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검색결과 5,215건 처리시간 0.037초

피부상처 치유에 대한 저에너지레이저와 특정전자파의 효과 (Effects of Low-power Laser and TDP on the Cutaneous Wound Healing)

  • 안소윤;박상옥
    • The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 1997
  • The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the low power Helium Neon-Infra Red(HeNe-IR) laser and the special electromagnetic therapeutic apparatus stimulation, which is usually designated as TDP by using the initial of Tending Diancibo Pu which is the Chinese inscribed with English, on wound healing in rat. The seventy-five Sprague-Dawley adult female and male rats were assigned to the experimental and control groups. Each rat was anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, and three full-thickness incisions with 12mm length wert made on the back of the half cf the rats and three deep second degree burns were made on the back of the remainder of the rats. From 34 hours after being injured, the rats of the experimental laser group were irradiated with the 157mW electric power HeNe-IR laser for 2 minutes every day and the rats of the experimental TDP group were stimulated with TDP irradiation with the 4km spot distance for 20 minutes every day during the 17 days. The rats were sacrificed and the wound parts of its were incised on the first day, 4th day, 7th day, 10th day and 17th day respectively after the beginning of wound treatment with laser and TDP irradiation. The incised wound parts were processed appropriately for the light microscopic and electron microscopic examination. The length of incised wound was measured with microcaliper before the wound part was incised. There was a significant decrease in the length of the incised wound of the experimental laser and TDP group, compared with that of control group at 4th day, 7th day and 10th day(p<0.01) after surgery. Through the histological examination of the wound site, the more rapid epithelialization and collagen formation in experimental groups were showed, compared with control group. The histological results were analyzed and summarized as the follows; The epidermis begins to be regenerated and the granulation tissue begins to be changed to the mature pattern in the H-E stained incised skin of the laser and TDP treatment group on the 4th day. The epidermis shows the complete regeneration and the granulation tissue in the dermis in mostly to be matured in the laser and TDP treatment group on the 7th day, compared with control group. The chronic inflammatory cells are oberved and the necrosis of the collagen fibers are partially observed in control group on the 10th day. The dermis of the laser and TOP treatment group reveals relatively compactly arranged collgen bundles with the mature collagen fibers on the 10th day. The epidermis and dennis of the laser and TDP group are repaired normally and the hair follicles are well regenerated on the 17th day. The mild edema and the granulation tissue is observed in the dermis of the control groups and the delayed treatment process is observed on the 17th day. The Most of proliferated collagen fibrils are found to be compact and regular in electron micrograph of burn skin of the laser treatment group on the 10th day hut the interstitial eadema and some inflammatory cells are found in the control group. The above results suggest that through the visual and histological examination the epithelized epithelium and the proliferation of the collagen liters in the dermis occur very effectively with the low power laser treatment and the TDP treatment in the incised wound healing and the burn wound healing.

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구약성서(舊約聖書)에 나타난 히브리인의 복식(服飾) - 두식(頭飾), 신발 및 장신구(裝身具) 중심(中心)으로 - ("A Study on Hebrews Clothing in the Old Testament" - Especially on Hair Styles, Headgears, Footwear and Personal Ornaments -)

  • 박찬부
    • 복식
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    • 제10권
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    • pp.63-80
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    • 1986
  • The Old Testament cotains mention of the history of creation and clothing in ancient Hebrew. This study dealt with Hebrew dress customs especially aimed at the manners of their hair styles, headgears, footwear and personal ornaments. References are Korean Revised Version, English King James Version and Revised Standard Version. There is little mention of hair styles and headgears in the Old Testament. Some sort of turban was worn by priests, and soldiers protected themselves with helmets, but most Israelitish men went bareheaded except on special occasions and often wear simple headbands. It was more common for women to use headwear of some type-turbans, scarves, and veils concealing the face. The veil was the distinctive female wearing apparel. All females, with the exception of maidservants and women in a low condition of life, wore a veil. It was the custom for women to wear a veil entirely covering their head in the public. Through most of the Old Testament periods long and thick hair was admired on men and women alike. The Hebrews were proud to have thick and abundant long hair, and they gave much attention to the care of their hair. The caring of hair was deeply related to their rituals. Nazirites never took a razor to their hair during his vow-days, but instead let it grow long, as an offering to God. Men would not cut their beards, but allow them to grow long. The Israelites' standard footwear was a pair of simple leather sandals. This was one of the items of clothing not highly prized. In a colloquial saying of the time, a pair of shoes signified something of small value, and to be barefoot except in times of mourning or on holy place, was a sign either of extreme poverty or humiliation, as in the case of war prisoners. Because precious stones were not mined in the Palestine-Syria region, Hebrews imported them from foreign country. They were consumer-to a large degree limited by their very modest standard of living-but not producers. Hebrews liked the precious stones and were motivated to acquire and wear jewels. Besides their use for adornment and as gifts, the precious or semiprecious stones were regarded by Jews of property. The Hebrews were not innovators in the field of decorative arts. The prohibition of the Law against making any "graven image" precluded the development of painting, sculpture, and other forms of representational art. Jewish men did not indulge in extravagances of dress, and there was little ornamentation among them. Men wore a signet ring on their right hand or sometimes suspended by a cord or chain around the neck. The necklaces, when worn by a male, also bore any symbol of his authority. Bracelets were extremely popular with both men and women, men usually preferring to wear them on their upper arms. The girdle was a very useful part of a man's clothing. It was used as a waist belt, or used to fasten a man's sword to his body, or served as a pouch in which to keep money and other things. Men often carried a cane or staff, which would be ornamented at the top. Among the women there was more apt to be ornamentation than among the men. Hebrew women liked to deck themselves with jewels, and ornamentation of the bride were specially luxurious and numerous. They wore rings on their fingers or On toes, ankle rings, earrings, nosering, necklace, bracelets. Their shapes were of cresent, waterdrops, scarab, insect, animal or plant. Sometimes those were used as amulets. They were made of ceramics, gold, silver, bronze, iron, and various precious stones which were mostly imported from Egypt and Sinai peninsular. Hebrews were given many religious regulations by Moses Law on their hair, headgears, sandals and ornamentation. Their clothing were deeply related with their customs especially with their religions and rituals. Hebrew religion was of monotheism and of revealed religion. Their religious leaders, the prophets who was inspired by God might need such many religious regulations to lead the idol oriented people to God through them.

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학교보건(學校保健)의 개선방안(改善方案) 연구(硏究) (A Study of Improvement of School Health in Korea)

  • 이수희
    • 한국학교보건학회지
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    • 제1권2호
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    • pp.118-135
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    • 1988
  • This study is designed to analyze the problems of health education in schools and explore the ways of enhancing health education from a historical perspective. It also shed light on the managerial aspect of health education (including medical-check-up for students disease management. school feeding and the health education law and its organization) as well as its educational aspect (including curriculum, teaching & learning, and wishes of teachers). At the same time it attempted to present the ways of resolving the problems in health education as identified her. Its major findings are as follows; I. Colculsion and Summary 1. Despite the importance of health education, the area remains relatively undeveloped. Students spend a greater part of their time in schools. Hence the government should develop a keener awareness of the importance of health education and invest more in it to ensure a healthy, comfortable life for students. 2. At the moment the outcomes of medical-check-up for students, which constitutes the mainstay of health education, are used only as statistical data to report to the relevant authorities. Needless to say they should be used to help improve the wellbeing of students. Specifically, nurse-teachers and home-room teachers should share the outcomes of medical-check-up to help the students wit shortcomings in growth or development or other physical handicaps more clearly recognize their problems and correct them if possible. 3. In the area of disease management, 62.6, 30.3 and 23.0 percent of primary, middle, and highschool students, respectively, were found to suffer from dental ailments. By contrast 2.2, 7.8, and 11.5 percent of primary, middle and highschool students suffered from visual disorders. The incidence of dental ailments decreases while that of visual impairments increases as students grow up. This signifies that students are under tremendous physical strain in their efforts to be admitted by schools of higher grade. Accordingly the relevant authorities should revise the current admission system as well as improve lighting system in classrooms. 4. Budget restraints have often been cited as a major bottleneck to the expansion of school feeding. Nevertheless it should be extended at least, to all primary schools even at the expense of parents to ensure the sound growth of children by improving their diet. 5. The existing health education law should be revised in such a way as to better meet the needs of schools. Also the manpower for health education should be strengthened. 6. Proper curriculum is essential to the effective implementation of health education. Hence it is necessary to remove those parts in the current health education curriculum that overlaps with other subjects. It is also necessary to make health education a compulsory course in teachers' college at the same time the teachers in charge of health education should be given an in-service training. 7. Currently health education is being taught as part of physical education, science, home economics or other courses. However these subjects tend to be overshadowed by English, mathematics, and other subjects which carry heavier weight in admission test. It is necessary among other things, to develop an educational plan specifying the course hours and teaching materials. 8. Health education is carried out by nurse-teachers or home-room teachers. In connection with health education, they expressed the hope that health education will be normalized with newly-developed teaching material, expanded opportunity for in-service training and increased budget, facilities and supply of manpower. These are the mainpoints that the decision-makers should take into account in the formation of future policy for health education. II. Recommendations for the Improvement of Health Education 1. Regular medical check-up for students, which now is the mainstay of health education, should be used as educational data in an appropriate manner. For instance the records of medical check-up could be transferred between schools. 2. School feeding should be expanded at least in primary schools at the expense of the government or even parents. It will help improve the physical wellbeing of youths and the diet for the people. 3. At the moment the health education law is only nominal. Hence the law should be revised in such a way as to ensure the physical wellbeing of students and faculty. 4. Health education should be made a compulsory course in teachers' college. Also the teachers in service should be offered training in health education. 5. The curriculum of health education should be revised. Also the course hours should be extended or readjusted to better meet the needs of students. 6. In the meantime the course hours should be strictly observed, while educational materials should be revised in no time. 7. The government should expand its investment in facilities, budget and personnel for health education in schools at all levels.

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장르융합형 지식만화의 만화시장 창출과정에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Creation Proceed of Cartoon Market through Genre-mixed Knowledge-Cartoon)

  • 이용훈
    • 만화애니메이션 연구
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    • 통권27호
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    • pp.51-78
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    • 2012
  • 만화시장은 크게 출판만화(만화잡지와 단행본) 및 웹툰(webtoon)으로 구분된다. 만화가들이 지속가능한 작품활동을 하기 위해서는 만화시장이 활성화되어야 한다. 만화시장의 활성화를 위한 여러 가지 논의방안이 도출될 수 있으나, 본 연구에서는 출판만화 시장의 한 종류인 단행본시장에서의 만화시장 확대방안을 논의하고자 한다. 단행본 시장에서의 만화시장 확대는 기존의 단행본시장의 활성화와 새로운 단행본시장의 창출이라는 2가지 방안이 있다. 이 중에서 후자인 새로운 만화시장의 창출(확대)을 위해 '장르융합형 지식만화'에 초점을 두고, '장르융합형 지식만화의 만화시장 창출과정'을 살펴본 후, 이를 토대로 새로운 만화시장 창출모델을 개발하고자 한다. 이러한 연구목적을 위해 3개의 장르융합형 지식만화(만화공인중개사, 네모 속의 답을 찾아라, 기적 같은 영문법)를 사례로 선정하였고, 각 사례들의 기획과정과 출판과정 및 (서점)유통과정에 대한 세부사항을 분석하였다. 분석을 위한 연구의 모형으로는 "기획과정 ${\rightarrow}$ 제작과정 ${\rightarrow}$ 유통과정"을 사용하였다. 분석요소를 구체화하기 위한 분석틀로는 "기획과정((1) 제작목표, (2) 크기 분량, (3) 내용구성, (4) 인세 계약조건) ${\rightarrow}$ 제작과정((1) 만화원고 제작, (2) 원고 스캔과 칼라링, (3) 편집 교정, (4) 필름출력 인쇄 제본) ${\rightarrow}$ 유통과정((1) 발행부수 판매부수, (2) 인세수입, (3) 이윤, (4) 파생효과)"을 사용하였다. 분석결과 3가지 사례 모두 파생효과(파생 지식만화의 제작 유통)가 발생함으로써 지속적인 만화창작이 이루어지고 있었다. 이러한 파생효과가 발생한 근본적인 이유는 처음에 기획 제작한 장르융합형 지식만화가 만화시장을 새로이 창출함과 동시에 만화수요자들의 꾸준한 구매에 의하여 수익(작가의 인세수입과 출판사 이윤)을 가져왔기 때문이다. 장르융합형 지식만화의 수익창출(시장매출증가)은 다음과 같은 두 가지 측면에서 파생상품의 창작 제작이 가능한 여건을 조성하였다. 첫째, 만화가들의 경제적 안정이다. 지식만화의 인세수입으로 경제적 생활안정이 된 만화가가 새로운 작품에 대한 창작활동을 더욱 활기차게 진행할 수 있는 여건이 조성된 것이다. 둘째, 출판사의 경제적 이윤창출이다. 지식만화의 판매부수 신장으로 수익(이윤)을 보게 된 출판사가 만화가의 또 다른 작품활동을 통한 파생상품의 출판에 대하여 긍정적으로 허락할 수 있는 여건이 조성된 것이다. 이러한 여건조성은 지식만화의 수익이 파생상품에서도 발생할 것이라는 낙관적 기대감을 형성하기에 가능한 것으로 파악된다. 결과적으로 장르융합형 지식만화의 창작 출판을 통해서 새로운 만화시장의 창출이 가능하다는 사실을 알 수 있었고, 또한 그로부터 '장르융합형 지식만화를 통한 만화시장 창출 모델'을 개발할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 개발한 만화시장 창출 모델을 토대로 여러 분야에서의 지식만화를 다양하게 기획할 수 있는 가능성이 제기 되었으며, 이러한 다양한 기획들이 만화가들의 지속가능한 창작활동에 도움을 줄 것으로 예상된다.

정신건강의학과 외래환자 대상 한국판 외상 증상 체크리스트(Trauma Symptom Checklist-40)의 타당도 연구 (Validation of the Korean Version of the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 among Psychiatric Outpatients)

  • 박진;김대호;김은경;김석현;윤미림
    • 정신신체의학
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    • 제26권1호
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    • pp.35-43
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    • 2018
  • 연구목적 복합 외상을 겪는 경우에는 PTSD의 증상을 넘어선 증상들이 다양하게 나타난다. 그러나 그러한 다양한 증상을 평가하는 도구가 부족한 실정이다. 외상 증상 체크리스트-40은 자기보고식 검사로 아동기 혹은 성인기의 외상 경험과 관련된 이러한 다양한 증상들을 측정하기 위한 도구로 원척도 연구에서 높은 신뢰도와 타당도가 검증된 검사 도구이다. 이번 연구의 목적은 정신건강의학과 외래 환자를 대상으로 한국판 외상 증상 체크리스트-40 (KTSC-40)의 타당도를 검증하기 위해 설계 되었다. 방 법 한양대학교 구리병원 정신건강의학과 외래를 진료 목적으로 방문한 367명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 환자들의 자기보고식 평가 자료를 사용하였으며 외상 증상 체크리스트-40 (TSC-40), 사건 충격척도 개정판(IES-revised), 일생 사건 체크리스트(LEC), Zung 자가평가 우울척도(Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale), Zung 자가평가 불안척도(Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale)를 이용하였다. 신뢰도는 내적 일치도(Cronbach's ${\alpha}$)로 산출하였고, 요인타당도는 Varimax 직각 회전을 이용한 탐색적 주성분 분석, 각 척도와의 수렴 및 공존 타당도를 위해서는 Spearman 상관분석을 하였다. 결 과 KTSC-40은 Varimax 직각회전을 이용한 주성분 요인 분석을 통해 7개의 요인을 추출하였고, 총 분산의 59.55%를 설명하였다. 이는 원척도 연구에서의 6개의 요인, 5개의 요인과 요인 수는 다르지만 그 내용은 비슷하였다. KTSC-40은 Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ 값이 0.94로 높은 내적 일치도를 가졌다. 또한 다른 PTSD scale과 우울, 불안 척도와의 비교에서 높은 수렴 및 공존 타당도를 보였다. 결 론 KTSC-40의 정신측정학 성질을 조사하여 우수한 타당도를 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 다만, 요인 분석에서의 원척도와의 약간의 차이를 보였는데 이는 문화적인 요소와 외상 관련 질환이 아닌 정신건강의학과 환자군 등 이질적인 외래 구성 집단에 따른 것으로 보인다. 결과적으로 KTSC-40은 높은 타당도로 향 후 다양한 임상영역에서 외상과 관련된 증상들을 평가 하는데 유용할 것으로 예상된다.

Association between Dietary Factors and Breast Cancer Risk among Chinese Females: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

  • Liu, Xue-Ou;Huang, Yu-Bei;Gao, Ying;Chen, Chuan;Yan, Ye;Dai, Hong-Ji;Song, Feng-Ju;Wang, Yao-Gang;Wang, Pei-Shan;Chen, Ke-Xin
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권3호
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    • pp.1291-1298
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    • 2014
  • Background: Evidence for associations between dietary factors and breast cancer risk is inconclusive among Chinese females. To evaluate this question, we conducted a systematic review of relevant case-control and cohort studies. Methods: Studies were systematically searched among 5 English databases (PudMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Cochrane) and 3 Chinese databases (CNKI, WanFang, and VIP) until November 2012. Random effects models were used to estimate summary odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Thirty one case-control studies and two cohort studies involving 9,299 cases and 11,413 controls were included. Consumption of both soy and fruit was significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer, with summary ORs of 0.65 (95% CIs: 0.43-0.99; I2=88.9%, P<0.001; N=13) and 0.66 (95% CIs: 0.47-0.91; $I^2$=76.7%, P<0.001; N=7), respectively. Consumption of fat was significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer (OR=1.36; 95% CIs: 1.13-1.63; $I^2$=47.9%, P=0.088; N=6). There was nonsignificant association between consumption of vegetables and breast cancer risk (OR=0.72; 95% CIs: 0.51-1.02; $I^2$= 74.4%, P<0.001; N=9). However, sensitivity analysis based on adjusted ORs showed decreased risk of breast cancer was also associated with consumption of vegetables (OR=0.49; 95% CIs: 0.30-0.67). Conclusion: Both soy food and fruit are significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer among Chinese females, and vegetables also seems to be protective while dietary fatexerts a promoting influence.

Tea Consumption, Alcohol Drinking and Physical Activity Associations with Breast Cancer Risk among Chinese Females: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

  • Gao, Ying;Huang, Yu-Bei;Liu, Xue-Ou;Chen, Chuan;Dai, Hong-Ji;Song, Feng-Ju;Wang, Jing;Chen, Ke-Xin;Wang, Yao-Gang
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제14권12호
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    • pp.7543-7550
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    • 2013
  • Objective: To evaluate associations between tea consumption, alcohol drinking and physical activity and breast cancer risk among Chinese females. Methods: Three English databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect and Wiley) and three Chinese databases (CNKI, WanFang and VIP) were independently searched by 2 reviewers up to December 2012, complemented by manual searches. The quality of included studies was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale items. Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential publication bias was estimated through Egger's and Begg's tests. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated with $I^2$ statistics. Results: Thirty-nine studies involving 13,204 breast cancer cases and 87,248 controls were identified. Compared with non-drinkers, regular tea drinkers had decreased risk (OR=0.79, 95%CIs: 0.65-0.95; $I^2$=84.9%; N=16). An inverse association was also found between regular physical activity and breast cancer risk (OR=0.73, 95%CIs: 0.63-0.85; $I^2$=77.3%; N=15). However, there was no significant association between alcohol drinking and breast cancer risk (OR=0.85, 95%CIs: 0.72-1.02; $I^2$=63.8%; N=26). Most of the results from the subgroup analysis were consistent with the main results. Conclusion: Tea consumption and physical activity are significantly associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer in Chinese females. However, alcohol drinking may not be associated with any elevation of risk.

라우센버그와 게임하기-<리버스> 다시읽기 (Playing with Rauschenberg: Re-reading Rebus)

  • 이지은
    • 미술이론과 현장
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    • 제2호
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    • pp.27-48
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    • 2004
  • Robert Rauschenberg's artistic career has often been regarded as having reached its culmination when the artist won the first prize at the 1964 Venice Biennale. With this victory, Rauschenberg triumphantly entered the pantheon of all-American artists and firmly secured his position in the history of American art. On the other hand, despite the artist's ongoing new experiments in his art, the seemingly precocious ripeness in his career has led the critical discourses on Rauschenberg's art to the artist's early works, most of which were done in the mid-1950s and the 1960s. The crux of Rauschenberg criticism lies not only in focusing on the artist's 50's and 60's works, but also in its large dismissal of the significance of the imagery that the artist employed in his works. As art historians Roger Cranshaw and Adrian Lewis point out, the critical discourse of Rauschenberg either focuses on the formalist concerns on the picture plane, or relies on the "culturalist" interpretation of Rauschenberg's imagery which emphasizes the artist's "Americanness." Recently, a group of art historians centered around October has applied Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics as art historical methodology and illuminated the indexical aspects of Rauschenberg's work. The semantic inquiry into Rauschenberg's imagery has also been launched by some art historians who seek the clues in the artist's personal context. The first half of this essay will examine the previous criticism on Rauschenberg's art and the other half will discuss the artist's 1955 work Rebus, which I think intersects various critical concerns of Rauschenberg's work, and yet defies the closure of discourses in one direction. The categories of signs in the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce and the discourse of Jean-Francois Lyotard will be used in discussing the meanings of Rebus, not to search for the semantic readings of the work, hut to make an analogy in terms of the paradoxical structures of both the work and the theory. The definitions of rebus is as follows: Rebus 1. a representation or words or syllables by pictures of object or by symbols whose names resemble the intended words or syllables in sound; also: a riddle made up wholly or in part of such pictures or symbols. 2. a badge that suggests the name of the person to whom it belongs. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged. Since its creation in 1955, Robert Rauschenberg's Rebus has been one of the most intriguing works in the artist's oeuvre. This monumental 'combine' painting($6feet{\times}10feet$ 10.5 inches) consists of three panels covered with fabric, paper, newspaper, and printed reproductions. On top of these, oil paints, pencil and crayon drawings connect each section into a whole. The layout of the images is overall horizontal. Starting from a torn election poster, which is partially read as "THAT REPRE," on the far left side of the painting. Rebus leads us to proceed from the left to the right, the typical direction of reading in a Western context. Along with its seemingly proper title. Rebus, the painting has triggered many art historians to seek some semantic readings of it. These art historians painstakingly reconstruct the iconography based on the artist's interviews, (auto)biography, and artistic context of his works. The interpretation of Rebus varies from a 'image-by-image' collation with a word to a more general commentary on Rauschenberg's work overall, such as a work that "bridges between art and life." Despite the title's allusion to the legitimate purpose of the painting as a decoding of the imagery into sound, Rebus, I argue, actually hinders a reading of it. By reading through Peirce to Rauschenberg, I will delve into the subtle anxiety between words and images in their works. And on this basis, I suggest Rauschenberg's strategy in playing Rebus is to hide the meaning of the imagery rather than to disclose it.

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미국 문화, 그 기로에 서서 - NEA(국립예술진흥기금)를 둘러싼 논쟁 중심으로 (American Culture at the Crossroad : Debates over NEA(National Endowments for the Arts))

  • 김진아
    • 미술이론과 현장
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    • 제4호
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    • pp.33-56
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    • 2006
  • '문화 전쟁(Culture Wars)'은 1980년대 말부터 1990년대 초 미국에서 보수주의자와 진보주의자 사이에 벌어진 문화적 논쟁을 일컫는다. 이 용어는 제임스 헌터(James Hunter)의 책 "문화 전쟁: 미국을 정의하려는 노력(Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America)"의 출간으로 대중화되었고, 당시 공화당 대통령 후보였던 패트릭 부캐넌(Patrick Buchanan)에 의해 급부상하게 된다. 그는 "이 나라에는 지금 종교 전쟁, 즉 냉전만큼 중요한 '문화 전쟁'이 일어나고 있고, 이것은 미국의 영혼을 위한 전쟁이다." 라고 부르짖으며 급변하는 문화 정체성의 위기 속에서 미국적인 전통을 지키고자 하였다. 이 문화 전쟁은 여러 다양한 논쟁을 함의하고 있었는데, 교목제도의 폐지, 교육기관에서의 다문화주의(multiculturalism) 커리큘럼 도입, 동성애자의 군복무, 낙태, 총기 소지 등의 허용 문제로 당시 미국의 교육계, 문화계뿐만 아니라 정치계, 입법부에서도 첨예한 대립 구도를 형성하였다. 미술계에서 가장 치열했던 문화 전쟁은 안드레 세라노(Andres Serrano)의 작품전과 ${\ll}$로버트 메플소프: 완벽한 순간(Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment)전${\gg}$이 공공기금인 국립예술진흥기금(National Endowments for the Arts, NEA)의 지원을 받아 개최되는 것이 타당한 것이냐에 대한 논쟁에서 표출되었다. 이 두 전시를 기점으로 그 뒤로도 여러 미술 전시회와 음악회, 연극 등을 둘러싼 NEA 기금 지원과 관련한 분쟁은 한동안 계속된다. 이 글은 이러한 미술계 문화 전쟁의 발전 과정과 몇몇 논점에 초점을 맞추되, 세라노나 메플소프의 작품 자체를 분석하고 비평하는 글이 아님을 밝혀 둔다. 본 연구는 분쟁의 전개에 대한 상세한 기술적, 연대기적 조사보다는 그 발단과 전개 과정에서 몇 가지 핵심적인 사항들을 기술하고, 이 사항들이 암시하는 정치적, 미학적, 미술사적 시각의 충돌에 대해 지적하는 글이 될 것이다. 더 나아가 당시 이러한 논쟁이 미국 미술계에 의미하던 것, 미국 문화 전체에 의미하던 것은 과연 무엇인가에 대한 비평적 질문으로 글을 맺고자 한다.

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선진학교 교육현황 분석을 통한 디지털 교육매체 디자인 국외 사례 연구 (A Case Study On Digital Education Design In Foreign Countries By Analysis Education Condition)

  • 김정희
    • 만화애니메이션 연구
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    • 통권30호
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    • pp.201-219
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    • 2013
  • 미국, 영국, 일본 등 선진국을 중심으로 디지털 매체의 발달을 교육에 접목하려는 움직임이 꾸준히 증가하였고 이는 디지털 교육 디바이스의 발전을 가져왔다. 국가적 차원에서 발전을 하고 있는 일본과 교육 분야에 막대한 국가 예산을 사용해 디지털 교육의 선진국으로 자리 잡고 있는 영국 그리고 복지국가의 기반 위에 적극적인 디지털 교육을 이끌고 있는 스웨덴이 디지털 교육 매체분야의 선진국이다. 특히 영국과 스웨덴은 디지털 교과서 등 디지털 교육 매체시장이 포화상태이며 시장의 경쟁으로 양보다는 질을 추구하는 시점에 이르렀다. 즉 빠르게 발전을 추구하는 과정을 지나 디자인적인 질을 중요시하면서 디지털 교육 매체를 선별 적용하고 있다. 국내에서는 2007년 초등학교 5학년 수학 디지털 교과서를 시작으로 국내 디지털 교과서의 시장이 열렸고 IT 선진국답게 짧은 시간 안에 과학, 영어 등 다양한 분야에 적용하는 등 커다란 발전을 보여줬다. 이에 디지털 교육 매체 분야의 디자인 적용의 빠르고 효율적인 가이드 설립을 위하여 디지털 교육 선진국의 디지털 교육매체 및 설문을 기반으로 한 적용 사례 분석을 통해 한국디지털 교육 매체 디자인의 나아갈 방향 잡는 기초 자료가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 LG 유럽 디자인 센터를 중심으로 디지털 교육 매체의 선진국인 영국과 복지사회 기반의 탄탄한 교육 정책을 보여주는 스웨덴을 사례 연구 대상국가로 선정하며 4개 학교의 전교생을 대상으로 설문, 휴리스틱 분석, KJ법을 통해 분석한다. 분석결과 양적인 증가뿐만아니라 디지털 소셜라이징 안에서 보다 현실적이고 다양한 시뮬레이션 경험을 추구하는 등 콘텐츠의 질 향상을 원하고 있으며, 아날로그의 단점을 보완하면서 상호 보완적으로 언제 어디서든 편하게 접할 수 있는 환경 및 편한 GUI 디자인이 요구되고 있었다. 이에 향후 교육 플랫폼과 교육 관리 시스템, 커뮤니케이션 시스템간의 유기적이고 상호 보완적인 통합 솔루션디자인을 중심으로 질 높은 교육 시뮬레이션 및 GUI 디자인을 기획해야하며 이는 교육 주체뿐만 아니라 교육 환경을 포함한 분야를 통합한 사전 조사 및 설문 분석을 통해 모든 교육 특성을 고려하여 디지털 교육 매체 의 디자인의 질을 높인 기획을 해야 한다. 본 연구 결과는 디지털 교육 해외 선진국의 발전 된 현황을 파악하여 국내 디지털 교육산업의 디자인 기획시 기초 자료로 활용하는데 의의가 있다.