• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2012

This study focused on establishing a natural rainwater circulation system using rainwater meant for relatively large urban development projects such as a new town development. In particular, when the location selection techniques for individual elements of a natural rainwater circulation system are developed for the integrated rainwater management, changes in hydrological environment will be minimized and the natural water circulation would be restored to realize the low impact development (LID). In that case, not only the excess will be reduced but water space and green areas in a city would also increase to improve the urban sustainability. First of all, there were five elements selected for the location selection of a rainwater circulation system intended for the integrated rainwater management: rainwater collection, infiltration, filtration, retention and movement spaces. After generating these items, the location selection items and criteria were defined for each of the five elements. For a technique to apply the generated evaluation items and criteria, a grid cell analysis was conducted based m the suitability index theory, and thematic maps were overlapped through suitability assessment of each element and graded based on the suitability index. The priority areas were identified for each element. The developed technique was applied to a site where Gim-cheon Innovation City development is planned to review its feasibility and limitations. The combined score of the overlapped map for each element was separated into five levels: very low, low, moderate, high and very high. Finally, it was concluded that creating a rainwater circulation system conceptual map m the current land use plan based on the outcome of the application would be useful in building a water circulation system at the de1ailed space planning stage after environmental and ecological planning. Furthermore, we use the results of this study as a means for environment-friendly urban planning for sustainable urban development.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.168-177
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• 2007

By using DEM and digital actual vegetation map with MGE GIS software program, topographic features (altitude, slope, latitude, etc.) quantitatively were analysed and their data integrated as the index of climatic conditions (WI, CI, air temperature, etc.) in South Korea. Warmth Index (WI) decreases $5.27^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ with latitudinal $1^{\circ} degree, and $3.41^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ with attitudinal 100 m increase. The relationship between CI and WI values is expressed as a linear regression, $WI=116.01+0.96{\times}CI,\;R^2=0.996$. The distributional peaks of different plant communities along Warmth Index gradient showed the sequence of Abies nephrolepis, Taxus cuspidata, Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora, Q. dentata, C. tschonoskii, Q. serrate, Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima, P. thunbergii, Q. acute, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Camellia japonica, Machilus thunbergii community from lower to higher values. The Quercus mongolica forest occurred frequently on E-NW and SE slope aspect within WI $70{\sim}80^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ optimal range at mesic sites, NW and SE slope than xeric sites S and SW slope. The Q. serrata forest showed the most distributional frequency in NW and W slope aspect within WI $90{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ range, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima forest showed the high frequency of distribution in SE slope in WI $95{\sim}100^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ range. By the slope gradient analysis, five groups were found: 1. Abies nephrolepis, Machilus thunbergii, 2. Taxus cuspidata, Abies koreana, Quercus mongolica, Q. dentata, Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii 3. Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, Q. acutissima, P. thunbergii, Q. acuta 4. Carpinus laxiflora, Camellia japonica 5. C. tschonoskii from steep slope to gentle slope sequence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.265-271
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• 2021

The pattern of the tree's internal swelling depends on many causes. Since it is difficult to detect these various causes of swelling with a general method, if the state of swelling for a long time cannot be confirmed, serious damage to the trees may occur due to enlargement of the swelling area. In the method of acquiring a tree tomography image, an impulse passing through the tree is generated by tapping the sensor with a rubber mallet, and the moving speed is recorded. In this paper, to measure cracks, cavities, and swelling due to physical damage, we developed a 3D viewer that can know the internal state of a tree using a tree cross-section image acquired from Arbotom to determine the degree of swelling inside the tree. Based on this, we tried to present data that can be referred to when surgical operation of trees is required. In order to acquire a tomographic image of a tree, 6 sensors were attached to the three Yangpala and Maple trees, and a 1 m-long tree was measured using the Arbotom program, and a 3D image was implemented through the 3D Viewer created using MATLAB. In addition to simply acquiring images, the cross-sectional length and volume of the tree were measured. In the actually produced 3D Viewer, the length of the part where the swelling of the maple tree occurred was 33.12 cm, and the swelling of the yangpala tree was measured as 21.41 cm. The volume of the maple tree was measured to be 78.832 ㎤. As a result of comparing the cross-sectional image of the Arbotom and the 3D image, the same result as the real aspect of the tree was obtained, so it can be judged that the reliability of the manufactured software is also secured, and data to be applied to the surgical tree operation through the created Viewer is provided. It is believed that the damage will be minimized.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.225-236
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Hydroponics is one of the methods for evaluating plant production using the inorganic nutrient solutions, which is applied under the artificial light conditions of plant factory system. However, the application of the conventional inorganic nutrients for hydroponics caused several environmental problems: waste from culture mediums and high nitrate concentration in plants. Organic nutrients are generally irrigated as a supplementary fertilizer for plant growth promotion under field or greenhouse conditions. Hydroponic culture using organic nutrients derived from the agricultural by-products such as dumped stems, leaves or immature fruits is rarely considered in plant factory system. Effect of organic or conventional inorganic nutrient solutions on the growth and nutrient absorption pattern of green and red leaf lettuces was investigated in this experiment under fluorescent lamps (FL) and mixture Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). METHODS AND RESULTS: Single solution of tomatoes (TJ) and kales (K) deriving from agricultural by-products including leaves or stems and its mixed solution (mixture ration 1:1) with conventional inorganic Yamazaki (Y) were supplied for hydroponics under the plant factory system. The Yamazaki solution was considered as a control. 'Jeockchima' and 'Cheongchima' lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.) were used as plant materials. The seedlings which developed 2~3 true leaves were grown under the light qualities of FL and mixed LED lights of blue plus red plus white of 1:2:1 mixture in energy ratio for 35 days. Light intensity of the light sources was controlled at 180 μmol/㎡/s on the culture bed. The single and mixture nutrient solutions of organic and/or inorganic components which controlled at 1.5 dS/m EC and 5.8 pH were regularly irrigated by the deep flow technique (DFT) system on the culture gutters. Number of unfolded leaves of the seedlings grown under the single or mixed nutrient solutions were significantly increased compared to the conventional Y treatment. Leaf extension of 'Jeockchima' under the mixture LED radiation condition was not affected by Y and YK or YTJ mixture treatments. SPAD value in 'Jeockchima' leaves exposed by FL under the YK mixture medium was approximately 45 % higher than under conventional Y treatment. Otherwise, the maximum SPAD value in the leaves of 'Cheongchima' seedlings was shown in YK treatment under the mixture LED lights. NO₃-N contents in Y treatment treated with inorganic nutrient at the end of the experiment were up to 75% declined rather than increased over 60 % in the K and TJ organic treatment. CONCLUSION: Growth of the seedlings was affected by the mixture treatments of the organic and inorganic solutions, although similar or lower dry weight was recorded than in the inorganic treatment Y under the plant factory system. Treatment Y containing the highest NO₃-N content among the considered nutrients influenced growth increment of the seedlings comparing to the other nutrients. However effect of the higher NO₃-N content in the seedling growth was different according to the light qualities considered in the experiment as shown in leaf expansion, pigmentation or dry weight promotion under the single or mixed nutrients.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.225-285
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• 2017

In regard to the regulations related to the RPA(Remotely Piloted Aircraft), which is sometimes called in other countries as UA(Unmanned Aircraft), ICAO stipulates the regulations in the 'RPAS manual (2015)' in detail based on the 'Chicago Convention' in 1944, and enacts provisions for the Rules of UAS or RPAS. Other contries stipulates them such as the Federal Airline Rules (14 CFR), Public Law (112-95) in the United States, the Air Transport Act, Air Transport Order, Air Transport Authorization Order (through revision in "Regulations to operating Rules on unmanned aerial System") based on EASA Regulation (EC) No.216/2008 in the case of unmanned aircaft under 150kg in Germany, and Civil Aviation Act (CAA 1998), Civil Aviation Act 101 (CASR Part 101) in Australia. Commonly, these laws exclude the model aircraft for leisure purpose and require pilots on the ground, not onboard aricraft, capable of controlling RPA. The laws also require that all managements necessary to operate RPA and pilots safely and efficiently under the structure of the unmanned aircraft system within the scope of the regulations. Each country classifies the RPA as an aircraft less than 25kg. Australia and Germany further break down the RPA at a lower weight. ICAO stipulates all general aviation operations, including commercial operation, in accordance with Annex 6 of the Chicago Convention, and it also applies to RPAs operations. However, passenger transportation using RPAs is excluded. If the operational scope of the RPAs includes the airspace of another country, the special permission of the relevant country shall be required 7 days before the flight date with detail flight plan submitted. In accordance with Federal Aviation Regulation 107 in the United States, a small non-leisure RPA may be operated within line-of-sight of a responsible navigator or observer during the day in the speed range up to 161 km/hr (87 knots) and to the height up to 122 m (400 ft) from surface or water. RPA must yield flight path to other aircraft, and is prohibited to load dangerous materials or to operate more than two RPAs at the same time. In Germany, the regulations on UAS except for leisure and sports provide duty to avoidance of airborne collisions and other provisions related to ground safety and individual privacy. Although commercial UAS of 5 kg or less can be freely operated without approval by relaxing the existing regulatory requirements, all the UAS regardless of the weight must be operated below an altitude of 100 meters with continuous monitoring and pilot control. Australia was the first country to regulate unmanned aircraft in 2001, and its regulations have impacts on the unmanned aircraft laws of ICAO, FAA, and EASA. In order to improve the utiliity of unmanned aircraft which is considered to be low risk, the regulation conditions were relaxed through the revision in 2016 by adding the concept "Excluded RPA". In the case of excluded RPA, it can be operated without special permission even for commercial purpose. Furthermore, disscussions on a new standard manual is being conducted for further flexibility of the current regulations.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.674-678
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• 2010

The effects of medetomidine on the degree of analgesia and sedation in rats were evaluated. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: saline, 1 mL/kg (group 'Saline'); butorphanol, 2.0 mg/kg; medetomidine, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg (group 'MED0.2', 'MED0.4', 'MED0.8' and 'MED1.6', respectively). The degree of analgesia was measured in the $50^{\circ}C$ hot-water tail-flick latency test, and the degree of sedation was evaluated using the numerical sedation score (NSS) and the righting reflex. All doses of medetomidine, except MED0.2, significantly increased the analgesic effect compared to the Saline group. Variables in the MED0.4 and MED0.8 groups, but not in the MED1.6 group, were significantly increased compared to those in the MED0.2 group. However, analgesia with all doses of medetomidine was not significantly different compared to that with butorphanol. Saline and butorphanol treatments did not induce sedation and loss of righting reflex during the recording period. NSS in the MED0.4, MED0.8 and MED1.6 groups were significantly higher than that in the MED0.2 group. NSS in the MED0.8 and MED1.6 groups were not significantly different from that in the MED0.4 group. The latency to loss of righting reflex in the MED0.8 and MED1.6 groups decreased significantly compared to that in the MED0.2 group. Thus, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg of medetomidine provided not only reliable analgesia but also sedation to rats. In conclusion, 0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg medetomidine could be a useful chemical restraint method in rats.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.578-589
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• 2018

Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system is a typical integrated system that simultaneously performs both building function and solar power generation function. To maximize its potential advantage, however, the solar photovoltaic power generation function must be integrated from the early conceptual design stage, and maximum power generation must be designed. To cope with such requirements, preliminary research on BIPV design process based on architectural design model and computer simulation results for improving solar power generation performance have been published. However, the requirements of the BIPV system have not been clearly identified and systematically reflected in the subsequent design. Moreover, no model has verified the power generation design. To solve these problems, we systematically model the requirements of BIPV system and study power generation design based on the system requirements model. Through the study, we consistently use the standard system modeling language, SysML. Specifically, stakeholder requirements were first identified from stakeholders and related BIPV standards. Then, based on the domain model, the design requirements of the BIPV system were derived at the system level, and the functional and physical architectures of the target system were created based on the system requirements. Finally, the power generation performance of the BIPV system was evaluated through a simulated SysML model (Parametric diagram). If the SysML system model developed herein can be reinforced by reflecting the conditions resulting from building design, it will open an opportunity to study and optimize the power generation in the BIPV system in an integrated fashion.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2006

In these days, the importance of sludge treatment is emerging due to the London Convention, so this study was conducted to propose the alternatives for the improved sludge treatment on the organic wastewater and sewage sludge with JAR test and settling column equipped with stirrer. The minimum coagulant dosage to earn the optimum sludge settling efficiency resulted from 200mg/l and each critical sludge settling interface showed no distinct difference when PAC was dosed over 200mg/l. Accordingly, Clarification Rate(CR) with 200mg/l dosage was calculated to CR=(Ho-Ht) / Ho=1-0.4=0.6 because the critical sludge settling height stopped at 0.4. The settling velocity of sludge interface was decreased with the increase of MLSS concentration but rather increased with MLSS concentration over 1,000mg/l. This resulted from positive effect of interacted coagulation for floc formation by transfer to the zone of compressed settling when MLSS concentration increased over 1,000mg/l. The settling velocity of sludge interface showed $28.66{\times}10^{-3}/min$ for average settling velocity of sewage sludge which is 6.7 times higher than $4.25{\times}10^{-3}/min$ for average settling velocity of organic wastewater sludge. The increasing rate of CR for organic wastewater activated sludge was higher than that of settling velocity under 200mg/l of PAC dosage but settling velocity was higher than CR over 200mg/l of PAC dosage. However, in case of sewage sludge, the differential rate of CR was low when PAC dosage was increased but the settling velocity was suddenly increased with over 200mg/l dosage. Therefore coagulation effect was more efficient to MLSS settling velocity rather than SS removal effect in the supernatant.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.229-234
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• 2012

Disinfecting contaminated swine manure with FMD (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) and pathogenic viruses is very important for maintaining sanitized environment. However, very few research reported on this subject, especially post-disinfection to utilize the wastes as a renewable resource. This research is carried out to obtain basic information for chemical treatment in FMD SOP (Standard Operating Procedure, Korea) of contaminated swine manure. Using lime, sodium hydroxide, citric acid and hydrochloric acid, described in FMD SOP, the effects of chemical treatments on livestock manure were compared in this paper. Four combinations of alkali-acid treatments and four kinds of acid-alkali combinations were tested to find out the effective method. Total coliform bacteria in contaminated swine manure, $1.6{\times}10^4$ CFU/100 ml, decreased to the range of 1/1000~1/100 in all treatments. Some specific disinfectants increases BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and EC(Electric Conductivity), especially, alkaline treatments increases ammonia level than acid treatments. These findings suggest that the treatment methods should be considered as an important environmental factor in post-disinfection of contaminated animal manure with pathogenic microorganisms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1287-1293
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• 2008

In this study, a blend of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and ammonia (NH$_3$) was used to achieve high absorption rates for carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) as suggested at several literatures. The absorption rates of aqueous AMP and blended AMP+NH$_3$ solutions with CO$_2$ and nitrogen dioxide (NO$_2$) were measured using a stirred-cell reactor at 303 K. The effect of the added NH$_3$ to enhance absorption characteristics of AMP was studied. The performances were evaluated under various operating conditions. The absorption rates increased following the increase of the concentration of NH$_3$. The absorption rate of NH$_3$ blended into 30 wt.% AMP solution with NO$_2$ at 303 K was 12.6$\sim$32.6% higher than that of aqueous AMP solution without NH3. Also, the addition of 3 wt.% NH$_3$ to 30 wt.% AMP increased 48.2$\sim$41.6% values for the reactions with CO$_2$ and NO$_2$ at 303 K. Therefore, it clearly shows that the reaction rate of AMP with CO$_2$ and NO$_2$ can be increased by the addition of NH$_3$.