• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2006

Prevalence of refractive error have revealed variation in relation to ethnicity, educational level, age, gender, and social economic status. Especially prevalence of refractive error varies by country, estimation of prevalence of refractive error have shown increase in Asia than in Western world. The present report aimed to investigate the prevalence of refractive errors by the age and gender in Korean population without eye disease. A total of 960 subjects were sampled and their refractive error was determined using Auto refractometer. Prevalence of emmetropia was 29% and that for myopia and hyperopia was 67%, 4%, respectively. Astigmatism was 22%, and the simple astigmatism was 1%. However the compound astigmatism was 99%. Prevalence of refractive errors differed significantly among age and gender group in our results. The percentages of with-the-rule, against-the-rule and oblique astigmatism among people with astigmatism were 36.6%, 20.7% and 42.7% for right eye and 31.8%, 10% and 58.1% for left eye.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.73-96
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• 2004

Along with a development of medical technology, a variety of tests, such as laboratory tests, x-ray and endoscopies are being used in health screening tests. As the tests determine the quality of health screening, test items and methods should be carefully selected. This study was to get hold of the test items of major health screening programs in Korea Most of the health screening programmes focused upon detection of risk factors and diagnosis of life - style related diseases (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, hypercholesterolemia, overweight, drinking, smoking, cerebrovascular diseases, osteoporosis) ,cancers (stomach, cervix, lung, breast, liver, colon, prostate, ovary, pancreas, thyroid, esophagus) , infectious diseases (hepatitis, tuberculosis, sexually-transmitted diseases, parasites) , chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, chronic renal diseases (bacteriuria hematuria, proteinuria) , anemia, glaucoma, hearing loss, Alzheimer disease, stress, early psychiatric diseases. The health screening tests were basic physical examination, basic laboratory tests (CBC, urinalysis, liver function tests, lipid tests, glucose, HbAlc, uric acid, electrolytes, serological tests (HBsAg, HBs-Ab, HCV-Ab, HIV-Ab, VDRL) EKG, x-ray (chest PA, CT) , endoscopy (gastroscopy, colonoscopy) , sonography(abdomen, thyroid, pelvis, breast) ,cytology (cervix) , bone density, tumor markets (NMP22, alpha-FP, CEA, CA-19-9, CA12S, PSA) and eye tests. Advanced technologies, like CT, PET, MRI, MRT/Angio, molecular testings) were widely used in hospital health screening programmes .In summary, a variety of tests were utilized in health screening in Korea. Those tests were utilized by stages or according to sex and age in most of health screening programmes, however a few program used tests to excess disregarding health screening subjects.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.215-230
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• 2004

Along with a development of medical technology, a variety of tests, such as laboratory tests, x-ray and endoscopies are being used in health screening tests. As the tests determine the quality of health screening, test items and methods should be carefully selected. This study was to get hold of the test items of major health screening programs in Korea. Most of the health screening programmes focused upon detection of risk factors and diagnosis of life-style related diseases(diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, hypercholesterolemia, overweight, drinking, smoking, cerebrovascular diseases, osteoporosis) ,cancers(stomach, cervix, lung, breast, liver, colon, prostate, ovary, pancreas, thyroid, esophagus), infectious diseases (hepatitis, tuberculosis, sexually-transmitted diseases, parasites),chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, chronic renal diseases(bacteriuria, hematuria, proteinuria), anemia, glaucoma, hearing loss, Alzheimer disease, stress, early Psychiatric diseases. The health screening tests were basic physical examination, basic laboratory tests(CBC, urinalysis, liver function tests, lipid tests, glucose, HbAlc, uric acid, electrolytes, serological tests(HBsAg, HBs-Ab, HCV-Ab, HIV-Ab, VDRL) EKG, x-ray(chest PA, CT), endoscopy (gastroscopy, colonoscopy) , sonography(abdormen, thyroid, pelvis, breast) , cytology(cervix) ,bone density, tumor markers(NMP22, alpha-FP, CEA, CA-19-9, CA12S, PSA) and eye tests. Advanced technologies, like CT, PET, MIRI, MIRI/Angio, molecular testings) were widely usedin hospital health screening programmes. In summary, a variety of were utilized by stages or programmes, however a few subjects. tests were utilized in health screening in Korea. Those tests according to sex and age in most of health screening program used tests to excess disregarding health screening subject.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.14-27
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify health promoting behaviors and health problems in contact center consultants, and to provide basic data in order to develop health promoting interventions for these people. The subjects were 680 consultants randomly selected from 6 contact centers out of 31 in D city. The data were collected from March 20, to March 28, 2008. Methods: The tools for this study were HPLP II developed by Walker et al. (1995) that was modified and translated by Park (2005) and modified CMI for contact center consultants based on CMI developed by Bordman (1994). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t test, ANOVA, and Scheffe test with the SPSS WIN 14.0 program. Results and Conclusion: The contact center consultants' health promoting behavior was in a low level and they had certain health problems related to their job such as eye, ear and throat. In consideration of contact center consultants' job characteristics, health education should be provided with the development of systematic health programs.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-25
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• 2004

Along with a development of medical technology, a variety of tests, such as laboratory tests, x-ray and endoscopies are being used in health screening tests. As the tests determine the quality of health screening, test items of major health screening program in Korea. Most, of the health screening programmes focused upon detection of risk factors and diagnosis of life-style related diseases(diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, hypercholesterolemia, overweight, drinking, smoking, cerebrovascular diseases, osteoporosis), cancers(stomach, cervix, lung, breast, liver, colon, prostate, ovary, pancreas, thyroid, esophagus), infections diseases(hepatitis, tuberculosis, sexually-transmitted diseases, parasites), chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, chronic renal diseases(bacteriuria, hematuria, proteinuria), anemia, glaucoma, hearing loss, Alzheimer disease, stress and earlypsychiatric diseases. The health screening tests were basic physical examination, basic laboratory tests( CBC, urinalysis, liver function tests, lipid tests, glucose, HbA1c, uric acid, electrolytes, serological tests(HBsAg, HBs-Ab, HCV-Ab, HIV-Ab, VDRL) EKG, x-ray(chest PA, CT) endoscopy(gastroscopy, colonoscopy), sonography (abdomen, thyroid, pelvis, breast), cytology(cervix), bone density, tumor markers(NMP22, alpha-FP, CEA, CA-19-9, CA125, PSA and eye tests. Advanced technologies, like CT, PET, MRI, MRI/Angio, molecular testing were widly used in hospital based health screening programmes. In summary, a variety of tests were untilized in health screening in Korea. Those tests were utilized by stages or according to sex and age in most of health screening programmes, however a few programs used tests excessvely disregarding health screening subjects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.335-340
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• 2011

This study evaluated anti-wrinkle effect for eye using essence and cream containing extract of Liriope platy phyllla, Inonotus obliquus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, black ginseng, Atractylodes japonica, Poria cocos Wolf, Angelica gigas, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata and Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeonia lactiflora. 6 female adults on average at the age of 44.8, applied cream after essence under the normal conditions of use on the crow's feet area, twice a day (in the morning and evening), 2mg/$1cm^2$ for 4weeks. After 4 weeks, the replica of eye wrinkle was made and analyzed the image. The result was that eye wrinkle was decreased in R1($3.22{\pm}0.85$ to $2.38{\pm}0.32$), R2($3.08{\pm}0.83$ to $2.22{\pm}0.32$), R3($2.29{\pm}0.64$ to $2.29{\pm}0.64$), R4($0.44{\pm}0.14$ to $0.44{\pm}0.14$), and R5($0.98{\pm}0.21$ to $0.98{\pm}0.21$)(P<0.05). Therefore, oriental medicine cosmetics containing traditional herb medicine may play a role anti-wrinkle for eye.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1118-1123
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• 2009

Ten hospitals from the Gwangju area were used to examine shallow dose to eyes and thyroid from panoramagraphy. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) and Photoluminescent dosimeter (PLD) were used as measurement devices at each hospital. ICRP 60 and ICRP 73 set standards for acceptability for eyes at 15mSv and thyroid at 1mSv per year. Left eye measures with TLD and PLD resulted in 0.19mSv and 0.24mSv respectively. Right eye measures with TLD and PLD resulted in 0.23mSv and 0.25mSv respectively. Thyroid measures with TLD and PLD resulted in 0.08mSv and 0.25mSv respectively with both measures not exceeding standards for acceptance. There was a significant difference in comparing the left eye and thyroid for TLD and PLD (p<0.01). There was no significant difference with the right eye (p>0.05). The absorbed dose measurements for eyes and thyroid using TLD and PLD in regards to panorama devices at each hospital were within the ICRP 60 recommendations; however, with the possibility of stochastic effect, all dose levels were taken into consideration.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2020

Background: Recently, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) lowered the dose limit for the eye lens from 150 mSv to 20 mSv, highlighting the importance of accurate lens dose estimation. The ICRP reference computational phantoms used for lens dose calculation are mostly based on the data of Caucasian population, and thus might be inappropriate for Korean population. Materials and Methods: In the present study, a detailed Korean eye model was constructed by determining nine ocular dimensions using the data of Korean subjects. The developed eye model was then incorporated into the adult male and female mesh-type reference Korean phantoms (MRKPs), which were then used to calculate lens doses for photons and electrons in idealized irradiation geometries. The calculated lens doses were finally compared with those calculated with the ICRP mesh-type reference computational phantoms (MRCPs) to observe the effect of ethnic difference on lens dose. Results and Discussion: The lens doses calculated with the MRKPs and the MRCPs were not much different for photons for the entire energy range considered in the present study. For electrons, the differences were generally small, but exceptionally large differences were found at a specific energy range (0.5-1 MeV), the maximum differences being about 10 times at 0.6 MeV in the anteroposterior geometry; the differences are mainly due to the difference in the depth of the lens between the MRCPs and the MRKPs. Conclusion: The MRCPs are generally considered acceptable for lens dose calculations for Korean population, except for the electrons at the energy range of 0.5-1 MeV for which it is suggested to use the MRKPs incorporating the Korean eye model developed in the present study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2018

In the field of angiography and interventional radiology, it is said that the risk of radiation exposure to the eyes is high due to the characteristics of work, but currently divided dose assessment and management are not carried out in reality. Therefore, in this study, in order to evaluate the dose of the operator in the surgical environment and to analyze the shields, firstly, we selected the point where the operator is mainly located, evaluated the exposure dose of the eye after attaching the pocket dosimeter to the lateral angle point of the head and neck phantom, and evaluate shielding effect when wearing lead glasses that is currently commercialized. Secondly, we evaluated the tendency of the exposure dose of the eye and the shielding effect through simulation in the same geometric structure as the actual measurement. As a result, in the case of measurement using a dosimeter, the cumulative dose increased with the increase of the fluoroscopic time, and the tendency was different according to the position of the operator. Simulation results show that the dose distribution of the eye lens in the mathematical phantom is about 1.1 ~ 1.3 times higher than that of the cornea. Also, The protective effect of the lead glasses showed a shielding effect of at least 3.7 ~ 21.4% in each eye.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the combined patterns of PNF(proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) on the static balance ability. Methods : The measurements of the static balance ability were completed by 10 subjects for 6 weeks, from October to November 2007. The combined patterns of PNF were carried out by means of self-exercising suggested by Dietz, which were designed as four cases: two positions (standing and quadruped) for both patterns(sprinter and skater), respectively. The exercises were practiced once a day, 3 times a week in same condition. By using the GOOD BALANCE system, assessment of the static balance ability was taken at before and after exercise from 6 positions: normal standing, one leg left and one leg right standing when eye open and close, respectively. For each case, the experimental data was obtained in 3 items: mean X speed, mean Y speed and velocity moment. Results : The results of this study were as follows : 1. There were statistically significant differences of Mean X speed, Mean Y speed and Velocity moment between the before and the after exercise in the case of normal standing when eye open and close(NSEO and NSEC), respectively. 2. There was statistically significant difference of Mean X speed between the before and the after exercise in the case of one leg left standing when eye open(OLLEO). In this case, however, the statistically significant differences were not found in both terms of Mean Y speed and Velocity moment. 3. There were statistically significant differences of Mean X speed and Mean Y speed between the before and the after exercise in the case of one leg left standing when eye close(OLLEC). In this case, however, the statistically significant difference was not found in term of Velocity moment. 4. There were statistically significant differences of Mean X speed, Mean Y speed and Velocity moment between the before and the after exercise in the case of one leg right standing when eye close(OLREC). 5. There was statistically significant difference of Mean X speed between the before and the after exercise in the case of one leg right standing when eye open(OLREO). In this case, however, the statistically significant differences were not found in both terms of Mean Y speed and Velocity moment. 6. There were statistically significant differences of total Mean X speed, total Mean Y speed and total Velocity moment between the before and the after exercise. Conclusions : The above results from this study indicated that the combined patterns of PNF have improved the static balance ability. However the used self-exercise can be applied to normal people, i.e., the exercise is difficult to apply into clinical patients. The further study should be focused at development of various modified forms of the combined patterns of PNF in keeping up the improvement effect of this exercise.