• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.79-90
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• 2013

The altitude range of habitats in which Fairy Pitta inhabited in 1960s is different from the present in Jeju Island. We studied on the habitat environment to understand the causes of difference through the comparison of satellite image data(Landsat) between 1975 and 2002, the literature review in relation to habitats, vegetations, and forest landscapes. The area of below 600m asl.(above sea level) where is mainly Fairy Pitta inhabited at the present with a lot of forests, was massive pasture with small isolated forests nearby valley. The forests were broad-leaved evergreen forests, and second forests with poor condition in the size and forest structure. The forests around 700m asl. were also second forests with approximately 3m height trees. The forests from 800m to 1300m asl. were also disturbed by mushroom cultivation by local people. The authors believe that Fairy Pitta could not inhabited in the area above 1300m because of the poor forest conditions in the size and structure in which consist of Ilex crenata, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum and coppice forests. Therefore it might be possible that the best forests for the Fairy Pitta habitat were located in the area of 1,000m to 1,300m above sea level in 1960s. Compared to present habitats, forests at 100m up to 800m above sea level, the authors believe that the size of habitats were smaller with less population of Fairy Pitta. Since 1960s the forest landscape of Jeju Island has been improved successfully, and because of that the population of Fairy Pitta also has been increased. To protect the Fairy Pitta and habitats in Jeju Island, it is suggested that sustainable forest management focusing on the species composition and stand structure maintain or enhance the biodiversity.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1-19
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• 2010

In offline environment, unlike traditional advertising model through TV, newspaper, and radio, online advertising model draws instantaneous responses from potential consumers and it is convenient to assess. This kind of characteristics of Internet advertising model has driven the growth of advertising model among various Internet business models. There are, conventionally classified, CPM (Cost Per Mile), CPC (Cost Per Click), and CPS (Cost Per Sales) models as Internet advertising expenditure model. These can be examined in manners regarding risks that stakeholders should stand and degree of responsibility. CPM model that is based on number of advertisement exposure is mechanically exposed to users but not actually recognized by users resulting in risk of wasted expenditure by advertisers without any advertising effect. While on aspect of media, CPS model that is based on conversion action is the most risky model because of the conversion action such as product purchase is determined by capability of advertisers not that of media. In this regard, while there are issue of CPM and CPS models disadvantageously affecting only one side of Internet advertising business model value network, CPC model has been evaluated as reasonable both to advertisers and media, and occupied the largest segment of Internet advertising market. However, CPC model also can cause fraudulent behavior such as click fraud because of the competition or dishonest amount of advertising expenditure. On the user aspect, unintentionally accessed advertisements can lead to more inappropriate expenditure from advertisers. In this paper, we suggest "CPCD"(Cost Per Coupon Download) model. This goes beyond simple clicking of advertisements and advertising expenditure is exerted when users download a coupon from advertisers, which is a concept in between CPC and CPS models. To achieve the purpose, we describe the scenario of advertiser perspective, processes, participants and their benefits of CPCD model. Especially, we suggest the new value in online coupon; "possibility of storage" and "complement for delivery to the target group". We also analyze the working condition for advertiser by a comparison of CPC and CPCD models through advertising expenditure simulation. The result of simulation implies that the CPCD model suits more properly to advertisers with medium-low price products rather than that of high priced goods. This denotes that since most of advertisers in CPC model are dealing with medium-low priced products, the result is very interesting. At last, we contemplate applicability of CPCD model in ubiquitous environment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.243-256
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is aimed at identifying the planting condition of greenbelt axis covering forests located at Sinhyeon-eup, Geoje-si and also establishing improvement plans for the ecological organization. The study was executed with buffer green space designed to mitigate noise, which is located at a halfway point linking Mt. Yukkyo(altitude of 50m) and Mt. Jungmae(altitude of 131m). The number of the biotope patterns was classified into 17 in total: the two are urbanized districts such as a townified district and streets and another 15 are greenbelts and open space such as forest biotope, inland water biotope, and landscaping tree plantations biotope. According to the analysis of biotope types, it was estimated that the making use of already established buffer greens as a linking medium with a foothold of Mt. Yukkyo and Jungmae, whose natural eco-system is well suited for habitation of living organism, is the one and only way to the influx of living organism into the downtown area. The green coverage rate of the base green area, sub-base green area and linkage green area was 160.29%, 128.37% and 44.37% respectively; the green capacity coefficient(i.e. GVZ[$Gr{\ddot{u}}nvolumezahl$]) for base green area, sub-base green area and linkage green area was $4.04m^3/m^2,\;3.95m^3/m^2\;and\;0.65m^3/m^2$ respectively. The base green area has constituted multi-layered vegetation structure and thus played a role as habitats for living organism and supply centre of species, whereas the sub-base green area has destroyed lower layer vegetation, and the linkage green area was in bad shape due to the lack of planting volume and damage of the shrub layer. Accordingly, this research paper intended to suggest detailed implementation plans for the improvement in landscape for city dwellers' use and relaxation; in other words, this paper focused on ecological build-up for the Influx of wild birds into the downtown area for the promotion of bio-diversity of species through the linkage of base green areas and the fostering of nature observing trails for citizens as well as the connecting of green areas through the build-up of roadside greens to make these green areas to be efficiently used as corridors for the influx of wild birds and bio-organism habitation and for citizens' using space.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.252-265
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• 2017

This study aims to analyze the landscape ecological characteristics of green spaces within built up area of high density and evaluate the potential applicability of green patches, thereby introducing urban garden for generating green networks in residence areas. To this end, Yeoksam-Dong was selected as the site area since it is classified as both green initiative zone and alienated area of park service in Seoul. First, the current condition of green spaces in Yeoksam-Dong was identified by five categories: Street trees, private garden, public pocket garden, rooftop garden, and park. Then, the landscape index analysis through FRAGSTATS and connectivity assessment via multi-buffer zone analysis were carried out for analyzing the green networks and evaluating the potential value of green space. The results showed that the degree to which green areas in the site were distributed is arranged in the order of street tree, private garden, public pocket garden, park, and rooftop garden. In case of the street trees whose total core area (TCA, $1,618m^2$) is as high as the park's ($1,128m^2$). Private garden has potential for green network in built up area of high density by gardening since the shape of the patches are irregular (ED = 78.1m/ha) and the average distance among the patches is close (ENN=33.9m). Public pocket garden has also potential for gardening according to the result that it was found to be distributed evenly (LPI=5.7%, SHEI=0.9) with exposing external disturbance ($TCA=66m^2$). For the green network, 84% of all the study site is covered by small green network in 50m butter range of connected green area. The effect of green network was expected through gardening in public pocket garden (27%) and street tree (26%). Accordingly, it is encouraged to actively utilize street tree, private gardens, and rooftop gardens and to establish the urban gardens like local-based community gardens in public pocket garden where a variety of activities can be carried out near residential areas. By doing so, green networks can effectively be established in built up area with high density. The results of this study can contribute positively to fostering the creation of various types of urban gardens.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2015

In order to provide design data support for reducing gale damage of single-span greenhouses, this paper experimentally evaluated the uplift capacity of a rafter pipe and continuous pipe foundation (anti-disaster standard), usually used for single-span greenhouses according to compaction ratio, embedded depth, and soil texture. In the reclaimed soil (Silt loam) and the farmland soil (Sandy loam), the ultimate uplift capacities of rafter pipe were 72.8kgf and 60.7kgf, respectively, and those of continuous pipe foundation were 452.7kgf and 450.3kgf, respectively at an embedded depth of 50cm and compaction rate of 85% (the hardest ground condition). The results showed that the ultimate uplift capacity of continuous pipe foundation was significantly improved at more than 6 times that of the rafter pipe. The soil texture considered in this paper had a sand content of 35%~59% and a silt content of 39%~58%, and it was shown that the ultimate uplift capacity did not have a significant difference depending on soil texture, and these results show that installing the rafter pipe and continuous pipe foundation while maintaining appropriate compaction conditions can give an advantage in securing stability in the farmland of greenhouses without significantly being influenced by soil texture. Based on the results of this paper, it was determined that maintaining a compaction rate above 75% for the continuous pipe foundation and above 85% for the rafter pipe was advantageous for securing stability in greenhouses. Especially when continuous pipe foundation of anti-disaster standard was applied, it was determined to be significantly advantageous in acquiring stability in greenhouses to prevent climate disaster.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2015

This study examined the settlement of a 1-2W type greenhouse using a timber pile, which was recently established on Gyehwa-do reclaimed land, in order to obtain base data for the construction of a greenhouse on reclaimed land. The results of this study are as follows. foundation and timber pile increased over time, irrespective of the interior and exterior of the upon investigation of the ground, it was confirmed that there was no soft rock stratum (bedrock), and that a sedimentary stratum existed under the fill deposit, which is estimated to have been reclaimed during the site renovation. It was also found that a weathered zone was located under the fill deposit and sedimentary stratum, and that the soil texture of the entire ground floor consisted of clay mixed with sand, silty clay, and granite gneiss, in that order, regardless of boreholes. In addition, the underground water level was 0.3m below ground, regardless of boreholes. Despite a slight difference, the settlement of the greenhouse or measurement sites (channels). With regard to the pillar inside the greenhouse, except in the case of CH-2, the data at a site located on the side wall of the greenhouse (wind barrier side) indicated vibrations of relatively larger amplitude. Moreover, the settlement showed a significant increase during a certain period, which was subsequently somewhat reversed. Based on these phenomena, it was verified that the settlement range of each site in the interior and exterior of the greenhouse was between 1.0 and 7.5mm at this time, except in the case of CH-1. The results of the regression analysis indicated good correlation, with the coefficient of determination by site ranging between 0.6362 and 0.9340. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination ranged between 0.6046 and 0.8822 on the exterior of the greenhouse, which is lower than inside the greenhouse, but still indicates significant correlation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2009

This study was undertaken the effect of high temperature and high humidity on protein expression and especially plasma membrane (PM) $H^{+}ATPase$ of umbel with flowers of early cultivar 'Shinsunhwang' and intermediate cultivar 'Maebsihwang' of onion (Allium cepa L.). There were no visible any difference on the protein pattern from before flowering stage to full flowering stage of two onion cultivars, however, seed set stages were revealed induced/deduced protein patterns. At day 18, protein expression pattern of the high temperature and high humidity treatments of two cultivars was significantly reduced compared to controls. Furthermore, various protein expression of the high temperature treatment was more reduced compared to high humidity treatment. PM $H^{+}ATPase$ expression of the control plants of two onion cultivars was clearly shown, but was not detectable under high temperature treatment of the two onion cultivars using western blot analysis. PM $H^{+}ATPase$ expression of the high humidity treatment was faintly detected intermediate cultivar 'Maebsihwang', not early cultivar 'Shinsunhwang'. These results indicate that protein expression pattern and PM $H^{+}ATPase$ under high temperature treatment was considered to be more damaged compared to high humidity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2018

For the main variables to be selected by the designer for the heating and cooling load calculation in greenhouses, in order to evaluate the effect of these design values on the heating and cooling load, the simulations were carried out by varying the respective design values. Based on these results, we proposed the design values which should pay special attention to selection. The design values which have the greatest effect on the heating load were the overall heat transfer coefficient of the covering material and the design outdoor temperature was next. The effect of the design values according to the number of spans showed little difference. In the case of the single-span greenhouse, the effect of the design values related to the underground heat transfer can not be ignored. However, in the case of the multi-span greenhouse, the effect of the design values related to the underground heat transfer and the infiltration rate were insignificant. The design values which have the greatest effect on the cooling load were the solar radiation into the greenhouse and the evapotranspiration coefficient, followed by the indoor and outdoor temperature difference and the ventilation rate. The effect of the design values showed a great difference between the single-span greenhouse and the multi-span greenhouse, but there was almost no difference according to the number of spans. The effect of the overall heat transfer coefficient of the covering material was negligible in both the single-span greenhouse and the multi-span greenhouse. However, the effect of the indoor and outdoor temperature difference and the ventilation rate on the cooling load was not negligible. Especially, it is considered that the effect is larger in multi-span greenhouse.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2017

This study contains research on a bio-monitoring system (BMS) capable of detecting abnormal high water temperatures, the shell valve movements (SVMs) of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), which were measured at four different temperature (5, 10, 20 and $30^{\circ}C$) under laboratory conditions. All the Pacific oysters were kept under fasting conditions for 3 days to prevent the influence of food and excretions before the onset of the experiments. SVMs did not detect at $5^{\circ}C$. However, SVMs increased with an increase in temperature (at $10^{\circ}C$ : $6.31{\pm}2.18times/hr$ and at $20^{\circ}C$: $22.0{\pm}10.0times/hr$). At $30^{\circ}C$, SVMs were divided into two groups: those with no SVMs as at $5^{\circ}C$ and those with SVMs similar to conditions at $20^{\circ}C$($23.9{\pm}9.35times/hr$). This indicates oyster shells maintain a closed condition due to a decrease in metabolism at $30^{\circ}C$, although some Pacific oysters had active SVMs due to an increase in metabolism. If a BMS using the SVM status of Pacific oysters was installed to monitor abnormal high water around oyster farms, early warning levels and serious alerts might be made available more rapidly for SVMs of more than ca. 30 times/hr and closing conditions in a matter of hours, respectively. Therefore, a BMS using the SVMs of Pacific oysters might be an effective early warning system for abnormal high water temperatures.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the avifauna and to suggest the management discipline for the protection of bird community in Odaesan National Park. Field survey was carried over 2 main trails by line transect method from mid June to early December in 1996. The 1st section included the area from Woljongas to Sangwonsa 7km distance. The 2nd section survey started from Sangwonsa via Bukdaesa and the summit of Odaesan to Sangwonsa 9.8 km distance. The study results were as follows ; The observed birds belonged to 9 orders 22families 52species, they also had Black Woodpecker(Dryocopus martius)designated as natural monument No. 242, Chinese Sparrow Hawk(Accipiter soloensis) and Kestrel(Falco tinnunculus) as natural munumet No. 323, Scops Owl(Out scops)and Korean Wood Owl(Strix aluco) as No. 324. These birds also were classified into 25 species for residents, 16 species for summer visitors, 8 species for passage migrants, 3 species for winter visitors, respectionely. The 2nd section showed a high species richness and individuals in every season, however, had a difference in species composition with 1st section. Nesting guild of breeding bird community used highly in order of bush, hole, and canopy as a nest resources. It is suggested that high bush-nesting guild had a deep relationship with bush layer located in the ecotone of 1st section and that located in the high elevated zone in 2nd section. Hole-nesting guild such as Black Woodpecker(Dryocopus martius), Gray-headed Woodpecker(Picus canus) and Great Spotted Woodpecker(Dendrocopos major) were surveyed only in 2nd section, so it could be attribute to the small fragmentation and the growing of high diameter at breast height(D.B.H) tree in 2nd section. It is urgent that the management of camping ground and people for the conservation of brook in 1nd section, trail protection for the prevention from trail enlargement in 2nd section for the bird protection. Artificial food in snowy winter will provide the good breeding condition with the residents and migrants. And, the endeavor to lessen the habitat fragmentation will be beneficial to the birds who have a large home range such as Black Woodpecker(Dryocopus martius) and Korean Wood Owl(Strix aluco). For the control of Domestic Dove(Columba livia) populations, it could be recommended that the elimination of their nesting resources by net.