• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.777-786
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementary Blended essential oil(CRINA$^{\circledR}$) on the performance, nutrient availability, fatty acid composition of leg muscle, small intestinal microflora and blood parameters in broiler chickens. One thousand unsexed day-old broiler chickens were assigned to five treatments : control(T1), 5ppm avilamycin(starter diet) & 5ppm flavomycin(grower diet) T2, 5ppm avilamycin(starter diet) & 50ppm CRINA$^{\circledR}$(grower diet) T3, 50ppm CRINA$^{\circledR}$(starter & grower diet) T4, 50ppm CRINA$^{\circledR}$+ 500ppm lactic acid$^{\circledR}$ (starter & grower diet) T5. Each treatment had four replications of 50 birds each. Growth performance was significantly improved by dietary supplements(T2-T5). There were no significant differences among treatment T2, T3, T4 and T5. Feed intake was not significantly different among treatments. Dietary supplementation of CRINA$^{\circledR}$(T3, T4, T5) resulted in significant(p〈0.05) improvement in feed/gain(F/G) during finishing period (4-5weeks). The birds fed CRINA$^{\circledR}$ supplemented diet(T4) showed significantly(p〈0.05) higher availability of crude fat, methionine and methionine + cystine than those fed antibiotics supplemented diet(T2). Mortality was not significantly affected by treatments. The colony forming unit(CFU) of E.coli in small intestinal content was significantly lower in antibiotics & CRINA$^{\circledR}$(T3) compared to CRINA$^{\circledR}$ treatment(T4)(P〈0.05). CFU of Cl. perfringens was low in CRINA$^{\circledR}$(T4) but not different significantly with other treatments. Serum triglyceride level of birds fed CRINA$^{\circledR}$ + lactic acid diet(T5) was significantly lower(p〈0.05) than those fed antibiotics supplemented diet(T2). Cholesterol level of the birds fed antibiotics(T2) or CRINA$^{\circledR}$ + lactic acid supplemented diet(T5) was significantly higher(p〈0.05) than other treatments. HDL level of birds fed control diet was significantly lower(p〈0.05) than that of others. The levels of serum IgG were not significantly different among treatments. Major fatty acids composition of leg muscle fat was significantly influenced by treatments. Control group showed significantly higher palmitic acid(C$_{16:0}$) and steraric acid(C$_{18:0}$) content than other treatments(p〈0.05). Content of oleic acid(C$_{18:1}$), however, was significantly lower in the control than others treatments. Content of linolenic acid(C$_{18:3}$) was significantly higher in CRINA$^{\circledR}$+ lactic acid(T5) than antibiotics & CRINA$^{\circledR}$(T3) treatments. Total saturated fatty acids content was higher and total unsaturated fatty acids were lower in the leg muscle fat of the control than that of other treatments. It is concluded that CRINA$^{\circledR}$ supplementation improved growth rate and F/G ratio in broilers. The combination of CRINA$^{\circledR}$ with either antibiotics or lactic acid did not show any additive or synergistic effects in broiler chickens .

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 1986

Contents of crude protein, calcium phosphorous, fatty acids, and amino acids in raw flesh and cooked broth of carp were determined. Quantative changes of the nutrients in cooked broth of carp were investigated during boiling time (3,6,9 and 12 hours). In case of quantative changes of the nutrients such as crude protein, calcium, phosphorous, fatty acids and amino acids in raw flesh of carp and cooked broth of carp during boiling time: All nutrients were increased with boiling time. And they marked maximum level at 12 hours of cooking time except calcium and fatty acid. The amount of unsaturated fatty acid to total fatty acids was larger than those of saturated fatty acid to total fatty acids, The amount of oleic acid and linoleic acid was larger than any other fatty acid. The major components of essential amino acids were shown to be valine, leucine, lysine and arginine, and the minor conponents of essential amino acids were methionine and histidine. In nonessential amino acids, the major components were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine, and the minor components were serine, proline and cystine. The results suggest that the raw flesh and the cooked broth of carp are good sources as protein, fat and phosphorous.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.371-376
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• 1985

Rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.)were germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 60 hours under dark condition in order to investigate the compositional changes in amino acids and fatty acids. The weight loss was most significant after 30 hours of germination and root growth was observed from that time. Analysis showed that Glu, Lys and Asp were the major amino acids and Ile was the limiting one. Germination caused an increase in Lys, Thr, Val and Leu while Met and Phe decreased among essential amino acids, resulting Met to be the limiting amino acid. The major fatty acids were oleic (49.3%), linoleic (22.0%) and eicosenoic (10.5%) acids. The decrease in oleic and stearic acids was measured while linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic and erucic acids showed initial decrease followed by gradual increase.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to evaluate dietary requirements for essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as linoleic acid (LA, l8:2n-6), -lenolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) in juvenile eel Anguilla japonica cultured in a recirculating system for 16 weeks. The experimental diets contained 50% crude protein, 10% crude lipid and 3800 kcal/kg energy.Brown fish meal and blood meal were used as the main protein sources, while coconut oil, com oil and linseed oil were used as the lipid source to yield target fatty acids ratios. At the end of the trial, the effects of essential fatty acids supplementation on weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feeding efficiency (FE), proximate composition andwhole body fatty acids contents were examined. WG, SGR, and FEof eels fed diet D2, D3, was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed the other diets. Whole body HUFA concentration of eels fed D 1 was significantly lower (P<0.05) than those fed the other diets. HUFA/SFA (saturated fatty acids) ratio of whole body in eels fed diets D2, D3 and D6 were significantly higher than that of eels fed diet D1 (P<0.05).DHA/EPA ratio of whole body in eels fed diet D7was significantly higher than those fed the other diets; and eels fed diet D5 showed the lowest DHA/EPA ratio among all the dietary treatments (P<0.05).Based on the experimental results, we concluded that LNA (n-3) and LA (n-6) were necessary for optimum growth of juvenile eel, and the dietary requirement of LNA and LA were 0.35∼0.5% and 0.5∼0.65%, respectively.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional constituents of pine pollen and the effects of pine pollen on rat liver. Using the chemical components analysis method, the constituents of pine pollen are crude protein(13.97%). crude lipid (6.50%), crude ash (3.25%). Detectable in pine pollen are main fatty acids and non-essential amino acids such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid such as oleic and linoleic acid and 18kinds of amino acid including essential amino acids. The effects of pine pollen on rat liver fed with a high fat diet for 6 weeks showed significant decrease in total lipid and triglyceride as compared with the group fed with a fat diet only. Total cholesterol content decreased by 20.33%. No significant difference was found in total protein content of each group. Pine pollen Is efficacious in preventing geriatric diseases (arteriosclerosis, hyper-lipidemia and cardiovascular system-related diseases).

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.781-788
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• 2007

The Carbon source to enhance the denitrification is essential matter in the advanced sewage treatment. For the high level of nutrient removal, external carbons such as ethanol, methanol, volatile fatty acids and so on should be needed. In this study, the methods to increase the sludge solubilization and acidification rate were compared with waste activated sludges and food waste leachate. Ultrasonication and acids were used for the pretreatment of organic particles in sludges. As a results, the optimal temperature and HRT were $60^{\circ}C$ and 5 days, respectively. HAc, HPr, HBr, and other VFAs for acid fermentations reduced up to 22, 16, 14, and 48% with HRT reduction. For the increase of solubilization, 28% of solids destruction rate was shown at 0.3 watts/mL.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2004

Effects of supplementing selected fatty acids on fatty acid incorporation (17 days) , and progeny production (14 days) in Artemia franciscana (Great Salt Lake, USA) were studied. To compare with the control four diets, which differed in fatty acid composition alone contain Dunalieia tertiolecta and an emulsion either rich in OA (oleic acid, 18: 1 n-9), ARA (arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid,20:5n-3), or DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3). Each of these emulsions was supplemented at a ratio of 20 % of the daily dose of D. tertiolecta (% algal dry weight). The initial OA and ARA values were 33.5 and 1.7 mg/g DW of freshly-hatched nauplii, respectively. After 11 days of feeding, these values increased to 38.8 and 7.6 mg/g DW in Artemia receiving the fatty acid sup-plement rich in each of the respective fatty acids. After 14 days, the levels were almost doubled, reaching 62.8 and 13.4 mg/g respectively. On EPA supplementation, its level after 11 days of feeding was 14.3 and 17.3 mg/g in male and female, respectively and was 16.0 and 23.1 mg/g in the male and female after 14 days, respectively. The EPA accumulated more in the body (39.1 mg/g) than in ovisac (16.9 mg/g). In the DHA supplementation group also, DHA levels after 11 days of feeding were 3.1 and 5.5 mg/g in male and female, respectively. After 14 days, the DHA level continued to increase in male. but slightly decreased to 4.6 mg/g in female. It was not richer in ovisac (2.6 mg/g) than in the remaining body of female (4.6 mg/g). In conclusion, fatty acids supplied by a lipid emulsion as a supplement to the algal diet are well incorporated in the adult Artemia. Apart from being an extra source of energy, these emulsions may function as source of HUFA which may play an essential role for growth and progeny production (fecundity) of Artemia.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 1976

In order to analyze the composition of fatty acid in the seed oil. and amino acid in the seed protein of wild thornless chinese pepper tree; Zanthoxylum schinifolum var. inermis Nakai. GLC method and amino acid autoanalyzer were applied. respectively. while the general composition of the seed and physico-chemical properties of the seed oil were also determined by A. O. A. C. method. The results obtained were summarized as follow The content of oil, protein and ashes were 47.05%, 20.14% and 3.1%, respectively. The content of sulfur and cyan compound in the seed were 0.02% and 0.00005%, respectively, which were far below than allowed guantity by food regulation. Therefore, it is considered to be safe for edible purpose. The iodine absorption number obtained was 145.2, which might be belonged to drying oil. The physico-chemical properties of the seed oil such as acid value, saponification number and refractive index showed the characteristics of an unsaturated high molecular fatty acid compound. The seed oil was composed of 34.8% of oleic acid, 25.1% of linoleic acid and 26.1% of linolenic acid, which accounts for more than 80% of essential fatty acid. Therefore, it could be used as an edible oil. Seventeen kinds of amino acids were anayzed from seed protein. Among them comparatively high content of threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were observed. As a non-essential amino acid, glutamic acid was found as high as 4.985%. From these results the seed of thornless Chinese pepper would be good for oil and protein source.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.989-996
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• 2010

This study was aimed at investigating the differences in chemical composition of antler according to growing days (80 d and 90 d after casting) and sections (upper, middle, base) in elk. Antlers of six bulls (aged 3 years) cutted on day 80 and 90 after casting were used in this trial and compared chemical composition such as crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, calcium, magnesium, amino acids, lipids, and fatty acids. The contents of crude protein and ether extract were higher in antlers cutted on day 80 than in antlers cutted on day 90, but that of crude ash was higher in antlers cutted on day 90. Significantly difference was observed in crude protein content between growing days in middle part of antler (p<0.05). Calcium and magnesium contents were higher on 90 d than 80 d, but there was no significant difference between growing days of antler. Based on the growing period of antler, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in aspartic acid, threonine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine, and essential amino acids content was higher in antlers cutted on day 80. Total lipid, neutral lipid, and phospholipid contents were higher in antlers cutted on day 80 than in those cutted on day 90, sphingo-phospholipid content was higher than glycerophospholipid content and values was higher in antlers cutted on day 80 than in those cutted on day 90. For total fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids composition, there was no significant difference between growing periods of antlers, but values was higher on day 80 than on day 90. Essential fatty acids contents were lower in antler cutted on day 90 than antlers cutted on day 80 and higher for upper part than lower part.

• ALGAE
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.163-175
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• 2019

To compare the nutritional quality of TPG (Teleaulax / Plagioselmis / Geminigera) clade species of cryptomonads with that of RHO (Rhodomonas / Rhinomonas / Storeatula) clade species 6 Teleaulax amphioxeia (TA) and 1 Rhinomonas sp. strains were mass-cultured in newly designed 500-L photobioreactors to the end of exponential growth phase. Intraspecific variations (IVs) in terms of one standard deviation among the 6 TA strains in the compositions of the three macronutrients were 41.5 (protein), 89.8 (lipid), and 15.6% (carbohydrate) of the mean. When harvested from stationary growth phase mean compositions of essential amino acids (EAAs, 47.3%) and non-EAAs (52.7%) of the 2 TA strains, CR-MAL07 and CR-MAL08-2, were similar to those of a Chroomonas strain. The IVs between the 2 TA strains in the composition of EAAs (10.3 and 2.4) and non-EAAs (8.5 and 2.1% of the mean) were rather smaller than those of saturated fatty acids (30.3 and 26.1) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs, 12.0 and 12.5% of the mean) in f/2-Si and urea-based compound fertilizer (UCF) culture media, respectively. Mean compositions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 17.9%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 12.7%) of total fatty acids of the 2 TA strains were higher than those that of a Chroomonas strain. EPA and DHA compositions exhibited similar level of IVs between the 2 TA strains in f/2-Si (14.6 and 11.0) and UCF media (12.6 and 13.5% of the mean). Thus, the nutritional quality in terms of amino acids, UFAs, EPA, and DHA in a TPG clade species, T. amphioxeia was comparable to those of RHO clade species with notable IVs. Practically, biotechnological targets for TPG clade cryptomonad strains might be subspecies or clone level.