• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제24권1_2호
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• pp.313-323
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• 2007

The equitable total chromatic number ${\chi}_{et}(G)$ of a graph G is the smallest integer ${\kappa}$ for which G has a total ${\kappa}$-coloring such that the number of vertices and edges in any two color classes differ by at most one. In this paper, we determine the equitable total chromatic number of one class of the graphs.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.717-729
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• 2015

This study explains the differences in household work sharing and perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing in dual-earner households by gender. The study also examines the effects of household work sharing and perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing in dual-earner households. The sample consisted of 270 males and 349 females in their twenties to fifties in dual-earner households. Data analysis methods included frequency analysis, t-test, and multiple regression analysis methods. First, there were significant differences in household work sharing by gender. Second, there were significant differences in perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing between males and females. Third, there were significant differences in perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing in dual-earner households. These results verify differences in perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing by gender in dual-earner households and demonstrate differential effects of factors influencing perceptions of equitable and unequitable household work sharing in dual-earner households.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제57권
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• pp.61-78
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to clarify the standard of fair and equitable treatment. Although most international investment treaties prescribe fair and equitable treatment that is the obligation to provide fair and equitable treatment to foreign investor, there is no clear definition and specific elements of fair and equitable treatment. Through the arbitral award cases we can find that tribunals have interpreted to include six principles; Due process & Protection from denial of justice, Good faith, Reasonableness & Nondiscrimination, Compliance with contractual obligation, Full protection and security, Transparency & Protection of the investor's legitimate expectations. This study suggest that host countries and investors focus on international trends concerning investment disputes in order to avoid future disputes. So future disputes can be prevented and prepared in advance.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.77-94
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• 2017

The United States has used legal theoretical constructions such as equitable estoppel and the third party beneficiary under which non-signatories of an arbitration agreement can be bound to the arbitration agreement of others. The third party beneficiary theory has been used when a signatory defendant argues that a non-signatory plaintiff is bound by an arbitration agreement, or a non-signatory defendant argues that a signatory plaintiff is required to arbitrate the plaintiff's claims against the non-signatory. On the other hand, equitable estoppel has developed as two distinct theories. According to the first theory, if a non-signatory party knowingly accepted the benefits of an agreement, it can be estopped from denying its obligation to arbitrate. The second theory compels a signatory to arbitrate because of the close relationship between the entities involved and the fact that the claims were intimately founded in and intertwined with the underlying contract obligations.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.21-44
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• 2011

기후변화 대응 온실가스 감축 이행을 위하여 경제적 효율성과 사회적 수용성 원칙을 고려한 국가할당방안 기준 및 지표를 제시하고, 노력배분지수를 이용하여 노력배분량을 도출하였다. 그리고 노력배분량을 부문별 선호도 관점과 로렌츠 곡선을 이용한 국가 전체의 형평성 관점에서 노력배분 결과의 형평적 배분 여부를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 형평적 배분방식은 경제적 접근보다 형평성이 모두 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 부문별 할당방안의 기준으로 저감잠재성 비중, 지불능력 비중, 배출증가율 비중을 고려할 때, 부문별 선호도 및 국가 전체 관점에서 모두 지불능력 비중에 보다 가중치가 높을수록 형평성이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 반면, 비용효율성을 강조하는 저감잠재성 비중에 보다 가중치가 높을수록 형평성은 상대적으로 낮을 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 사회적 수용성은 부문별 선호도 차이가 발생할 수 있으므로 형평적 노력배분 시 이를 고려하여 접근하는 것이 중요하다. 즉, 저감잠재량만을 기준으로 노력배분 시 상대적으로 높은 비용효율성의 장점이 기대되지만, 형평성 관점에서는 상대적으로 취약할 것으로 평가된다. 이와 같은 분석 결과는 정부가 경제성을 포함한 포괄적 차원의 부문 간 노력배분 결정 시 경제성 및 형평성 확보를 위해 고려할 수 있는 기본방향에 관한 시사점을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.201-225
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• 2022

This paper details case study vignettes that focus on enhancing the teaching and learning of geometry and measurement in the elementary grades with attention to pedagogical practices for teaching through problem solving with rigor and centering equitable teaching practices. Rigor is a matter of equity and opportunity (Dana Center, 2019). Rigor matters for each and every student and yet research indicates historically disadvantaged and underserved groups have more of an opportunity gap when it comes to rigorous mathematics instruction (NCTM, 2020). Along with providing a conceptual framework that focuses on the importance of equitable instruction, our study unpacks ways teachers can leverage their deep understanding of geometry and measurement learning trajectories to amplify the mathematics through rigorous problems using multiple approaches including learning by doing, challenged-based and mathematical modeling instruction. Through these vignettes, we provide examples of tasks taught through rigorous problem solving approaches that support conceptual teaching and learning of geometry and measurement. Specifically, each of the three vignettes presented includes a task that was implemented in an elementary classroom and a vertically articulated task that engaged teachers in a professional learning workshop. By beginning with elementary tasks to more sophisticated concepts in higher grades, we demonstrate how vertically articulating a deeper understanding of the learning trajectory in geometric thinking can add to the rigor of the mathematics.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.187-213
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• 2012

The purpose of this article is to examine Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Agreements. Most BITs and other investment treaties provide for FET of foreign investments. Today, this concept is the most frequently invoked standard in investment disputes. It is also the standard with the highest practical relevance: a majority of successful claims pursued in international arbitration are based on a violation of the FET standard. The concept of FET is not new but has appeared in international documents for some time. Some of these documents were nonbinding others entered into force as multilateral or bilateral treaties. Considerable debate has surrounded the question of whether the FET standard merely reflects the internationalminimum standard, as contained in customary international law, or offers an autonomous standard that is additional to general international law. As a matter of textual interpretation, it seems implausible that a treaty would refer to a well-known concept like the "minimum standard of treatment in customary international law" by using the expression "fair and equitable treatment." Broad definitions or descriptions are not the only way to gauge the meaning of an elusive concept such as FET. Another method is to identify typical factual situations to which this principle has been applied. An examination of the practice of tribunals demonstrates that several principles can be identified that are embraced by the standard of fair and equitable treatment. Some of the cases discussed clearly speak to the central roles of transparency, stability, and the investor's legitimate expectations in the current understanding of the FET standard. Other contexts in which the standard has been applied concern compliance with contractual obligations, procedural propriety and due process, action in good faith, and freedom from coercion and harassment. In short, meeting the investor's central legitimate concern of legal consistency, stability, and predictability remains a major, but not the only, ingredient of an investment-friendly climate in which the host state in turn can reasonably expect to attract foreign investment.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.349-360
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• 2016

이 연구는 공평한 수학 수업에 대하여 한국과 미국 예비초등교사들이 보는 관점을 밝히고자, 공평한 수학 수업, 교사의 역할, 공평성 관련한 주장 등에 대한 입장들을 비교하였다. 공동연구자 중 2명이 2015학년도 2학기에 담당한 강좌의 수강생을 대상으로 설문을 진행하였다. 이 연구 참여에 동의했던 한국 예비교사 51명과 미국 예비교사 33명의 응답을 분석 자료로 설정하였다. 설문 문항은 공평성의 관점에서 수학적 능력, 수업 상황, 학습 기회와 학습성취, 집단 구성, 도전적인 과제, 학생의 문화 등의 측면을 묻는 것이었다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 수학적 능력을 타고 난다는 생각, 동일한 기회 제공이 중요하다는 생각, 학습성취에 따라 동질 집단 구성을 해야한다는 생각 등과 같은 공평성의 추구에서 지양하고 있는 입장들이 나타났다. 이들은 한국 예비교사교육과 교육정책과 관련된 것으로서, 예비교사교육에서 공평한 수학수업 실천을 위한 쟁점에 대하여 논의가 요구되며 교육정책 설정에서 공평성 추구가 반영되어야 한다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.691-700
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• 2006

This study conducted to optimize the design and operation of orifice typed distribution channels which were generally constructed to link the rapid mixing process and flocculation/sedimentation basin. To accomplish the goal of this study, programming step method using FORTRAN 90, was applied it to simulate the performance of existing distribution channel in the selected S DWTP (Drinking Water Treatment Plant). The proposed step method program was validated in terms of the feasibility with comparison between the measurement and prediction value in each orifice. From the evaluation results of the current conditions with the design and operation, it was revealed that the existing gradient of the tapered channel is not appropriate. Also, we suggested that in the case of the inlet width being 3.5m, reducing the downstream width by about 0.5m would make more equitable distribution flow in the channel. Consequently, dealing with various conditions of the design and operation with distribution channel, we could conclude that for the parallel typed channel, as the width is wider and the diameter of orifice is smaller, the more equitable distribution occur. In addition, the inlet flowrate and the number of orifice can affect the flow velocity in the channel.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.26-49
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze the equity of health care utilization by income groups in terms of both quantity and quality of care, which is measured by expenditure, type of care, and type of health care institutions. Equity in health care utilization is measured by HIwv index, based on the survey of 1,480 Gwangju-Jeonnam residents. Health care utilization in terms of the probability and quantity of outpatient and inpatient care show equitable or pro-poor inequitable distribution, whereas the distribution of health care expenditure, which can account for the quality of care, is pro-rich inequitable, implying that the better off tend to use more expensive medical care. In terms of the types of care, simple visits for basic care show equitable distribution, whereas the distribution of the utilization of traditional tonic medicine, comprehensive health examination, CT, MRI, and ultrasound is pro-rich inequitable. Utilization of general hospitals and traditional health institutions show pro-rich inequitable distribution, hospitals and dental care institutions equitable, and physician clinics and public health centers pro-poor inequitable.