• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1001-1010
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration levels of particle materials ($PM_{10}$, asbestos), gas materials ($CO_2$, CO, $NO_2$, HCHO, Rn, VOCs) and total suspended colony (TSC), and the correlations among these materials in indoor air quality of 54 multiple-use facilities and 15 public-use facilities of Gwangju. The highest mean concentration of $PM_{10}$ was $69.2\;{\mu}g/m^3$ at indoor parking place, followed by childcare facilities, large commercial building and subway station building. The highest mean concentration of CO was 2.7 ppm at indoor parking place and that of $CO_2$ was 604.1 ppm at medical service facilities. The highest mean concentration of $NO_2$ was 0.036 ppm at indoor parking place. The geomean concentration of HCHO was $3.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in all facilities and the highest was $631.8\;{\mu}g/m^3$ at art gallery. The geomean concentration of VOCs (5 species) was $24.14\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in all facilities and toluene was the highest material of $15.30\;{\mu}g/m^3$, followed by xylene, ethylbenzene, benzene and styrene. The highest mean concentration of TSC was $625.3\;CFU/m^3$ at jjimjilbang, followed by childcare facilities, medical service facilities and large commercial building. The highest of asbestos was 0.0072 each/cc at childcare facilities and that of radon was 1.41 pCi/L at art gallery. PM10 showed positive correlations to TSC with $R^2\0.5332$ by lognormal equation at childcare facilities. CO2 showed positive correlations to CO at childcare facilities and indoor parking place. Lognormal equation fitted to the VOCs data more than normal equation in all facilities.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.51-60
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to analyze and supplement the standards related to healthcare facilities, negative pressure isolation wards, and emergency treatment facilities. In addition, through environmental investigations, analysis of emergency remodeling cases centered on the structural and HVAC characteristics of healthcare facilities is conducted. Methods: Domestic and foreign standards related to healthcare facilities were analyzed. Field investigations and architectural drawing analysis of general and emergency treatment facilities were conducted. Results: Healthcare facilities have different space classifications and air conditioning methods depending on the site situation. Emergency treatment facilities are classified into cases where the HVAC system is remodeled and portable negative pressure unit is installed, and some facilities did not meet the standards for differential pressure and air change rate. Implications: When developing emergency remodeling technology, remodeling and safety evaluation guidelines, it is considered possible to propose clearer guidelines for emergency remodeling treatment facilities for infectious diseases in Korea by referring to the results of this study.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2004

At Recent the number of livestock is rapidly increased and the scale of farm has changed to large operations in Korea. So the odors from livestock feeding operations have increased and become major environmental problem. The odor emission are dependent on the types of manure management system and the meteorological factors. This report presents the results of a questionnaire on the odor characteristics from livestock facilities for the beef, dairy, swine and poultry. It is founded that the impact by odors from the facilities for swine and poultry is higher than cow and dairy, and the odor intensity at morning is higher than other times.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 2016

This research was completed to provide fundamental data regarding the guidelines to installing and managing utility facilities & structures in wetland protected area to advance the functions and sustainable use of ecology services by preserving the ecology within wetland protected area. There were 5 on-site researching areas that were used as the main subject with these areas chosen and considered from 21 inland wetlands that have been designated and are being managed from the Ministry of Environment and by their designated dates as a wetland protected area. The utility facilities in these wetland areas were categorized by their types and a detailed on-site investigation was proceeded with investigation items chosen whereas these facilities are working by their roles from their location, size, used materials, types, information contents and etc., The results showed that regarding informational structures, several locations of information boards were distanced from the main exploring routes which did not consider the visitor's eye level which had their readability dropped and by sunlight, time lapse and water penetration, many information boards were damaged or corrupted so that it was hard to confirm the information noticed or understanding an image. Insufficient observation and educational structures were installed that considered the ecological characteristics of wild animals and their living conditions. Regarding convenience facilities, there were parking lots that were installed on the fore-land and to decrease non-point solution sources, some parking lots needed to be located in protected lowlands while some facilities' shape and colors did not harmonize with their natural surroundings, creating a sense of awareness, which will need some more consideration. As for safety facilities, they were very insufficient compared to other facilities. This means that additional safety structures are needed so that related personnel can be aware of where a visitor is located when an accident occurs. Protectional facilities strongly needed new structures and a management system to cut off entrances and do surveillance so that visitors do not go into areas outside of the managed areas and bring damages to restricted locations. Research labs needed to expand the use of automatic weather systems and water gauge equipments to build fundamental data regarding floodgates that are intimated to the forming of wetlands. Sensor cameras and other types of monitoring systems are needed to monitor the majority types of animals living in the wetlands as well.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2014

In this study, field measurement was carried out for reasonable improvement of asphalt concrete manufacturing facilities' PM emissions estimation method. Through those, this study calculated PM emission factor and tried to estimate PM emissions from asphalt concrete manufacturing facilities suitable for domestic characteristics. As a result, the efficiency of the PM control device was measured as 99.9%. Using this, uncontrolled PM emission factor was calculated. PM emission factor was calculated 10.97 kg/ton at 23 asphalt concrete manufacturing facilities of 22 workplaces. The PM current emission factor of the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) is 14.4 kg/ton, the factor calculated from this study is about 24% lower than the EPA standard.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.52-62
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• 2005

The objectives of this research is searching for the improvement scheme of spacial use of the Nature Environmental Conservation and its Utilization Facility through the analysis of those existing facilities from the structural and operational view points. In this study, firstly, analysis is commencing with the distinction of lawful and operational concepts of Nature Environmental Conservation and its Utilization Facility. In law, the concept is defined as an individual facility, while practical use of the concept has been understood as a collective space itself. Secondly, frequency tables in regard to the duration of the construction, types of location and objectives, and facility numbers are prepared on the basis of 53 cases of completed and under construction facilities. Conclusively, through the comparisons of facilities of Korea, United Kingdom and Germany, the future considerations on the improvement of the facilities in light of structural and operational aspects has been recommended. In structural view, ecological conservation aspect should be considered from the planning stage of the facility. And at the operational stage, various considerations should be given to the employment of facility experts and development of educational programs respectively.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.43-60
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• 1988

This study was carried out to determine traffic noise level and analyze noise reduction effects of various sound protection facilities in the area of Seoul, Inch'on, Songchoo and Seoul- Busan Expressway from March to Octover, 1987. The results were as follows; 1. As compared with the environmental standards and the traffic noise level in heavy noise areas, traffic noise levels observed were shown in higher than environmental standards. The noise levels in Seoul were determined at 12.8-18.2 dB(A) in daytime and 19.0-26.9 dB (A) in nighttime. And incase of inch'on, it were 6.7-9.6 dB(A) in daytime, 7.9-18.9 dB(A) in nighttime, respectively. 2. The environmental noise level observed in the backside of protection facilities, such as apartment, soundproof barrier and houses, which were constructed in paralled to the road was lower about 3-5 dB(A) than perpendicular to theroad. Noise recuction effect of upper stairs in apartment was higher than lower stairs. 3. The predicted noise level obtained from the equation $({\triangle}L\;=\; -10\;log\;(^{I'1}/Ii)\;was\;\pm\;1dB$ (A) and the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.923. 4. The noise reduction effect in backside of apartment was measured at on sites and predicted by total noise loss equation. The predicted noise level was 60.9 dB(A) and the measured level was 60.6 dB(A), respectively. 5. The narrow width landscape less than 10m width was almost no effect for the protection of traffic noise. According to the synthesis of the above results, the noise level of the road was exceeding mostly the environmental standard in the heavy traffic areas. The counterplan should be set as well. The insulation of noise protection facilities were effective by the location with near distance from the road edge. The reduction effect of double window in apartment was represented so much. The prediction model could be applied to estimate the noise levels in the roadside as well as the effectiveness for the noise protection facilities.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.26
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• pp.8.1-8.9
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• 2011

Objectives: This study assessed the health risks for children exposed to phthalate through several pathways including house dust, surface wipes and hand wipes in child facilities and indoor playgrounds. Methods: The indoor samples were collected from various children's facilities (40 playrooms, 42 daycare centers, 44 kindergartens, and 42 indoor-playgrounds) in both summer (Jul-Sep, 2007) and winter (Jan-Feb, 2008). Hazard index (HI) was estimated for the non-carcinogens and the examined phthalates were diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP). The present study examined these four kinds of samples, i.e., indoor dust, surface wipes of product and hand wipes. Results: Among the phthalates, the detection rates of DEHP were 98% in dust samples, 100% in surface wipe samples, and 95% in hand wipe samples. In this study, phthalate levels obtained from floor dust, product surface and children's hand wipe samples were similar to or slightly less compared to previous studies. The $50^{th}$ and $95^{th}$ percentile value of child-sensitive materials did not exceed 1 (HI) for all subjects in all facilities. Conclusions: For DEHP, DnBP and BBzP their detection rates through multi-routes were high and their risk based on health risk assessment was also observed to be acceptable. This study suggested that ingestion and dermal exposure could be the most important pathway of phthalates besides digestion through food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.33-43
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• 2007

The revised Urban Park regulations newly adopt Theme Parks in order to enhance richness and diversities of urban services to communities. However, the regulations ambiguously define the main facilities and service programs of the theme parks. And there have been increasing concerns about confusions in terms of the main facilities and service programs of the theme parks among landscape designers/planners, local governments and relevant field of areas. Misunderstanding on the facilities and service programs of the theme parks may lead to ruin the purposes of the new urban park regulations. In the lights of these, this paper tries to reach a consensus for main facilities and service programs of two theme parks including athletic park and waterfront park, based on measured potential users' preferences with a conjoint choice model. For waterfront parks, potential users show low preferences or negative responses to facilities which are perceived as un-environment friendly. They also show high preferences on ecological areas sitting near to streams. For athletic parks, potential users show demand to introduce something different facilities and atmosphere from existing athletic parks. The demands are particularly high for children's play ground facilities and service facilities. This study also show some methodological examples to compute the carrying capacity with two hypothetical alternatives. This approach might be beneficial for local governments which are wish to alternate the park size on the basis of local conditions such as their financial conditions and land availability.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.468-477
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• 2009

To evaluate the current indoor air quality condition of private academic facilities in Korea and investigate its association with subjective symptoms of student residing at the same academic facilities, air quality monitoring was carried out in total of 20 academic facilities located in Seoul, Daejon and Chungnam from the beginning of January to the end of April, 2009. To assess the air quality condition of academic facilities, 6 air pollutants with temperature and humidity were measured simultaneously inside and outside of academic facilities. The rate of exceeding the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) guideline concentrations in 6 air pollutants were 5%, 85%, 15%, 5%, 10% and 30% for CO, $CO_2$, PM10, HCHO, TVOCs and TBC, respectively. A questionnaire on 16 subjective symptoms related to indoor air quality was given to 342 students who studied at the 20 academic facilities. The most frequent symptom of students was 'I feel easily tired or sleepy', and this was followed by 'I feel muscular pain or stiffness on shoulder, back and neck'. The association of net difference (subjective symptoms at the academic facility - subjective symptoms of the usual situation) with air pollutants was analyzed using spearman rank correlation. In logistic analysis using proportional odds method, the students whose indoor air concentration of HCHO was ${\geq}60{\mu}g/m^3$ hadsignificant odds of having more subjective symptoms of 'My eyes are dry or feel irritated or itching' (OR=5.026: CI=1.587-15.911), 'I feel easily tired or sleepy' (OR=2.956: CI=1.072-8.152), 'I lose my concentration and I feel my memory is falling' (OR=7.745: CI=1.938-30.955) and 'I feel dizzy' (OR=4.424: CI=1.292-15.149) than those of <$60{\mu}g/m^3$.