• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.16-23
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• 1999

The thermal and condensation performance of steel stud walls are monitored in steel-framed schools of Ee-Wol Elementary School and kindergarten using temperature and humidity sensors installed. The monitoring process carried out during the summer and winter period, shows decrement effect of the external heat flow to be quite remarkable and excellent. And steel stud walls provides a highly efficient time-lag effect in spite of its light weight property, with 30 minutes to 4 hours time-lag for external heat flow, which variation mainly depends on its location of each part of the wall. Any condensation phenomena are not observed in either external or internal surfaces.

• Journal of the Korea Construction Safety Engineering Association
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• s.41
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• pp.88-101
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• 2007

Recently, the condensation of walls often occurring in domestic high-rise apartment buildings is an important problem. The main purpose of this study is to develop the prediction method for the surface condensation on curtain wall in high-rise apartment buildings. Therefore, in this study, we first analyzed exterior climate factors through the analysis of the Seoul climate data and predicted the change of indoor temperature by using Apache program to find the cause of the condensation state and to prevent condensation. Also, according to this result, exterior climate factors and interior factors, which caused the condensation, was examined. The thermal performance of the curtain wall and the range of potential condensation were analyzed to focus on high-rise apartment buildings through computer simulation programs. The results are as $follows;^1$) The frame edge of curtain wall has a higher U-value than in the center by $30%^2$) Because of stack effect, the rooms on the higher floor have a lower external ventilation rate resulting to a higher relative humidity3) Installing a ventilation system($20m^3$/h. person) makes it possible to have a higher external ventilation rate, resulting to a lower relative humidity.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.345-352
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• 2010

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients(HTCs) of R134a and R1234yf are measured on a plain, low fin, and Turbo-C tubes at the saturated vapor temperature of $39^{\circ}C$ with the wall subcooling of $3{\sim}8^{\circ}C$. R1234yf is a new alternative refrigerant of low greenhouse warming potential for replacing R134a which is one of the greenhouse gases controlled by Kyoto protocol and is used extensively in mobile air-conditioners. Test results show that the external condensation HTCs of R1234yf are very similar to those of R134a for all three surfaces tested. For the application of condensation heat transfer correlations to the design of condensers charged with R1234yf, thorough property measurements are needed for R1234yf in the near future.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.5-12
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• 2017

Purpose: Under the purpose of presenting the adequate remodeling period for the improvement of thermal insulation performance of external walls in deteriorated buildings, the change in external wall and residential environment problem(dew condensation) due to aged deterioration after the apartments were constructed in Korea were analyzed. Method: Temperature Difference Ratio Outside(TDRo) and Heat Flow Meter(HFM) were used as measurement methods to evaluate the thermal insulation performance of deteriorated buildings. For TDR evaluation, thermo-graphic camera was used to measure and analyze the surface temperature of external wall. Also, dew condensation evaluation was analyzed using the Temperature Difference Ratio Inside(TDRi). Result: As a result of analyzing thermal performance through TDRo, the first decline point of thermal insulation performance began after 14-16 years have passed since construction was completed, and after 20 years have passed the decline point of thermal insulation performance reappeared. As a result of analyzing U-value with HFM measurement method, the decline rate of external wall's thermal insulation performance is lower than 2% in average at around 5 years after completion, and 8.7% in average at 10-15 years, and over 10.2% in average at 20 years.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1957-1963
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• 2005

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of six flammable refrigerants of propylene (RI270), propane (R290), isobutane (R600a), butane (R600), dimethylether (RE170), and HFC32 were measured at the vapor temperature of $39^{\circ}C$ on a 1023 fpm low fin and Turbo-C tubes. All data were taken under the heat flux of $32\~116\;and\;42\~142kW/m^2$ for the low fin and Turbo-C tubes respectively. Flammable refrigerants' data obtained on enhanced tubes showed a typical trend that external condensation HTCs decrease with increasing wall subcooling. HFC32 and DME showed up to $30\%$ higher HTCs than those of HCFC22 due to their excellent thermophysical properties. Propylene, propane, isobutane, and butane showed similar or lower HTCs than those of HCFC22. Beatty and Katz' correlation predicted the HTCs of the flammable refrigerants obtained on a low fin tube within a mean deviation of $7.3\%$. Turbo-C tube showed the best performance due to its 3 dimensional surface geometry for fast removal of condensate.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.522-529
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• 2004

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of flammable refrigerants of propylene, propane, isobutane, butane, DME, and HFC32 were measured on a horizontal plain tube, 26 fpi low fin tube, and Turbo-C tube. All data were taken at the temperature of 39$^{\circ}C$ with a wall subcooling of 3∼8$^{\circ}C$. Test results showed a typical trend that condensation HTCs of flammable refrigerants decrease with increasing wall subcooling. HFC32 had the highest HTCs among the tested refrigerants showing 44% higher HTCs than those of HCFC22 while DME showed 28% higher HTCs than those of HCFC22. HTCs of propylene and butane were similar to those of HCFC22 while those of propane and isobutane were similar to those of HFC134a. Based upon the tested data, Nusselt's equation is modified to predict the plain tube data within a deviation of 3%. For 26 fpi low fin tube, Beatty and Katz equation predicted the data within a deviation of 7.3% for all flammable refrigerants tested. The heat transfer enhancement factors for the 26 fpi low fin and Turbo-C tubes were 4.6∼5.7 and 4.7∼6.9 respectively for the refrigerants tested indicating that the performance of Turbo-C tube is the best among the tubes tested.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.181-191
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• 1999

This paper presents an investigation of the mode localization and frequency loci veering phenomena in an aircraft with disordered external stores. Two theoretical analyses are carried out to study the occurring mechanism of the two phenomena: condensation technique in the subspace spanned by modes of interest and geometric mapping theory in the complex plane. Two simple criteria for predicting the occurrence of the mode localization and frequency loci veering are put forward. The prediction of the phenomena by our theoretically proposed criteria is in good agreement with that obtained through numerical calculations of characteristic solutions of the disordered system.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05b
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• pp.3092-3097
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• 2007

Although noise of a RAC can be reduced effectively by decreasing RPM, condensation problems can occur to reduce reliability of the RAC for low RPM. Thus, this research has been performed to propose a design guideline of the RAC for low-noise RPM with high reliability. The internal and external flows of the RAC have been visualized and analyzed by a PIV technique to solve the condensation problem at an outlet and impeller. Then, the design guideline has been proposed by the analyzed results and confirmed by wind-tunnel and noise tests to reduce the condensation problem. Finally the shapes of the outlet with reduced condensation problem and the impeller with low noise have been obtained in this study.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2017

Curtain-wall systems have been widely applied to buildings because of their lightweight and constructability characteristics. However, as curtain-wall systems include many building materials, vapor barriers can become damaged and condensation can occur. Due to the material properties of stone curtain-walls, the external appearance and structure of a building could be damaged and the insulating performance of the curtain-wall could be worse. Natural ventilation using an air cavity in a curtain-wall is expected to be effective for the prevention of condensation in inner walls and for the reduction of building cooling energy use in the summer. The purpose of this experimental study is to analyze the influence of a ventilated cavity on the insulating performance of a curtain-wall and the ventilated cavity depth and ratio of top opening needed to prevent condensation in a curtain-wall.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.91-98
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• 2017

In this study, the effect of window installation position in the residential building with the external insulation was numerically investigated in terms of insulation performance and heating/cooling energy consumption. For different window positions, 2-D heat transfer simulation was conducted to deduce the linear thermal transmittance, which was inputted to the dynamic energy simulation in order to analyze heating/cooling energy consumption. Simulation results showed that the linear thermal transmittance ranges from 0.05 W/mK to 0.7 W/mK, and is reduced as the window is installed near the external finish line. Indoor surface temperature and TDR analysis showed that the condensation risk is the lowest when the window is installed at the middle of the insulation and wall structure. It was also found that the window installation near the external finish can reduce the annual heating/cooling energy consumption by 12~16%, compared with the window installation near the interior finish. Although the window installation near the external finish can achieve the lowest heating/cooling energy consumption, it might lead to increased condensation risks unless additional insulation is applied. Thus, it can be concluded that the window should be installed near the insulation-wall structure junction, in consideration of the overall performance including energy consumption, condensation prevention and constructability.