• Macromolecular Research
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.704-710
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• 2008

Injectable hydrogels are quite promising materials due to their potential to minimize invasive implantation and this provides versatile fitness irrespective of the damaged regions and facilitates the incorporation of bioactive agents or cells. In situ gel formation through stereocomplex formation is a promising candidate for injectable hydrogels. In this paper, a new series of enantiomeric, four-arm, PEG-PLA block copolymers and their stereocomplexed hydrogels were prepared by bulk ring-opening polymerization of D-lactide and L-lactide, respectively, with stannous octoate as a catalyst. The prepared polymers were characterized by $^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT IR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermal gravitational analysis (TGA), confirming the tailored structure and chain lengths. The swelling and degradation behavior of the hydrogels formed from a selected copolymer series were observed in different concentrations. The degradation rate decreased with increasing polymer content in the solution. The rheological behavior indicated that the prepared hydrogel underwent in situ gelation and had favorable mechanical strength. In addition, its feasibility as an injectable scaffold was evaluated using a media dependence test for cell culture. A Tris solution was more favorable for in situ gel formation than PBS and DMEM solutions were. These results demonstrated the in situ formation of hydrogel through the construction of a stereocomplex with enantiomeric, 4-arm, PEG-PLA copolymers. Overall, enantiomeric, 4-arm, PEG-PLA copolymers are a new species of stereocomplexed hydrogels that are suitable for further research into injectable hydrogels.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2004

Acyclovir(ACV) is an important antiviral drug used extensively against infections caused by herpes viruses, especially herpes simplex and varicella zoster. Because of high crystallinity and large particle size, solubility of intact ACV is very low in water(1.3 mg/ml). The goal of this work is to enhance the solubility of ACV. To make solid dispersion, Polyethyleneglycol, Hydroxyprophylmethylcelluose and Polyvinylpyrrolidone were used as polymer carriers in this work. Polymer carriers and drug were dissolved in acetic acid. And then spray drying method and freeze drying method were used as solvent extraction. Morphology, crystallization and functional group were characterized using SEM, XRD and FT-IR. The result of in vitro test showed the sample using PVP as polymer carrier had higher dissolution rate(up to 466%) than intact ACV.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2017

Intercoolers for multi-stage turbocharger of the hydrogen reciprocating engine for HALE UAV are installed for reducing the charged air inlet temperature of the engine. The intercooler is air to air, cross flow, plate-fin type and the fin configuration is offset-strip fin which is referenced from the heat exchanger of the ERAST. Most of HALE UAV's cruising altitude is 60,000 ft and the density of air for this altitude is very low compared to sea level. Therefore the required heat transfer area for the HALE UAV is about three-times bigger than the sea level. Consequently, it is essential to design to meet the required efficiency of intercooler in the range of not excessively growing the weight of the heat exchanger. The quasi-one dimensional heat transfer design/analysis for satisfying the requirement of the engine are written in this paper. The numerical analyses for estimating the coolant flow rate of the engine bay and pressure loss in the header and core are also summarized.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.153-157
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• 1995

The effect of low concentrations of ethanol(3∼7%, v/v) in culture broth as an antibacteriaB agent against Vibrio parahaemolyticus was tested at -20, 5, 35, 45 and 5%. Increasing concentrations of ethanol progressively inhibited initial growth of t: parahaemelyticus at 35$^{\circ}C$. Growth occured at 5% ethanol, but only after a prolonged lag period. At 7% ethanol, the number of viable cells of V parahae-molyticus declined during incubation. Culture broth containiilg 3∼7% ethanol was inoculated with 106∼107'cells/uu of V Parahaemolyticus and incubated at low temperatures(5$^{\circ}C$, -20$^{\circ}C$) and high tem-peratures(45$^{\circ}C$, 50$^{\circ}C$). In the presence of 5 or 7ft of ethanol, the viability in the cells incubated at high temperatures decreased rapidly. Rate of death increased with increasing concentration of etha-nol.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.693-701
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• 2016

Steam gasification of low rank coals is possible at relatively low temperature and low pressure, and thus shows higher efficiency compared to high rank coals. In this study, the gasification reactivity of four different Indonesian low rank coals (Samhwa, Eco, Roto, Kideco-L) was evaluated in $T=700-800^{\circ}C$. The low rank coals containing $53.8{\pm}3.4$ wt% volatile matter in proximate analysis and $71.6{\pm}1.2$ wt% carbon in ultimate analysis showed comparable gasification reactivity. In addition, $K_2CO_3$ catalyst rapidly accelerated the reaction rate at $700^{\circ}C$, and all of the coals were converted over 90% within 1 hour. The XRD analysis showed no significant difference in carbonization between the coals, and the FT-IR spectrum showed similar functional groups except for differences due to moisture and minerals. TGA results in pyrolysis ($N_2$) and $CO_2$ gasification atmosphere showed very similar behavior up to $800^{\circ}C$ regardless of the coal species, which is consistent with the steam gasification results. This confirms that the indirect evaluation of the reactivity can be made by the above instrumental analyses.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.27-32
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• 2008

Objectives : In this paper, we describe that $^1H-NMR$ spectroscopy may be superior to the conventional HPLC for the quantitative analysis of hesperidin from Citrus unshiu. Methods : $^1H-NMR$ spectra (400 MHz) were recorded in $DMSO-d_6$ using a Varian UNITY Inova AS 400 FT NMR spectrometer. One hundred milligram of powdered Citrus unshiu was weighed out and mixed with 1 ml of $DMSO-d_6$ with sonication for 30 min (room temperature). The extracts were filtrated through a 0.45 ${\mu}m$ PVDF filter and 0.5 ml of filtrated extract used for quantitative $^1H-NMR$ measurement (added 1 mg of dimethyl terephthalate as internal standard). The quantity of hesperidin was calculated by the ratio of the intensity of the compound to the known amount of internal standard. For HPLC analysis, the half gram of plant material was extracted with 60 ml of MeOH for 2 hours. The extracts were made 100 ml volume and analyzed by a Waters HPLC system using a YMC ODS column. The total flow rate was 1.0 ml/min with a sample volume 10 ${\mu}l$ and UV detection at 280nm. Results : The contents of hesperidin in Citrus unshiu was determined $5.33{\pm}0.06$% in the quantitative $^1H-NMR$ method and $5.15{\pm}0.12%$ in HPLC method. Using the quantitative $^1H-NMR$ the contents of hesperidin can be determined in much shorter time than the conventional HPLC measurements. Conclusions : From those results, the advantages of quantitative $^1H-NMR$ analysis are that can be analyzed to identify and quantify, and no reference compounds required for calibration curve. Besides, it allows rapid and simple quantification for hesperidin with an analysis time for only 10 min without any pre-purification steps.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.582-588
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• 2009

Direct electron transfer of hemoglobin (Hb) in the chitosan (CTS) and $TiO_2$ nanoparticles (nano-$TiO_2$) composite films was achieved by using a room temperature ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ($BMIMPF_6$) modified carbon paste electrode (CILE) as the basal electrode. UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy indicated that Hb in the film retained the native structure. Electrochemical investigation indicated that a pair of well-defined quasi-reversible redox peaks of Hb heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) was obtained with the formal potential located at -0.340 V (νs. SCE) in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The electrochemical parameters such as the electron transfer coefficient (α), the electron transfer number (n) and the standard electron transfer rate constant ($k_s$) were got as 0.422, 0.93 and 0.117 $s^{-1}$, respectively. The fabricated CTS/nano-$TiO_2$/Hb/CILE showed good electrocatalytic ability to the reduction of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), which exhibited a potential application in fabricating a new kind of third generation biosensor.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 1997

The plasma polymerized styrene films were prepared by using an inter-electrode capacitively coupled gas-flow-type reactor, and the effects of plasma polymerization condition on the molecular weight distribution were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography(PyGC), Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC) and Gel Permeation Chromatography(GPC). From the above results, the very cross-linked films different from chemical characteristics of the starting monomer were taken out, and it is realized that the molecular structure, cross linking density, and molecular weight distribution could be controlled by changing the parameters such as deposition pressure, deposition power and gas flow rate. Accordingly, it is suggested that plasma polymerization method performed by inter-electrode capacitively coupled gas-flow-type reactor has good characteristics for manufacturing the functional organic thin films which can be applied in sensors, opto-electric device, photo-resist by changing the polymerization parameters.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2008

Solid dispersions of poorly water-soluble drug, sibutramine, were prepared with hydrophilic polymer, poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and organic acid, citric acid, to improve the solubility of drug. Physicochemical variation and shape of microsphere were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Microspheres containing additives showed more spherical shape than non additive microspheres. In vitro release behavior of microspheres presented at simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8). The solid dispersion form transformed the drug into an amorphous state and dramatically improved its dissolution rate. These data suggest that the solid dispersion technique is an effective approach for developing the appetite depressant drug products and various pharmaceutical excipients are able to control the release behaviors.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.492-502
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• 2008

This study examined the adsorption of a synthetic cutting fluid and cutting fluid effluent on chitosan and SDS-modified chitosan, Chitosan and SDS-modified chitosan were prepared in form of beads and fibers. A series of batch experiments were carried out as a function of the initial concentration of cutting fluid, contact time and pH of the fluid. The contact angle study suggested that the SDS-modified chitosan was more hydrophobic than chitosan. The Zeta potential study showed that chitosan, SDS-modified chitosan and synthetic cutting fluid had a point of zero charge (PZC) at pH 7.8, 9 and 3.2, respectively. SDS-modified chitosan has a greater adsorption capacity than chitosan. The experimental results show that adsorption capacity of the cutting fluid on 1.0 g of SDS-modified chitosan at pH 3 and for a contact time of 120 min was approximately 2,500 g/kg. The adsorption capacity of chitosan and SDS-modified chitosan increased with decreasing pH. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET) adsorption models were used to explain the adsorption isotherm. The Langmuir isotherm fitted well with the experimental data of chitosan while the BET isotherm fitted well with the SDS-modified chitosan data. Pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model were used to examine the kinetic data. The experimental data was fitted well to a pseudo second-order kinetic model. The significant uptake of cutting fluid on chitosan and SDS-modified chitosan were demonstrated by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM and heat of combustion.