• 제목/요약/키워드: Exploratory Testing

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한국 노인의 외로움 측정도구 개발 (Development of the Korean Geriatric Loneliness Scale (KGLS))

  • 이시은
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제49권5호
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    • pp.643-654
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    • 2019
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and psychometrically test the Korean Geriatric Loneliness Scale (KGLS). Methods: The initial items were based on in-depth interviews with 10 older adults. Psychometric testing was then conducted with 322 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 or older. Content, construct, and criterion-related validity, classification in cutoff point, internal consistency reliability, and test-retest reliability were used for the analysis. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed three factors, including 15 items explaining 91.6% of the total variance. The three distinct factors were loneliness associated with family relationships (34.3%), social loneliness (32.4%), and a lack of belonging (24.9%). As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, 14 items in the three-factor structure were validated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the KGLS' cutoff point of 32 was associated with a sensitivity of 71.0%, specificity of 80.2%, and area under the curve of .83. Reliability, as verified by the test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient, was .89, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was .90. Conclusion: As its validity and reliability have been verified through various methods, the KGLS can contribute to assessing loneliness in South Korean older adults.

The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Performance: An Exploratory Study in Bangladesh

  • SULTANA, Rebaka;ISLAM, Mohammed Rafiqul;ISLAM, Md. Tariful;JESMIN, Farhana;FERDOUS, Shakila
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • 제8권8호
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    • pp.513-524
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    • 2021
  • Many organizations have realized that to stand out in today's competitive business world, they need not only academic skills but also emotional intelligence (EI). This study aims to investigate the relationship between EI and the organizational performance of university teachers. The convenient sampling technique has been used to select 200 respondents from 25 universities, and a self-administered research instrument has been employed to collect data from the respondents. The reliability test of items is confirmed by Cronbach's Alpha test using SPSS. Factor analysis has been used to find out the significant constructs of EI, which influence organizational performance. Likert scale and multivariate regression analysis have been used for measuring questionnaire items and testing hypotheses. The key outcomes of this study suggest that interpersonal competence, job performance, effective leadership, motivation and creativity, and social competence have a vital influence on organizational performance. The study also reveals that a decision-making system should be developed and the policymakers and concerned authorities should give more emphasis on key variables of EI that are affecting the advancement of higher education. Further investigation is encouraged to identify the mediating and moderating effects of EI on the relationship between employee work engagement and job performance in the organization.

시각예술제품에 대한 소비자 자민족중심주의와 적대감 관련 연구: 한국 제품에 대한 중국 소비자의 반응 (A study of consumer ethnocentrism and animosity about visual arts products: Response of Chinese consumers to Korean products)

  • 김성;최유화
    • 한국의상디자인학회지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.79-91
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    • 2020
  • This research aims to study the effect of consumer ethnocentrism and animosity towards the purchase of Korean visual arts products by Chinese consumers. Total of 302 questionnaires were distributed for measuring the constructs using the online survey website (www.sojump.com). All the questionnaires were validated and tested for further statistical analysis through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and later a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 statistical systems. In addition, structural equation modeling technique (SEM) was applied for testing the hypotheses. Among all variables, consumer ethnocentrism plays the most negatively significant role, followed by animosity toward buying Korean products. Fortunately, there is a positive variable, cosmopolitanism, that can help mitigate the impact of this hostility, and more interesting results are described in detail in the current paper. This study has been added value between theory and practice exploring ethnocentrism and animosity effects, and more theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

The Influence of Brand Equity on Customer Purchase Decision: A Case Study of Retailers Distribution

  • NGUYEN, Van Thuy;TRAN, Thi Hong Dao;NGO, Thi Xuan Binh
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.11-18
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    • 2022
  • Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of brand equity on customer purchase decision (CPD) of products for retailers distribution (RB) in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. There are five elements in the brand equity model such as brand awareness, brand association, brand loyalty, perceived quality, and pricing policy. Research design, data and methodology: Qualitative methodology was used for exploring the research model and variables. The survey was conducted to collect data from 251 respondents who bought products at RB in Ho Chi Minh city, which is based on a Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed with the reliability of the scale, exploratory factor analysis, and research hypothesis testing by SPSS 22. Results: The results obtained revealed that brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and pricing policy have a significant impact on CPD for RB. Furthermore, the results showed that perceived quality is the most significant component in influencing CPD at retailers. Conclusions: From the research results, some management implications that RB should focus on are perceived quality, choice of pricing policies and strategies, brand building and development to attract more customers as well as enhance its image to improve customers' purchasing decisions of products at retail distributors chain.

Gemas: Enhancing the Distribution of Integrated Eco-Friendly Marketing Strategies towards Digital Transformation and Global Competitiveness

  • Diana AQMALA;Febrianur Ibnu Fitroh Sukono PUTRA
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.39-57
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    • 2024
  • Purpose: Various policies continue to be strengthened to develop Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which have a strategic role in the economy through the pillars of corporatization, capacity and financing to support strong and inclusive economic growth. Efforts to transform MSMEs marketing strategies are undertaken through eco-friendly digitalization to increase resilience and more productive and innovative capacity. Research design, data and methodology: This research is an exploratory qualitative approach taken to investigate the transformation of eco-friendly marketing strategies for MSMEs to increase competitiveness at the global level. The samples obtained were 425 MSMEs assisted by the DKI Jakarta, Bali, Java, Borneo, and Sumatera. The data collection technique used non-probability sampling (snowball sampling). Data is analyzed through collection, reduction, analysis, validity testing, presentation and conclusion. Results: This research shows the transformation of eco-friendly digital-based MSME marketing strategies occurred through four stages, namely production and institutional activities, expanding market share, digitalization and financing, and export market access. Conclusions: Eco-friendly digital transformation allows MSMEs competencies to be refined to improve business processes and business competitiveness at the international level. The contribution of this marketing strategy transformation is expanding MSMEs access to financial institutions (fintech), marketplaces, and QRIS (QR Code Indonesian Standard) digital payments.

병원 간호사의 침묵 행위 측정도구 개발 (Development of the Hospital Nurses' Silence Behavior Scale)

  • 정수진;황지인
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제54권2호
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    • pp.279-295
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    • 2024
  • Purpose: This study aimed to develop a scale to measure hospital nurses' silence behavior and examine its validity and reliability. Methods: A total of 52 preliminary items on hospital nurses' silence behavior were selected using a content validity test by seven experts on 53 candidate items derived from a literature review and in-depth interviews with 14 nurses. A total of 405 hospital nurses participated in a psychometric testing. Data analysis comprised item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and convergent and discriminant validity tests. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for assessing concurrent validity, and Cronbach's alpha was used for the reliability test. Results: The final scale consisted of nine factors with 31 items, exhibiting acceptable model fit indices, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The score of the entire scale was positively correlated with the 'Organizational Silence Scale (OSS)-the issues on which nurses remain silent' (r = .60, p < .001) and 'OSS-the reasons why nurses remain silent' (r = .68, p < .001). Cronbach's α of the scale was .92, and α of each subscale ranged from .71 to .90. Conclusion: The Hospital Nurses' Silence Behavior Scale is a useful tool for assessing multifaceted silence behavior among nurses. It can provide basic data for developing better communication strategies among nurses and other hospital staff.

프랜차이즈 모기업 핵심역량 자원이 가맹점 관계결속과 재계약의도에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Core Competence and Resource Sharing on the Relational Bond among Franchisees and on Re-contract Intention in the Franchising Parent Companies)

  • 허영욱;주말찬
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제12권4호
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    • pp.11-22
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    • 2014
  • Purpose - The domestic franchise industry has made significant contributions to industry such as investment, employment, and community economy development, facilitating growth potential. The franchise industry provides management knowhow transfer between parent companies and franchisees as per contracts addressing use of business signs, franchisees' independent position, franchisor support, and royalties to be paid to the franchisors. However, many franchisors lack management knowhow and provide insufficient support because of poor control of franchisees and not having a systematic approach to support. This results in dissatisfied franchisees and failure to establish long-term relationships. Few studies have examined relational commitment and/or re-contract intention by support resources between franchisors and franchisees, despite a considerable output of theories and studies of the growth of the franchise industry. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the effects of the ability to provide resources on relational commitments and re-contract intention, and to suggest causal relationships and implications. Research design, data, and methodology - The subject was domestic franchisors registered with the Association of Franchise with more than 50 franchisees. Franchisees under contract for 2 years and considering re-contract of their franchise 2 years later were used. The subjects totaled 300 franchisees in Seoul. A questionnaire survey was used to investigate the subject of franchisees' concessions during the 10 days from November 21, 2013 to November 30, 2013. After excluding 16 surveys with poor answers, 284 responses were finally used. Four areas and 44 questions were used. A nominal scale was used for four common characteristics questions including gender, ages, educational background, and franchise managing time. Questions regarding ability, relational commitment, and re-contract intention made use of a Likert 5-point scale. Data coding and data cleaning were used. SPSS 18.0 was used as follows. First, frequency analysis was done to investigate demographic characteristics. Second, exploratory factor analysis was done to verify validity of testing tools, and Cronbach's α coefficient was used to verify reliability. Third, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were done. An exploratory factor analysis was done to verify validity of concepts. A correlation analysis was done to test relationships between the variables, and multiple regression analysis was done to verify franchisor's ability, franchisees' relational commitment, and re-contract intention. Results - The following were the outcomes. First, store operation management, finance operation management, and human resource management affected the calculated bond. Second, store operation management and finance operation management affected the emotional bond. Third, store operation management, finance operation management, human resource management, and marketing management affected the prescriptive bond. Fourth, calculated bond and prescriptive bond had an effect on re-contract intention. Conclusions - As stated above, in franchise management, parent companies' offer and instruction of core competence to their franchisees as an information resource could improve the relational bond by helping them grow together through the resource sharing. Consequently, core competence factors were promoting factors that could improve franchisees' re-contract intention for a long time.

소셜미디어 사용에서 창의성과 콘텐츠 제작에 대한 탐색적 연구 (The Exploratory Study of Creativity and Contents Creation in Social Media)

  • 강소라;김유정;한수진
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제17권8호
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    • pp.335-343
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    • 2016
  • 소셜미디어 서비스 플랫폼에서 이용자가 콘텐츠를 생산하고 공유하는 활동이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 소셜미디어 이용자는 일상적인 생활 콘텐츠를 게재하는 것뿐만 아니라 창의성을 기반으로 콘텐츠를 모방하고 창작하는 행위를 많이 한다. 이에 본 논문은 소셜미디어 사용에서 개인의 창의성과 모방 그리고 창의적 행동 간의 영향 관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 또한 소셜미디어 사용자의 연령 및 학력과 창의성간의 상호작용이 모방에 미치는 효과를 파악함으로써 개인수준의 인구통계학적 특성이 창의성과 모방과의 관계에 미치는 조절 효과를 실증 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 소셜미디어 서비스를 이용하는 개인들을 대상으로 약 3달간 설문조사를 수행하였으며, 최종적으로 564개의 설문데이터를 대상으로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과들을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 창의성은 모방에 유의한 수준에서 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있는 반면 창작에는 직접적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 둘째, 소셜미디어에서 모방은 콘텐츠 창작에서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 소셜미디어 사용자의 연령과 학력수준이 창의성과 모방간의 관계를 조절하지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 연구의 실무적, 학문적 시사점을 제시하였다.

유통산업발전법 개정에 따른 소비자 반응 탐색연구 (Exploratory Study on Consumer Attitude toward the SSM Regulation Law)

  • 남세현;조윤기;유정석;김동태
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제11권10호
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    • pp.47-53
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    • 2013
  • Purpose - Six months have passed since the amendment of the SSM regulation law; however, as yet, there is no confirmed research or report on the effects of this amendment, which are indefinite. Further, there have been no attempts to study the effects of the SSM regulation law from the consumers' viewpoint, which is important because consumers are the main agents that are greatly influenced by the amendment law. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the consumers' attitude toward the SSM regulation law as well as the effects of the SSM regulation law on the changes in purchase behavior. Research design, data, and methodology - This study was initiated from four research problems that are linked to consumer reaction to the SSM regulation law. Research problem 1: What is the consumers' reaction (perception, attitude, and perceived fairness) to the SSM regulation law? Research problem 2: How do the consumers' reactions to the SSM regulation law differ by consumers' characteristics? Research problem 3: Could the SSM regulation law change a consumer's purchase behavior? Research problem 4: Is it necessary to amend the SSM regulation law? This study collected the data through the interview and survey of housewives for the purpose of solving the research problems. The interview was conducted as a pilot study for the field survey. We interviewed three housewives, who were: an employed housewife, a full-time homemaker, and a manager of a housewife club, respectively. We then conducted a field survey of 232 housewives who were housewife club members or elementary school parents in Chunghcheong-do. Results - We verified the reliability and validity of the data, and analyzed it to solve the research problems. The main findings of this study were as follows. First, consumers still have a positive attitude toward large discount chains and SSM, which has been the case since the law was introduced. Second, perceived risk of consumers associated with traditional markets and small neighborhood shops was low. Third, consumers think that amendments of the SSM regulation law are important, and they positively assess the satisfaction, necessity, and propriety of the law. Fourth, although the SSM regulation law caused inconvenience to consumers, this law did not have any influence on the usage frequency and the use-behavior of large discount chains. Finally, consumers reacted very negatively to the toughening up of the SSM regulation law. Conclusions - In short, consumers still have a positive attitude toward the SSM regulation law. However, this act did not have any influence on the use-behavior of large discount chains (General Super Market). Thus, policy making authorities require active communication and promotions to enhance the effect of the SSM regulation law. This study was of the nature of exploratory research, which did not focus on hypothesis testing, but on finding solutions to the research problems. Therefore, this study is no more than a simple data analysis. Future studies should attempt to investigate the actual effects of the SSM regulation law, on the basis of sufficient literature review and real sales data.

수술실 간호사 안전역량 도구의 타당도 및 신뢰도 검증 (The Validity and Reliability of Safety Competency Tool for Perioperative Nurses)

  • 송미옥;장금성
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제17권10호
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    • pp.345-356
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구는 수술실 간호사의 안전역량 도구를 개발하고 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하고자 시행되었다. 도구의 개발 과정은 문헌고찰을 통한 예비 문항 개발, 예비 문항의 개념적 기틀에 맞는 구성 타당도 검증으로 이루어졌다. 개발된 문항은 전문가 타당도를 거쳐 30개의 문항으로 확정하였다. 377명의 수술실 간호사를 대상으로 30개 문항으로 이루어진 예비 도구의 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 도구의 구성요소를 확인하기 위해 탐색적 요인분석과 평행선 분석을 시행하였으며 그 결과 지식, 기술, 태도 3개 요인으로 이루어진 27개 문항을 도출하였다. 도구의 내적 구조를 도식화하기 위해 확인적 요인분석을 시행하였으며 최종 모델의 적합도는 TLI=.90, CFI=.91, RMSEA=.07 SRMR=.07 로 매우 적합하였다. 확인적 요인 분석 결과를 토대로 27문항 3개 요인(지식 6문항, 기술 13문항, 태도 8문항)으로 이루어진 최종 도구를 확정하였다. 최종 도구의 Cronabach' ${\alpha}$ 는 .94로 나타나 내적일관성을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 수술실 간호사의 안전역량 도구는 환자 안전에 대한 수술실 간호사의 역량을 사정하고 환자 안전 연구나 경력 개발에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.