the sixth column chromatography, one fraction (R-18-9-3-2-4-2) was separated from chloroform layer of Rhus javanica Linne. The R-18-9-3-2-4-2 fraction was identified as methyl gallate by $^1H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$ and confirmed with methyl gallate standard as authentic. The R18-9-3-2-4-2 fraction from chloroform layer of Rhus javanica Linne showed stronger activity than that of the ${\alpha}-,\;{\delta}-tocopherol$, BHT, and BHA at the same concentration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.283-287
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• 2004

Persimmons suffer from such physiological disorders as flesh softening, peel blackening, and flesh browning, which occur rapidly particularly when exposed to ambient temperature after storage at low temperature, In this study causes of these disorders were examined in terms of respiration and ethylene production of the fruits. Jelly-like flesh softening, considered as symptom of chilling injury, rapidly developed within 3 days of exposure to ambient temperature without modified atmosphere (MA) packaging after low temperature storage. Disorder development was more suppressed at $30^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$; such temperature dependence is closely connected to ethylene production rate of fruits at both temperatures. Inhibition of ethylene production through MA packaging effectively reduced disorder development, which indicates ethylene production is closely related to jelly-like flesh softening disorder. Development of black-staining on peels occurs in fruits exposed directly to ambient temperature, but not in those packaged with thick PE-film. Flesh browning developed only under anaerobic respiration condition of high temperature and MA packaging with thick PE film, and occurred at quick reduction of available oxygen inside MA package at high temperature.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.321-328
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• 2004

Raw mulberry (Morus spp.) juice was prepared by minimal processing using several filter aids, fining agents, and clarifying enzymes, followed by filtration, centrifugation, and membrane filtration. Control of browning in minimally processed mulberry juices by anti-browning agents, sodium hydrosulfite, L-ascorbic acid, citric acid, and NaCl, was investigated using quantitative measurements of color changes during storage. Clarification of mulberry juice was improved by adding several filter aids, fining agents, and enzymes, followed by filtration and centrifugation. Several fining agents, including chitosan, chitin, PVPP, gelatin, and casein at a concentration of 1%, and combination of ultrafiltration and centrifugation at 8,000 rpm were not suitable for clarification of juice owing to strong adsorption of anthocyanin pigment. Combination of $0.01\;{\mu}m$ membrane filtration and centrifugation at 8,000 rpm was effective for clarification of mulberry juice. Browning of minimally processed mulberry juice was inhibited significantly by adding 200 ppm sodium hydrosulfite, and 0.1% L-ascorbic acid (L-AsA) and 0,1% citric acid (CA) also showed considerable browning inhibition. Combination of L-AsA and CA, which was moderately effective for browning inhibition of juice, may be useful as a sulfite alternative for mulberry juice. Optimum sugar ($^{\circ}Brix$)/acid ratio and commercial sterilization of minimally processed mulberry juice were approximately 40 and 10 min at $85-90^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.196-201
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• 2004

Volatile components in flower and seed of safflower were identified. Volatile flavor compounds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was extracted by simultaneous steam distillation and extraction method using Likens and Nickerson's extraction apparatus. Concentrated extract was analyzed and identified by gas chromatography and GC-mass spectrometry. Main volatile components in flower were terpene compounds, including p-cymene, limonene, ${\alpha}-phellandrene$, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, camphor, 4-terpineol, selinene, ${\beta}-caryophyllene$, torreyol, ${\beta}-eudesmol$, and 10 acids including 3-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, and acids of $C_{2},\;C_{5}-C_{11}$. Main volatile components in seed and safflower were 20 aldehydes including hexanal (7.17%), (E)-2-heptenal (1.10%), (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.265-274
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield and chemical compositions of corn hybrids for silage according to ridging times in the paddy field cultivation. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with five treatments and three replication. The ridging times of five treatments were untreated (C), 7 leaves (T1: 31 days), 8 leaves (T2: 37 days), 9 leaves (T3: 42 days) and 10 leaves stage (T4: 48 days after sowing) of silage corn. The ridging treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) were higher (p<0.01) dry matter yield and TDN yield than the unridging treatment (C). However, there were no significant differences among T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments. The Crude protein content of unridging treatment was decreased (p<0.01), while NDF content was increased (p<0.01) compared to ridging treatments. The contents of mineral and amino acid in ridging treatments were higher than unridging treatment (p<0.05, p<0.01). In particular, mineral and amino acid contents were the highest in T4 and T1, respectively (p<0.01). Based on the above results, ridging work is to be increased the yield quantity and nutritional value of silage corn. And the best result was obtained in T4 treatment of ridging treatments.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.772-778
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate physiologically active components and antioxidant capacity of grapevine leaves at growth stages. The leaves from two strains of grapevine, 'Campbell Early' and 'Rosario Bianco', were collected at five different growth stages (leafing, blossom, fruiting, coloring, and maturity). Total flavonoid content was higher in leafing stage than the other stages and gradually decreased during growing. Total phenol content was higher in 'Campbell Early' than in 'Rosario Bianco'. Hydroxyl radical scavenging ability increased in the leafing stage and decreased during growing. The electron donating ability was higher in 'Campbell Early' then 'Rosario Bianco' until blossom stage. Leaves from 'Campbell Early' showed higher total antioxidant capacity than those from 'Rosario Bianco'. According to the above results, grapevine leaves until the blossom stage would possess strong antioxidant activity by physiologically active components such as polyphenol compounds. Therefore, these results suggest that young grapevine leaves can be used as materials for the development of functional foods.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.359-364
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• 2003

The seaweed Porphyra pseudolinearis as a dominant species grows at upper of the intertidal zone of the East Sea from October to March. Vegetative cells have not matured during October when observed with naked eye and microscope. In the middle of November, although it didn't distingush between female and male gametophytes by eye, it showed antheridium and carpogonium when observed vertical section under microscope. From early December, It could be distinguished female and male gametophytes clearly. From Feburary it showed shorted length of thalli by release of spermatangia and carposporangia as maturation. At early March, the colar has been decaeded and side of thalli has been melted, completed of release of spermatia. At the end of December, the average length and width of female thalli were 149.9$\pm$5.6mm and 22.2$\pm$2.3mm, respectively. The length and width of male thalli were 149.9$\pm$9.4mm and 20.7$\pm$1.8mm. At the end of January, the average length and width of female thalli were 94.6$\pm$6.4mm and 29.1mm$\pm$5.1, respcetively. The length and width of male thalli were 107.8$\pm$7.3mm and 25.9$\pm$0.9mm. From this period lengths of female and male thalli have already been shortned by the release of spermatia and carpogonia.