• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.2230-2235
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• 2008

As a consequence of the standardization process developing in Europe, on April 2005 the new European standard EN 13749 was issued by the European standardization body CEN. The norm EN 13749 standardizes and develops the requirements already present in UIC leaflets for test verifications and define all technical requirements for the acceptance process in order to achieve a complete satisfactory design of the bogie. The aim of the norm is to define the complete design process of new railway bogies. It includes design procedures, assessment methods, verification and manufacturing quality requirements. In this study, fatigue analysis of the bogie frame is investigated comparing different approaches between conventional methodology and simulation results based on the VPD(Virtual Product Development).

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.63-75
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• 2003

The planning of access area, so called "core" plays an important role of planning for multifamily housing, especially multistory housing. For all possibility of various planning and design, this area has been mostly planned and designed in uniformity. And only few attempts have so far been made in studying core, on the contrary to the unit plan or plotplan. It is keenly needed to develop various skills of planning and design in this sector. The purpose of this study is to find out the usable elements of planning and design, those are correspondent to normative targets. For this end, most possible core types are classified in to three categories: circulation types in the housing block, axis types to the entrance of housing units and number of accessed housing units. And then, sizable developments for norm of core have been effectuating in view of function, relationships both with housing unit and block. Based on this classification of types and listed norm, several European examples are analyzed and evaluated by merits and demerits of their respective core types. In addition to this analysis, some adequate planning conditions, positive vs. negative types of core, and detailed planning elements are prepared with regard to the norm of core. It is noteworthy that a variety of possible core planning cases are available by means of combination of lower categories in the classified core types. It is expected that this study will render service for some helpful planning and design guide in the practice

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.46-54
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• 2014

The hollow design of a railway axle is one of the most effective methods to reduce the weight of an axle. However, the conventional hollow axle has the limitation of a lightweight design because it has the same bore diameter along the axial position. The new type of railway axle, the tapered inner surface railway axle, has a different inner diameter between the journal bearing seat and wheel seat. This design method is one way to increase the weight reduction possibility. The purpose of the present study is to establish and evaluate the design of the tapered inner surface railway axle. The case study and Finite Element Method(FEM) are applied to evaluate the strength of the lightweight railway axle according to the European Norm(EN 13103). Finally, the best design case for reducing the weight of the axle is drawn from the results of the case study.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.1163-1168
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• 2008

Automatic Train Protection(ATP) System is developed by ETCS(European Train Control System) CONSORTIUM for unify Europe railway system. ATP system is composed of Eurobalise and EuroATC. Nowadays, Korea construct ATP system in conventional line and new electrical locomotives also install ATP system. It is important to verify quality which form checklist during Factory Acceptance Test at beyond the seas. In this paper, review the process, test item, norm and checklist for the Balise Transmission Module, Compact Antenna Unit, Vehicle Control Unit and Communication Controller at the Plymouth Bombardier and Vasteras enics factory.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.173-180
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• 2019

Oil tank fires need to be suppressed differently from other oil-related fires, due to the high-temperature flames and hot updraft above the tank, in the former case, that cause the destruction of large amounts of foam. We studied high-capacity foam discharge systems based on the standards of the American Petroleum Institute (API), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), British Standard European Norm (BS EN), and the laws of Japan. The performance of a high-capacity foam discharge system was measured by conducting real fire experiments with model oil tanks. We concluded that lightweight and easily movable high-capacity foam discharge systems should be urgently introduced in domestic operations. Additionally, the obstacles faced by major tanks, such as long-distance installation of large-diameter fire hoses and narrowing of firefighting spaces, should be resolved depending on the conditions of the site.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.261-272
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• 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relations between wooden toy and development of infant and young children by taking only the commercialized wooden furniture which would be suitable for the developmental area for infant and young children, among the physical environment influencing the balanced development and development for them. The recommended standard for them was the commercialized good and the only advanced toys for the development of infant and young children was primary selected, in case of different furniture for same purpose with regardless of manufacturer, country of origin and price. The selected wooden toys for development of infant and young children covered the following test conditions. They keep the soft and clean surfaces and the corners are the round-finished so safe. The dyeing and coloring are so clear like the rainbow-colored in compliance with the international safety norm, and the paint material used are harmless to the people, because they have already passed the European Safety Norm EN 71 which is the most authoritative and strict standard in the world and contained accordingly little heavy metals, toxic substances and also allergy pigment under the maximum permissible standard. The size of wooden toys are not small enough for infant and young children to be able to swallow and this is important check point, because infants tend to feel the object in their own touching and therefore to have everything to the lip. The paint used was the toys-oriented goods and proved by the test regarding saliva and sweat.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.109-118
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• 2016

Objectives: To review reference levels by the international and domestic management and provide the basis for setting occupational exposure limits(OELs) of radon in Korea Methods: Government's organizations with laws and systems for monitoring radon exposure were investigated and compared. There are five laws governing Indoor Air Quality(IAQ) control such as Occupational Safety and Health Act, Indoor Air Quality Control in Public Use Facilities, Etc. Act, School Health Act, Public Health Control Act and Parking Lot Act in Korea. It was surveyed that a total of 32 countries including 24 countries in the European Union(EU), six countries in Asian and two countries in North America setting the reference levels for radon in the world. Results: In Korea, there are set guidelines for radon in the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Education. Reference levels of radon for existing dwellings were $150{\sim}400Bq/m^3$ for Western European countries, and $200{\sim}1,500Bq/m^3$ in Eastern European countries. Approximately 67% of those EU countries were set up $400Bq/m^3$ to the standards for existing dwellings. EU countries such as Luxembourg, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Russia had adopted mandatory level for radon. Radon guidelines for new dwellings were set more strictly reference level($200Bq/m^3$) than existing dwellings. Conclusions: International organizations such as ICRP, UNSCEAR and NCRP, etc. had recommended the guidelines for radon. It was calculated the relation of the dose conversion factors with the annual effective doses. the OELs of radon suggest to need to establish $150Bq/m^3$ for office room and $400{\sim}1,000Bq/m^3$ for the workplace.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.65-84
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• 2013

Electrical resistivity is a property associated with both the physical and chemical characteristics of concrete. It allows the evaluation of the greater or lesser difficulty with which aggressive substances penetrate the concrete's core before the dissolution of the passive film process and the consequent reinforcement's corrosion begin. This work addresses the capillary absorption of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with various types and contents of additions, correlating it with its electrical resistivity. To that effect, binary and ternary mixes of SCC were produced using fly ashes (FA) and limestone filler (LF). A total of 11 self-compactable mixes were produced: one with cement (C) only; three with C + FA in 30%, 60% and 70% substitution ratios; three with C + LF in 30%, 60% and 70% substitution ratios; four with C + FA + LF in combinations of 10-20%, 20-10%, 20-40% and 40-20% substitution ratios, respectively; and four reference mixes according to the LNEC E 464 specification, which refers to the NP EN 206-1 norm. The evaluation of the capillarity of the mixes produced was made through the determination of the water absorption by capillarity coefficient according to the LNEC E 393 specification. The electrical resistivity was evaluated using the European norm proposal presented by the EU-Project CHLORTEST (EU funded research Project under 5FP GROWTH programme) and based on the RILEM TC-154 EMC technical recommendation. The results indicate that SCC's capillarity is strongly conditioned by the type and quantity of the additions used. It was found that FA addition significantly improves some of the properties studied especially at older ages.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.3
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• pp.467-473
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• 2018

R-Bar(Overhead Rigid Conductor system) is being developed for the high-speed in Europe because it has an advantage of cross section area reduction of tunnel compared with OCS (Overhead Catenary Line). Because there are lots of underground sections and mountains in korea, it is necessary to develop the R-Bar for a high-speed line. In this study, a method on speed-up of transition section between OCS and R-Bar is proposed. The commercial program, DAFUL, is used to predict a dynamic characteristics between Overhead Line and pantograph. The program is evaluated according to EN 50318 which is the European Norm for evaluation of the program. Using the evaluated modeling and method, a method for the max. speed of 250 km/h of transition section is proposed.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.513-527
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• 2022

This study was conducted to examining the socio-cultural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic that swept the world around 2020, and the transformation of norms and social problems due to COVID-19. For this, the characteristics of changes in the socio-cultural norms of the 14th century European Black Death, a representative example of the pandemic, were derived, and based on this, the COVID-19 pandemic was analyzed. The Black Death served as an opportunity to change social norms based on the existing religious authority and the power of the feudal system to the Enlightenment. The population declination and labor shortage also promoted commercialization and mechanization. Printing, which spread during this period, led to the popularization of knowledge, which raised the level of thinking and led to epochal scientific development. This became the foundation of the Industrial Revolution. Like the recent Black Death, COVID-19 has triggered changes in social norms. The technological environment of metaverse, a mixture of virtual and reality, has changed the norm of a consistent identity into free and open identities exerting various potentials through alternate characters. In addition, meme, which are about people being friendly to those with the same worldview as him on the metaverse, weakened the sense of isolation in non-face-to-face situations. Artificial intelligence (AI), which developed during the COVID-19 pandemic, has entered the stage of being used for creative activities beyond the function of assisting humans. Discussions were held on what new social problems would be created by the social norms changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.